PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL

Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

INSTRUCTIONAL PACKETS
FOR GRADE 12 Practical Research 2
for ABM-GAS-HUMSS-TVL
(Second Quarter)

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Property of Pampanga High School – DepEd Division of City of San Fernando, Pampanga
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK TITLE/TOPIC WRITTEN WORKS PERFORMANCE
TASK
1 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS; AND SAMPLING
PROCEDURES EXERCISE 1.3 EXERCISE 1.4

2
CONSTRUCTING AN INSTRUMENT
AND ESTABLISHING ITS VALIDITY & EXERCISE 2.1 EXERCISE 2.4
RELIABILITY

3 MAKING AN INTERVENTION, IF
APPLICABLE
EXERCISE 3.1 EXERCISE 3.4

4 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE;

AND
DATA ANALYSIS USING STATISTICS EXERCISE 4.1 EXERCISE 4.2
& HYPOTHESIS TESTING
(if appropriate)
5 WRITING THE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
EXERCISE 5.2 EXERCISE 5.5

6 DATA COLLECTION USING

APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS
& PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING
DATA IN TABULAR OR GRAPHICAL EXERCISE 6.1 EXERCISE 6.2
FORMS
7 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO
ANALYZE DATA - STUDY OF
DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONSHIPS ------ EXERCISE 7.1
LIMITED TO BIVARIATE ANALYSIS

8 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM

RESEARCH FINDINGS; AND
FORMULATING EXERCISE 8.1 EXERCISE 8.2
RECOMMENDATIONS 2020

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

SECOND QUARTER – WEEK 1

Week-1 Day-1

I. OBJECTIVES (Layunin)

A. Content Standard (Pamantayang Pangnilalaman)

The learner demonstrates understanding of the following:
1) Quantitative Research Designs; and
2) Description of Sample

B. Performance Standard (Pamantayan sa Pagganap)

The learner is able to describe adequately quantitative research designs and sample.

C. Learning Competencies No. 12 & 13 (Pamantayan sa Pagkatuto)

The learner:
1) chooses appropriate quantitative research design, and
2) describes sampling procedure and sample.

D. Objectives (Mga Layunin)

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:

1) choose the most appropriate quantitative research design based on their
approved research questions, and
2) describe sampling procedure and sample based on their approved research
questions.

II. CONTENT (Nilalaman)

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

III. LEARNING RESOURCES (Kagamitang Panturo)

A. References (Sanggunian)

1) Teacher’s Guide pages

2) Learner’s Materials pages
3) Textbook pages
4) Additional materials from Learning Resource (LR) portal

❖ Amorado, R., Boholano, H., & Talili, I. (2017). Quantitative research: A

practical approach (for senior high school). Malabon City: Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.

❖ Henson, R, Soriano, R. (2016). Practical Research: Qualitative Research

World of Reality Dissections, MUTYA Publishing House, Inc. Malabon City,
Philippines

❖ Dino, M. et.al. Practical Research 2, Our Lady of Fatima University (2016)

B. Other Learning Resources (Iba pang Kagamitang Panturo)

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.htm
IV. PROCEDURES (Pamamaraan)

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

(ELICIT: Balik-aral sa nakaraang aralin at/o pagsisimula ng bagong aralin)

Welcome to the 2nd quarter of our PR2 dear students. As we all know as we
experienced from our last school year that being a full-pledged researcher doesn’t
happen overnight. It entails a lot of effort and perseverance to become an expert in
the field of research. We must have to start by appreciating the worth of doing
studies and engaging in basic research.

Let us recall and sum up our knowledge in PR2 during the first quarter, to wit:
a) We learned to describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, kinds and
importance of quantitative research;
b) We learned to state strong research questions together with the writing of a
tentative research title; and
c) We learned to look for and review our related literature.

Now before we discuss our next lesson, which is the Method section, I
would like to ask you to recall first your learning in Practical Research 1, specifically
regarding its Method section. This is crucial because in research, the boundaries
between the Method sections of quantitative (QN) and qualitative (QL) studies must be
properly explained. Can you still remember the reasons why we need to use the
qualitative method? Can you remember the different research designs under qualitative
research? You really have to recall them because knowledge of those things will help
you bridge your knowledge from QL to QN.

B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson

(EXPECTATIONS: Paghahabi sa layunin ng aralin)

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:

1) choose the most appropriate quantitative research design based on their
approved research questions, and
2) describe sampling procedure and sample based on their approved research
questions.

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

(EXAMPLE: Pag-uugnay ng mga halimbawa sa bagong aralin)

The Method section comes after the introduction and before the results, discussion
and conclusion.
What are the parts of the Method section?
- Research Design
- Sampling
- Instrument
- Data Collection
- Ethical Considerations
- Statistical Treatment of Data or Data Analysis
The emphasis of this lesson will be on the research design and the sampling. The
other parts will be discussed in the next lessons. Let me also add this reminder so you
may be properly guided in writing the Method section. When you are just starting a study
or you are still on the proposal stage of your research, the Method section is written using
the future tense of the verb because at this point, you are just proposing to do certain
things and everything is just a plan. For your final manuscript, the parts of the Method
section will already be written in the past tense because at that point, it is expected, and
you are supposed to, finish the study and everything that you previously proposed and
planned in the Method section has already been conducted. That is the reason why there
is a change from the future tense going to the past tense. Is this reminder important? Yes,

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

it is not only important but also crucial since this information will give your reader the idea
on what stage you are now in your research. Additionally, you have to remember that
research writing is not just about the contents of the paper. It is also concerned with the
technicalities and soundness of the study as a written academic endeavor.

Week-1 Day-2

D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

(EXPLORE: Pagtalakay ng bagong konsepto at paglalahad ng bagong kasanayan #1)

Today we will tackle the first two topics which are the Research Designs and the
Sampling Procedure or Sampling.

RESEARCH DESIGN – is a master plan identifying the appropriate method of

gathering information.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

a. Correlational Research – A research design used to determine the nature

of a relationship between variables without looking into the cause. It is a
systematic investigation to determine the nature of relationship or
associations between and among variables which necessarily investigate
casual reasons underlying them without looking into the cause.

Variables are measured as they occur. Experimental manipulation is not

used.

Data collection technique: Questionnaire, Tests and Observation

Examples of Studies using the Correlational Research Design:

1. The Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the

Telecommunication Industry: Evidence from Nigeria (Ojo,O., 2010)
2. Positive correlation between height and weight

b. Ex-Post Facto – a research design used to infer the causes of a

phenomenon which have already occurred. The investigation starts after the
fact has occurred without interference from the researcher. It is a method in
which groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some
dependent variable.

Experimental manipulation is not used. Groups exposed to the presumed

cause are compared to those who were not exposed to it.

Data collection technique: Questionnaire

Examples of Studies using the Ex-Post Facto Research Design:

1. Comparison of Personal, Social and Academic Variables Related to a University

Drop-out Rate and Persistence (Bernardo, A., et.al., 2016)
2. How weight influences self-esteem levels in adult

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

c. Quasi-experimental – a research design use to establish cause-and-effect

relationships

Experimental manipulation may have limited use. Intact (i.e., established)

groups are used; there is no random assignment of individual subjects to the
treatment and control groups.

Data collection technique: Tests

Examples of the Quasi-experimental Research Design:

1. The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking and Consumer Behavior

Quasi-experimental Evidence from Switzerland
(Boes, S., Marti, J., Maclean, J.C., 2014)
2. Effect of an integrated care intervention for the frail elderly on informal caregivers’
satisfaction with care and support

d. Experimental - a research design use to establish cause-and-effect

relationships.

Experimental manipulation is used. Intact groups are not used;

individual subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment and
control groups. The random assignment of individual subjects
provides more conclusiveness as to the causal relationships between the
variables.

Data collection technique: Test

Examples of the Experimental Research design:

1. Reading Electronic Books as a Support for Vocabulary, Story Comprehension,

and Word Reading in Kindergarten and First Grade (Karat, 2010)
2. A study to look at whether sleep deprivation impairs performance on a
driving test.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that

are taken from a larger population for measurement. The sample should be
representative of the population to ensure that we can generalize the
findings from the research sample to the population as a whole. In other
words, sampling refers to the process of systematically selecting
individuals, units, or groups to be analyzed during the conduct of study.
The reason for selecting the samples is to get information about the target
population. Thus, it is the goal in research to make sure that the samples
selected represent the target population. Being able to do this will increase
the generalizability of findings. Generalizability refers to the extent your
findings can be applied in other contexts.

DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

In a quantitative study, the sample size is an important aspect that must be

carefully considered. How large a sample must one take in order to be certain
that values calculated from this sample will not be too far from the actual values
of the population the – parameters

The number (n) of observations taken from a population through which statistical
inferences for the whole population are made.

SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATOR

This Sample Size Calculator is presented as a public service of Creative

Research System Survey. You can use it to determine how many people you
need to interview in order to get results that reflect the target population as
precisely as needed. You can also find the level of precision you have in an
existing sample.

Before using the sample size calculator, there are two terms that you need
to know. These are: confidence interval and confidence level.

Confidence Interval – also called as the margin of error

Confidence Level - tells you how sure you can be. It is expressed as a
percentage and represents how often the true percentage of the population who
would pick an answer lies within the confidence interval.

Please see the given link below for this computation.

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.htm

NOTE: The larger your sample size, the more confident you can be that the
answers truly reflect the population.

Sampling is used to make inferences about the populations. Data from

samples can be collected easier because they are practical, cost-effective,
convenient and manageable. When surveying, however, it is vital to ensure the
people in your sample reflect the population or else you will get misleading
results.

To better understand sampling or sample, one must first understand the

population.

Population VS Sample

Collection of all items A subset of a

of interest to our study population

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

denoted by N n

Parameters Statistics

Population is denoted by a capital (N) while the sample is small (n). The
numbers we obtain using the population is called parameters and the number we
obtain using the sample is called statistics.

Using samples are easier to contact, less time consuming and less costly.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLING METHOD

Probability Sampling – is a sampling wherein all the members of the population

are given a chance or an equal opportunity to be a member of the sample.

Non – Probability Sampling – is a sampling wherein not all members of the

population are given a chance or an equal opportunity to become part of the
sample.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling Snowball Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling Purposive Sampling

Cluster Sampling Quota Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.
sample
Random Sample members are selected by chance
Sampling
or Example.
Fishbowl
Sampling At a birthday party, teams for a game are chosen by
everyone's name into a jar, and then choosing the names
at random for each team.

2. Systematic sample members are selected to the process of selecting

Random the kth member of the population. The size of the
Sampling population N divide by the sample n is kth, the sampling
interval width (k) is established.

Example.

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

The researcher sets the sample size to 50 from the

population of 2,000 senior high school students listed in
the student directory. In computing the sample interval
will be k = 2,000/50 = 40. In other words, every 40th
element will be our sample.

3. Stratified samples are obtained by dividing the population into

Random subgroups or strata and then randomly selecting from
Sampling each subgroup.

Example.

Grade 12 Senior High School Students are divided into

subgroups by academic strand and they will randomly
obtain from each strand.

4. Cluster samples members are selected by dividing the population

Random into separate groups, called clusters. It is the most
Sampling common technique of sampling when the population is
very large and dispersed.

Example.

Conducting a survey in the province of Pampanga. The

whole province will be divided or classified into
congressional districts.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

5. Convenience It is also known as “the man on the street” sampling.

Sampling The sample is taken from a group of people easy to
(Man-on the-street contact or to reach. In other words, this sampling
Sampling) method involves getting participants wherever you
can find them and typically wherever is convenient.

Example.

Conducting an interview through phone.

6. Snowball Sampling It is also known as the “referral system” wherein

(Referral System) sample members are asked to refer other people or
recruit other participants for a test or study. This
sampling technique is usually used when the
samples are too rare or they have very unique
characteristics.

Example.

Obtaining subjects for a study that wants to observe

rare disease

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

7. Purposive A sampling technique where the selection is based on the

Sampling selective judgement of the researcher. Or in other
word they are expert.
(Judgmental/Selective
Sampling)) Example.

Analyzing the effects of COVID 19 crisis in Business

Sector

8. Quota Sampling A sampling technique where the selection is based

on identifying population sections and decides how
many participants are required from each section.
This allows better representation from the population.

Example.

Studying Parents’ Expectations for their Children’s

Performance in School

E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2

(EXPLAIN: Pagtalakay ng bagong konsepto at paglalahad ng bagong kasanayan #2)

In writing a strong methodology you must have to remember that your aim is
not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them and
to demonstrate that your research is rigorously conducted.

The methodology section should clearly show why your method suits your
objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to
answering your problem statement and research questions.

Let’s review what you’ve learned last time!

Follow the GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS for writing your answers on pad paper.
EXERCISE 1.1
In a one-half sheet of pad paper, try this.

Identify the quantitative research design appropriate for the given research
title. Justify your answers in three to five sentences.

Relationship Between the Academic Performance of Senior High School

Students and The Number of Hours Spent in Studying

Quantitative Research Design:

Justification:

F. Developing mastery
(ELABORATE: Paglinang sa kabihasnan)

Let’s see how well you’ve learned Research this week!

Follow the GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS for writing your answers on pad paper.
EXERCISE 1.2
Think of a quantitative study that you can use for the pandemic COVID-19
issue. Answer the following questions using a separate sheet of pad paper:
[20 points = 5 points for each question]

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

What research topic will you apply for this issue?

What research design can you possibly use?
What are your population and sample size?
What sampling technique is appropriate to be used?

Week-1 Day-3

G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living

(ESSENSE: Paglalapat ng aralin sa pang-araw-araw na buhay)

Let’s hone your reading comprehension skill!

Follow the GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS for writing your answers on pad paper.
EXERCISE 1.3
[WRITTEN WORKS]
Look for a copy of a quantitative study related to your research and which
was published in a reputable scholarly journal. This article may be in print or
accessible online. Analyze the two aspects of the methodology of the study.
Answer the following questions:

a. What was the specific research design used?

b. Why was this research design used?
c. Who were the participants and how were they selected?

H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

(SUMMARIZE: Paglalahat ng aralin)

In conducting a quantitative study, it is very important that you decide and

Determine what specific research design is applicable, or most suitable in your
study because doing so will dictate how you gather, analyze, and interpret the
results.

“Research design is defined as a master plan specifying the methods and

procedures for collection and analyzing the needed information” (Zikmund W., 2015)

This quantitative research aims to discover also how many people think, act or feel
in a specific way. Quantitative projects involve large sample sizes depending on the
coverage of the study. We believe that the larger the sample size is the smaller the
effect size that can be detected. The reverse is also true; small sample sizes can
detect large effect sizes. Thus, an appropriate sample size used in a study is a
crucial step in the design of a study.

Week-1 Day-4

I. Evaluating learning [Performance Task]

(EVALUATE: Pagtataya ng aralin)

Let’s see if you can do it!

Follow the GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS for writing your answers on pad paper.
EXERCISE 1.4
[PERFORMANCE TASK]
During the first quarter, each of you were given a task wherein you had
to choose your own title or topic, and also your strong research questions.
This time, in a whole sheet of pad paper, identify the research design
appropriate for your approved research topic.

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – Grade 12 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks) ABM-GAS-HUMMS-TVL
Week 1 – pages 1-12 [12 pages]

Approved Research Title:

Quantitative Research Design to be Used:

Justification:

J. Additional activities for application or remediation

(REINFORCEMENT: Karagdagang gawain para sa takdang aralin at remediation)

For additional information watch the three (3) given links below about research
designs and sampling techniques. Try to understand and reflect about their
importance and usage. No need to answer or submit anything. Just watch, read
and reflect, as this activity may help you better understand partly the Method
section.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UywO2XuFuBA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuBjS5RPhgM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKUAop1Pre0

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