Gross Anatomy of The Dog. Activity Manual

Edited by:
Jeffrey P. Dela Cruz, DVM
S.Y. 2021-2022
LEARNING RESOURCE PACK APPROVAL SHEET
Title of LRP: Activity Manual in Gross Anatomy of the Dog

Prepared by: Jeffrey P. Dela Cruz, DVM
Class/es: DVM 2 – A, DVM 2 - B
Period of Utilization: 2nd Semester, 2021-2022
Reviewed by:
ANNALIE B. PARAGAS, DVM, MPH CHARLIE D. LACAYANGA, DVM, MSAH

Chair, Curriculum Committee Chair, IM Committee
ANNALIE B. PARAGAS, DVM, MPH

Program Chair
Recommending Approval:
LAVINA GRACIA M. RAMIREZ DVM, MSc

College Dean
CLAIRE ANNE A. OLIVAREZ, Ph.D.

Director, Curriculum and Instruction
Approved for Utilization:
ARLENE D. TOMAS, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs
Micro-syllabus in The Gross Anatomy of the Dog (VANA 11)
Course description Vision

Gross Anatomy of the Dog (VANA 11) is the study of TAU as one of the top
the different structures from various bodily systems of universities in Asia
the dog descriptions, locations, blood supply,
innervations and functions. This course highlights the
dissection of the organ structures of the dog.
Credit: 2-6-4 Breakthrough Goals
Target Outcomes Anchored on the challenges
of the Sustainable
a. To discuss and demonstrate the different organs
Development Goals for
and structures in the different systems of the dog;
inclusive growth, TAU will:
b. To devise ways to fully-comprehend and
1. take lead in innovative
consequently apply these anatomical terminologies,
teaching methodologies and
structures, their location, functions in various
appropriate technologies to
disciplines like physiology, histology, surgery and
create an ideal environment
medicine, among others
to optimize learning;
Course Content
2. advance sustainable
I. Directional and Topographic Terms agricultural productivity
II. The Integumentary System and improve income
through innovation,
II. The Skeletal System technology generation,
III. The Joint System transfer and training; and
IV. The Muscular System 3. use Science, Technology
and Engineering (STE)
V. The Digestive System
effectively for climate
VI. The Respiratory system change resiliency, adaption
and agricultural
VII. The Urogenital System
productivity.
VIII. The Nervous system
IX. The Circulatory System
X. The Sense Organs
Teaching and Learning Activities (Blended Learning) Instructor’s/Professor’s
On-line Lecture-Discussions through G-suite and Note/Message
other platforms available and feasible for students,
Sneaker-Net (distribution of soft copy of various lessons
through flashdrives) PowerPoint, prezi or short video
presentation, demonstration through dissection using
videopresentations,distributionofmodules,
worksheets and laboratory manuals.
Assessment Strategies
On-line or take home exams and quizzes, reporting,
submission of manuals and worksheets
Suggested Readings (optional) Instructor’s/Professor’s

Contact details
DONE SH and PC GOODY. Color Atlas of Veterinary
Anatomy: The Dog and Cat (1996). Vol 3. Mosby. mulieri_lordy@yahoo.com
KONIG HE and HG LIEBICH (2009). Veterinary lpplaza@tau.edu.ph
Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour
Atlas. Schautte
KAINER RA and McCRAKEN (2002). Dog Anatomy. A

Colouring Atlas. Teton New Media.
EVANS, HE AND DELAHUNTA, GC. (1996). Miller’s
Anatomy of the Dog 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
DYCE, KM, SACK, WO AND WENSING, CJC. (2010).

Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. WB Saunders,
Philadelphia.
GETTY, E. (1975) Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy

of Domestic Animals 5th ed. Vol. II. WB Saunders,
Philadelphia
PASQUINI, C. T. SPURGEON, S. PASQUINI S. (2003)

Anatomy of Domestic Animals: Systemic and Regional
Approach 10th ed. Sudz Publishing. Veterinary
Medicine – Blood, Henderson and Radostits
Grading System
Bases for Computation
A. LECTURE= 50%
- Reports: (Hard copy, soft copy of power
point, video and Prezi presentation) = 30%
- Long Exams: Quizzes and Two Long
Exams = 70%
B. LABORATORY = 50%
- Laboratory Manuals= 25%
- Worksheets = 25%
- Quizzes and Exams = 50%
PASSING GRADE = 70%
Class Policies
To be agreed upon with the class.
Preface
This manual has been designed for blended learning in GROSS ANATOMY
OF THE DOG (VANA 11) lecture class. Exercises will deal with different organ
systems of the dog and their structures. Description, location, function, innervation
and blood supply of the various organ systems will be highlighted in this course.
Since physiology and anatomy go hand in hand, functions of particular organ
systems will also be taken up. Dissection of these structures will aid the students
in appreciating and understanding gross anatomy of the dog. The holistic approach
ultimately gives the students integrated understanding of the course and
subsequent integration and application in higher veterinary courses. Yet, there will
be adjustments as to the conduct of laboratory classes. Since face to face classes
are not in this time of pandemic, students will be give flexible terms in the
submission of their manuals, worksheets and dissection of specimen. Most of the
time, models, videos, pictures and dissecting guides will be utilized for the
laboratory classes. When feasible, E-classroom via Google Classroom, G-suite or
any allowed and feasible platform will be utilized. However, students who have the
capacity to produce specimens for dissection are encouraged to conduct actual
dissection and share the output to the class. This mode is envisioned to promote
resourcefulness, gender sensitivity, social responsibility and honor excellence.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Activity No. EXERCISE TITLE PAGE SCORE
1 8
2 14
3 18
4 23
5 26
6 29
7 33
8 37
9 41
10 46
11 51
12 54
13 61
14 66
15 71
16 80
17 86
18 92
19 97
20 105
21 121
22 126
23 132
24 142
25 150
26 157
Appendix
Learning Resource Materials
ACTIVITY No. 1
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY: A REVIEW
Target Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. enumerate the different divisions or systems of the animal’s body and the
organs involved; and
2. summarize the various importance and functions of these systems.
Abstraction
VETERINARY ANATOMY
Veterinary anatomy is a branch of anatomy which deals with the form and
structures of the principal domesticated animals. One method of studying
veterinary anatomy is the systematic approach. In systematic approach, the body is
regarded as consisting of systems of organs or apparatus which are similar in
origin and structure and are associated in the performance of certain functions.
COMPARATIVE ANTOMY
Comparative Anatomy is the study of the different structures from various

bodily systems of the various domesticated animals such as the horse, ruminants,
pIg, dog, cat and chicken, their comparative descriptions, locations, blood supply,
innervations and functions. Comparative anatomy highlights the peculiarities of
various structures of animal species
The divisions of systemic anatomy are:
1. Common Integument- the description of the skin and associated

structures whose function is for temperature regulation and protection of
inner structures.
2. Osteology – the description of bones and cartilages whose principal
functions are support and protection of soft structures.
3. Syndesmology (Arthrology)- the description of joints, whose functions are

to make the rigid segments of bones movable and to hold them together with
strong fibrous bands, the ligaments.
4. Myology- the description of muscles and accessory structures that function

to put the bones and joints into useful motion.
5. Splanchnology- the description of viscera (these includes the digestive,

respiratory and urogenital apparatus).
6. Angiology- the description of the organs of circulation (heart, arteries, veins,

lymphatics and spleen).
7. Neurology- the description of the nervous system whose function is to

control and coordinate all the other organs and structures.
8. Sense Organs- the description of the eyes and ears whose function is to
relate the individual to the environment.
Utilization of Learning
Directions: Answer the items below. Name the division/s of Anatomy pointed out
in each of the statements below. Write your answers on your assignment notebook.
1. The testes of the dog and cat differ in location.

2. The stomach of dog is made up entirely of glands.
3. The uterus of the dog is described as Y-shape.
4. Dogs have a unique splanchnic bone called the os penis.
5. There are three divisions of the small intestines, the duodenum,
jejunum and ileum.
6. Normal lymph nodes are not inflamed nor enlarged.
7. Aorta is the largest of the arteries of the animal’s body.
8. Veins have no definite shape and some have valves.
9. The brain is covered with layers of meninges for protection.
10.The foodpad of the dog is made up of keratinized skin cells.
11.The skin is the largest organ of the body.
12.Dogs with damaged facial nerve have droopy facial skin and muscles.
13.Dogs have a complete set of metacarpals.
14.The pig has a specialized bone in the nose termed as os rostrale.
15.The dog has a dorsal ligament which causes hyperextension of the
distal interphalangeal joint.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Supplementary Materials/ suggested readings
Constantinescu, G.M. 2001. Guide to Regional Ruminant Anatomy Based on

the Dissection of the Goat. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa.
Constantinescu, G.M. 2002. Clinical Anatomy for Small Animal Practitioners. Iowa
State Press, Ames, Iowa. Constantinescu, G.M. and
I.A. Constantinescu. 2004. Clinical Dissection Guide for Large Animals, Horse and
Large Ruminants, 2nd edition. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa.
Marieb, E.N. 2004. Human Anatomy & Physiology, 6th ed. Pearson Education, Inc.,
San Francisco.
Swenson, J.J. and W.O. Reece. 1993. Duke’s Physiology of Domestic Animals, 11th
edition. Cornell University Press, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Thrall, M.A., D.C. Baker, T.W. Campbell, D. DeNicola, M.J. Fettman, E.D.
Lassen, A. Rebar, and G. Weiser. 2004. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical
Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
Tortora, G.J. and S.R. Grabowski. 2003. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,
10th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
http://www.canine-touchllc.com/12-body-systems/
https://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/outreach/Pet-Health-Topics/categories/cat-and-
dog-anatomy
https://www.thoughtco.com/animal-organ-systems-4101795
https://distribuzione.evsrl.it/ArticlesPdf/BOOK/ANATO36.pdf
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Dog/Dog-General-anatomy-
Illustrations
ACTIVITY No.2
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMICAL TERMS
Target Outcomes
1. define and describe the different topographic terms;

2. discuss and demonstrate the different regions of the animal’s body; and
3. apply the terminologies to other animals, specimens and activities
where these terms are being used.
Abstraction
There are topographic or directional terms specially used in veterinary

medicine comparable to that of human medicine. Directional terms describe the
positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. These
terms are very important as they are being also used in other veterinary disciplines
like embryology, parasitology, surgery, etc.
DIRECTIONS: With your dissection guide and other veterinary anatomy

learning resources, define all the terminologies below. Then, illustrate, label,
colour and study them carefully.
Write down all references used for each item. For books or journals used,
write down the title of the book/Journal article, author and pages where the
items were found. For e-books and e-journals, list down the title/s of the
book/Journal article, author, pages where the items were found and the URL
or link for verification purposes. You can use the back page of the exercise
sheets or you can extra sheets when necessary.
1. Ventral –
2. Dorsal –
3. Inferior –
4. Superior –
5. Median –
6. Lateral –
7. Medial –
8. External –
9. Internal –
10.Anterior –
11.Posterior –
12.Cranial –
13.Caudal –
14.Distal –
15.Proximal –
16.Superficial –
17.Profundus –
18.Temporal –
19. Deep –
20.Sagittal plane –
21.Apical –
22.Rostral –
23.Oral –
24.Nasal –
25.Plantar –
26.Palmar –
27.Axial –
28.Abaxial –
29.Hypoxial –
30.Median plane –
31.Sagittal plane –
32.Transverse plane –
33.Dorsal plane –
34.Horizontal plane –
35.Frontal plane –
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Swenson, J.J. and W.O. Reece. 1993. Duke’s Physiology of Domestic Animals,
11th edition. Cornell University Press, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
https://blog.vetprep.com/infographic-why-it-is-important-to-know-anatomical-
and-directional-terminology-in-veterinary-medicine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8pCS4rdm38
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKYmpzmiwzI
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/anatDirections/
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/becoming-a-veterinarian/the-anatomical-
directional-terms-b4qF4
ACTIVITY No.3
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
1. demonstrate and discuss the various external structures of

domestic animals with highlights on the dog;
2. identify and demonstrate the external parts of the different regions of the
body.
3. identify the different layers and cells of the skin found the dog and
discuss their functions; and
4. identify the different colors of the coat of the dog.
Abstraction
The external structures or outside parts of the body differ in animals. It is

referred to as the integumentary system. Generally, animals possess a head, body
covering, limbs, and a tail of various sorts. These are all crucial in helping animals
thrive and reproduce. Let's dig in to more details about the external structures of
domesticated animals.
The word ―integument‖ or skin comes from a Latin word that means ―to cover‖.
Skin and its accessories such as the hair, nails and variety of glands, make up the
integumentary system.
The functions of the integumentary system include the following:
1. Serves as barrier against infection and injury

2. Helps to regulate body temperature
3. Removes the waste products from the body
4. Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun
5. Generates vitamin D.
Skin is the largest organ of the body, making up 6-8% of the total body
weight. It is composed of three layers:
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and
skin pigmentation. The epidermis of thick skin has five layers: stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum,
and stratum corneum.
 Stratum basale – the deepest layer, made up of a single layer of

cuboidal or columnar cells. Cells produced here are constantly
dividing and moving up to the apical surface
 Stratum spinosum – This layer appears covered in thornlike spikes,

provide strength and flexibility to the skin
 Stratum granulosum – it is made up of 3 -5 layers of keratinocytes;

site of keratin formation, keratohyalin gives the granular appearance
 Stratum lucidum – only found in the fingertips, palms of hands and

soles of feet; made up of 3 – 5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes
 Stratum corneum – the outermost layer; made of 25 – 30 ayers of

dead flat keratinocytes. lamellar granues provide water repellent
action and continuously shed and replaced
The epidermis is also made up of four (4) cell types:
a. Keratinocytes – produce the protein keratin that helps protect the

epidermis
b. Melanocytes –these are cells that are located in the bottom layer of the
epidermis and middle layer of the eye, the uvea. Through a process called
the melanogenesis, these cells produce melanin, a pigment in the skin,
eyes and hair.
c. Langerhans cells – participate in immune response; formed in marrow
and moved to the skin
d. Merkel cells – participates in the sense of touch; connected to the nerve
cells in the dermis
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, is comprised of appendages. The
commonly seen skin appendages are:
 hair follicles
 sebaceous glands
 apocrine sweat gland
 eccrine sweat glands and
 nails.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective

tissue. This is not part of the skin and it lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to
attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood
vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The major cell
types found in the area are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes. The
hypodermis contains of 50% of body fat. Fat serves as padding as shock absorber
and insulator of the body.
Other structures related or accessories to the skin are hairs, feathers, nails
or claws, hoof, horns and antlers, among others.
Materials: You can use models, pictures or specimens of different external

anatomical structures of dog from your dissection guide or any anatomy book for
your reference. You may surf the internet and read more on the topic for the
session to gain in-depth knowledge and be able to answer the activity questions
below.
DIRECTION: With your dissection guide and other veterinary anatomy

references, answer all the items below. Write down all references used for each
item. For books or journals used, write down the title of the book/Journal
article, author and pages where the items were found. For e-books and e-
journals, list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author, pages where
the items were found and the URL or link for verification purposes. You can use
the back page of the exercise sheets or you can extra sheets when necessary.
1. Give the different colours of the dog and describe them.

2. Enumerate, define and illustrate the parts of the skin.
3. Enumerate, define and illustrate the parts of the hair (including hair follicle).
4. Enumerate and define the different glands associated with the common
integument.
5. Define and illustrate the following:
1. Dock –
2. Poll –
3. Occiput –
4. Temple –
5. Facial arc –
6. Muzzle –
7. Rump –
8. Loin –
9. Forepaw –
10.Hindpaw –
11.Palm –
12.Digital pads –
13.Metacarpal pad –
14.Nails –
15.Dew claw –
16.Sole –
17.Switch –
18.Prepuce –
19.Scrotum –
20.Mammae –
21.Shoulder –
22.Elbow –
23.Knee –
24.Hock –
25.Stifle-
26.Tarsus –
27.Carpus –
28.Cervical region –
29.Thoracic region –
30.Lumbar region –
31.Sacral region –
5. Define and illustrate the following parts of the mammary gland.
a. Mammae –
i. Thoracic –
ii. Abdominal –
iii. Pelvic –
b. Mammary gland
c. Lactiferous Duct –
d. Lactiferous Sinus –
e. Teat –
f. Teat Canal, Papillary duct or streak canal –
g. Sphincter –
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/integumentary-
system-introduction/the-integumentary-system-in-animals
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/structure-of-
the-skin-in-
dogs#:~:text=The%20skin%20has%203%20major,and%20subcutaneous%20muscl
es%20and%20fat.
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/structure-
of-the-skin-in-dogs
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0074-2740%2875%2980016-X
dog-anatomy
https://www.dummies.com/pets/dogs/dog-anatomy-from-head-to-
tail/ https://animalcorner.org/dog-external-anatomy/
Activity No. 4
THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
At the end of the session, you must be able to:
1. identify and discuss the different parts and types of a bone;

2. compare a cartilage from a bone; and
3. identify, discuss and demonstrate the bones in different regions of the dog
Abstraction
Bone constitute most of the skeleton of most vertebrates, it is composed

mainly of an organic component of collagenous matrix and cells and a mineral
component of calcium phosphate and other salts. Bones are also the principal
components of joints. Other function of the bones is that they protect soft tissues
and organs of the body.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of whole skeleton of the dog
from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books, journals and
other reviewers for your reference.
Directions: Read on the topic for the session to gain in-depth knowledge and be
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of notes of the
skeleton of dog in general, types of bones and parts of a long bone. Draw,
label, color and study all the parts. You may use extra sheets and insert them
here afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For books or
journals used, write down the title of the book/Journal article, author and pages
where the items were found. For e-books and e-journals, list down the title/s of the
book/Journal article, author, pages where the items were found and the URL or
link for verification purposes.
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Follow instructions carefully.
I. Define / answer the following items:
1. Periosteum -.
2. Endosteum -
3. Metaphysis -
4. Epiphysis –
5. Diaphysis –
6. Physis –
7. Epiphysis –
8. Epiphyseal plate –
9. Nutrien foramen –
10.Sharpey’s fibers –
11.Spongy bone –
12.Compact bone –
13.Cortex –
14.Medulla –
15.Diploe –
16.Red Marrow –
17.Yellow Marrow –
18.Os penis –
19.Malleolus –
20.Incus –
21.Stapes –
II. Discuss the following items extensively:
1. Discuss the different types of bones.

2. Give the chemical and physical properties of bones.
3. Compare a cartilage from a bone.
4. Compare the bones found in the thoracic limb with the bones found in the
hind limb in terms of number and activity.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://en.wikivet.net/Bones_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
https://veteriankey.com/skeletal-system-2/
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/bone,-joint,-and-muscle-
disorders-of-dogs/components-of-the-musculoskeletal-system-in-dogs
https://www.canr.msu.edu/animal_science/uploads/files/4H1656_AnimalScience
Anywhere-Bones_NEW.pdf
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/vanatpdf/GrossAnatLectNotes.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336412610_Comparative_osteology_Ho
rseOxDog
Activity No.5
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
1. identify and demonstrate the different regions of the vertebral

column; and
2. discuss and illustrate the differences among the vertebrae in each region.
Abstraction
The vertebrae support the body and provide the protective bony corridor
through which the spinal cord passes. The number of bones in the vertebral
column varies with the animal species and even within each species.
The compression-resting portion of a typical vertebra is the vertebral body,

the most ventral portion. This is cylindrical structure that is separated from the
vertebral bodies in front and behind by discs of cartilage and fibrous tissue. These
intervertebral discs act as cushions to spread and absorb the mechanical shock
during movement.
The semi-circular arch of bone protrudes from the dorsum of each vertebral
body, surrounding the spinal cord. Directly in its midline, a bony projection, the
spinous process, grows upward from the arch. One of these protrudes horizontally
on each side connects with the ribs. The remaining two form joints with the
vertebrae in front and behind, the joints permit the spine to bend flexibly. The
vertebrae are held firmly by series of strong ligaments (Bailliere’s Comprehensive
Veterinary Dictionary, 1988).
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of vertebrae of the dog from
your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books, journals and other
reviewers for your reference.
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the vertebral
column of the dog in general and draw, label, color and study all the parts.
Specify the special features found in each segment. You may use extra sheets
and insert them here afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For
books or journals used, write down the title of the book/Journal article, author and
pages where the items were found. For e-books and e-journals, list down the title/s
of the book/Journal article, author, pages where the items were found and the URL
or link for verification purposes.
I. Define the following

terminologies: 1. Vertebral body –
2. Vertebral foramen –
3. Vertebral arch –
4. Spinous Process -
5. Transverse Process -
6. Mammilary Process –
7. Vetrbral canal –
8. Haemal Arch –
9. Anticlinal Vertebra–
10. Vertebral formula –
II. Discuss the following items extensively:
1. Discuss the vertebral formula of the dog.

2. Explain the characteristics of the 7th cervical vertebra that makes it
different from other cervical vertebra.
3. Name the different regions of the vertebral column of the dog and discuss
their difference.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab2/SpCdGross.html#:~:text=The%20canine%20
spinal%20cord%20has,The%20following%20table%20compares%20species.&text=c
occygeal%20%3D%2031%20total-
,The%20spinal%20cord%20and%20spinal%20roots%20are%20enveloped%20by,ho
used%20within%20the%20vertebral%20canal.
https://vetfolio-
vetstreet.s3.amazonaws.com/mmah/c6/5837c24b2042b3ab205b5fdd405101/fileP
VE_02_09_279_0.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7207664_Computed_tomographic_anat
omy_of_the_canine_vertebral_venous_system
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24039189_Radiographic_definition_of_t
he_anticlinal_vertebra_in_the_dog
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Vet-Anatomical-Part/
Anticlinal-vertebra
ACTIVITY No.6
THE THORAX OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify and discuss the structures found in the thorax of the dog; and
2. demonstrate the boundaries of the thorax and distinguish the different types
of the ribs after the session.
Abstraction
The thorax is the part of the body between the neck and the abdomen; the
chest. It is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm. The walls of the thorax
are formed by pairs of ribs, attached to the sides of the spine curving toward the
sternum. The cranial parts of the ribs are attached to the sternum, the next few
connect with the cartilage connected to the sternum and often the last one or two
are unattached distally. The cavity of the thorax is divided by thick partition, the
Mediastinum. The principal organs in the thoracic cavity (protected by the thorax)
are the heart with its major blood vessels, and the lungs with the bronchi
(Bailliere’s Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 1988).
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of thorax of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the thorax of the
dog in general and draw, label, color and study all the parts. Specify the
special features found in each segment. You may use extra sheets and insert
them here afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For books or
1. Name the boundaries of the thorax.

2. Describe a typical rib.
3. Give the characteristics of the first rib.
4. Define the following terms:
a. Sternum –
b. Sternal Ribs –
c. Asternal ribs –
d. Floating rib –
e. Coastal bone –
f. Os costae –
g. Costal arch –
h. Costochondral intersection –
i. Thoracic inlet –
j. Thoracic Outlet –
k. Sternum –
l. Manubrium sterni –
m. Sternrbrae –
n. Xiphoid process –
5. How many pairs of ribs are there in the dog?
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236880465_Clinical_anatomy_of_the_t
horax_of_dog
https://sites.google.com/site/tarotabcantsi3/9783659286513-
24haefuGEpuncrie10
http://vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/39816/mod_resource/content/1/Guide
%20to %20the%20Dissection%20of%20the%20Dog%2C%208th%20Edition.pdf
https://www.dogsnsw.org.au/media/1541/anatomy_of_the_dog.pdf
ACTIVITY No.7
THE SKULL OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
1. identify and discuss the structures found in the skull of the dog; and
2. demonstrate the boundaries of the face and cranium and distinguish the
different types of the skull bones after the session.
Abstraction
The skull is the body framework of the head consisting of two parts, the
cranium and the facial section. The cranium is the domed top, back and sides of
the skull that projects the brain. It is made up mostly of a roof of flat membrane
bones united by sutures in young, plus a series of cartilage bones at the base
(occipital, sphenoid). Paranasal sinuses variably excavate the membrane bones.
The facial bones are mostly membrane bones and serve to support the dental
arcades and the respiratory passages of the head.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of skullof the dog from your
dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books, journals and other
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the skull of the
dog in general. Draw, color, label and study the different bones of the skull,
identify each of the bones and the different foramina and fossae.
You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all
references used for each item. For books or journals used, write down the title of
the book/Journal article, author and pages where the items were found. For e-
books and e-journals, list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author,
pages where the items were found and the URL or link for verification purposes.
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Fill in the information being sought.
1. Indicate the location of the following structures:
a. Foramen Magnum –
b. Hypoglossal Foramen –
c. Foramen Rotundum –
d. Foramen Ovale –
e. Alar Foramen –
f. Supraorbital Foramen –
g. Foramen Maxillare –
h. Foramen Mandibulae –
i. Jugular Foramen –
j. Optic Canal –
k. Orbital Fissure –
2. Foramen Stylomastoideum –
3. Foramen Palatunum Majus –
4. Foramen Palatum Minora –
5. Name the unpaired cranial bones of the skull.
6. Name the unpaired facial bones of the skull.
7. Name the paired cranial bones of the skull.
8. Name the paired facial bones of the skull.
9. Name and describe the different skull types of dog.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Dog/Dog-Head-CT
https://cdn.citl.illinois.edu/courses/ANSC207/week2/body_structure/web_data/f
ile6.htm
https://en.wikivet.net/Skull_and_Facial_Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292989082_Skull_morphology_of_the_d
omestic_dog_in_relation_to_cephalic_index
https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article-pdf/23/5/517/1162620/230517.pdf
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Anatomical-Study-of-the-Skull-of-
the-Adult-Dogs-and-Monfared/c24126da7c71a86af7f6a81a4a8a561bd9cf0547
ACTIVITY No.8
THE MANDIBLE OF THE DOG
Target Outcomes
Identify, discuss and demonstrate the parts of the mandible and the
structures related to it.
Abstraction
The mandible is the horse-shoe shaped bone forming the lower jaw. It
consist of a central body, which forms chin and supports the lower teeth and two
perpendicular rami, which point upward from the back of the chin on either side
and articulate with the temporal bones by their condylar processes. The rami end
as coronoid processes. In ruminants and carnivores, the mandible is permanently
divided into two halves by the mandibular symphysis, a joint that allows some
rotation (Bailliere’s Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary).
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of mandible of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the mandible of
the dog in general. Draw, color, label and study the different structures of the
mandible, identify each of the bones and the different foramina and fossae.
Also, draw, color and label the parts hyoid apparatus of the dog.
You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all
1. Name the processes found in the mandible of the dog

2. Name the foramina found in the mandible of the dog.
3. Discuss the functions of the mandible and its relation to the hyoid
apparatus.]
4. Discuss the functions of the hyoid apparatus.
5. Give the structures of the hyoid apparatus.
6. Name the smallest structure of the hyoid apparatus.
7. Name the largest bone of the hyoid apparatus
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Supplementary Materials/ Suggested Readings

San Francisco.
https://ltsa.sheridancollege.ca/apps/vettech/dog_head.html
Illustrations
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26833625/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-
medicine/mandible
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=123755
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dog-mandibular-anatomy-A-Diagram-of-
mandible-occlusal-view-with-associated-geniohyoid_fig7_12861508
ACTIVITY No.9
THE THORACIC LIMB OF THE DOG: BONES OF THE
SHOULDER GIRDLE, ARM AND FOREARM
Target Outcomes
1. discuss the different bones of the shoulder girdle, arm and forearm and
their particular parts;
2. demonstrate and illustrate the regions and parts of the said bones; and
3. integrate the knowledge learned from this session with future topics.
Abstraction
The regions of the thoracic limb, or forelimb, are the shoulder, brachium
(upper arm), antebrachium (lower arm), and the manus (forepaw). The manus is
composed of the carpus, metacarpus, and digits. The bones of the thoracic limb
include the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, as well as carpal, metacarpal, digital,
and sesamoid bones. Study the table and notes below.
THORACIC LIMB
PART OF LIMB BONES
Thoracic (Shoulder) Girdle Scapula, clavicle, coracoid

Brachium Humerus
Antebrachium (forearm) Radius, Ulna
Carpus (knee) Carpal bones
Metacarpus (cannon and splint bone) Metacarpal bones
Phallenges (digit) Proximal, middle, distal phalanges

Proximal and distal sesamoid bones
Scapula
- The large, flat bone of the thoracic limb; extrinsic and intrinsic limb
muscles attach to the scapula; the only remaining bone in the
thoracic girdle; Extrinsic muscles attach the limb to the axial
skeleton, and intrinsic muscles attach the scapula to more distal limb
bones.
Humerus
- The bone of the brachium (upper arm); proximally it articulates with

the scapula in forming the shoulder joint; distally it articulates with
the radius and ulna in forming the elbow joint.
Ulna
- One of two bones of the antebrachium (forearm); proximally it

articulates with the humerus by the trochlear notch and with the
articular circumference of the radius by the radial notch; distally it
articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius and with the ulnar
carpal and accessory carpal bones.
Radius
- The other of the two bones of the antebrachium (forearm); the radius
articulates with the humerus proximally, and with the carpal bones
distally. it also articulates with the ulna proximally by its caudal
surface and distally by its lateral border; the radius is the main
weight-supporting bone of the forearm.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of forelimb of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the forelimb of
said segments. You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
down all references used for each item. For books or journals used, write down the
title of the book/Journal article, author and pages where the items were found. For
e-books and e-journals, list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author,
1. Name the segments and the bones in each of the segments of the thoracic limb
of the dog.
2. Indicate the location of the following structures:
a. Coronoid Process-
b. Acromial Process -
c. Deltoid Process -
d. Tuber Spine -
e. Coronoid Tubercle -
f. Olecranon -
g. Olecranon Fossa -
h. Supracondylar Fossa –
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://ltsa.sheridancollege.ca/apps/vettech/dog_forelimb.html
https://easy-anatomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Thoracic-
Limb-Guide.pdf
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/carnLabs/Lab13/Lab13.html
https://aurora.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/11200/48844/CHAPTER%202%20
Thoracic%20limb.docx?sequence=9&isAllowed=y
https://undergraduate.vetmed.wsu.edu/courses/vph-308/gross/lab-3-gross-
skeleton/appendicular-skeleton/thoracic-limb
ACTIVITY No.10
THE THORACIC LIMB OF THE DOG: BONES OF THE
CARPUS AND MANUS
Target Outcomes
1. discuss the different bones of the carpus and manus and then
their particular parts;
2. demonstrate and illustrate the regions and parts of the said bones; and
3. integrate the knowledge learned from this session with future topics.
Abstraction
The manus of the canine thoracic limb consists of the carpus, metacarpal
bones, phalanges, and associated sesamoid bones. The manus has a complex
anatomy that is well documented and studied.
The carpal bones are arranged in two rows. The radial carpal bone is the
most medial bone of the proximal row. It is the largest of the carpal bones (it is the
end result of the fusion of the radial, central, and intermediate carpal bones), and it
articulates proximally with the radius, laterally with the ulnar carpal bone, and
distally with all four of the numbered carpal bones. The ulnar carpal bone is the
lateral bone of the proximal row. It articulates proximally with both the ulna and
the radius, distally with the fourth carpal bone and the fifth metacarpal bone,
medially with the radial carpal bone and with the accessory carpal bone on the
palmar side. The accessory carpal bone is located at the caudal or palmar aspect of
the ulnar carpal bone. It articulates with the styloid process of the ulna and the
ulnar carpal bone.
The distal row consists of the numbered carpal bones. The first carpal bone
is the most medial and the smallest of the row, with a progressive increase in size
of the second, third, and fourth carpal bones as they are located from medial to
lateral. The first, second, and third carpal bones articulate proximally with the
radial carpal bone alone, and the fourth carpal bone articulates proximally with the
ulnar and radial carpal bone. Distally the first, second, and third carpal bones
articulate with their corresponding metacarpal bones (metacarpal I, metacarpal II,
and metacarpal III), and the fourth carpal bone articulates with metacarpals IV and
V.
The sesamoid bone located in the tendon of insertion of the abductor pollicis
longus muscle on the medial side is considered the smallest bone of the carpus
(although it is not counted as one of the seven bones that make up the carpus). It
is located proximal and medial to the first metacarpal bone.
The carpus is a composite joint composed of all the articulations to which
the seven carpal bones contribute.29 The antebrachiocarpal joint occurs between
the distal radius and ulna and the proximal row of carpal bones. The middle carpal
joint exists between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. The
metacarpophalangeal joint exists between the distal row of carpal bones and the
joint surface of the base of the metacarpal bones. The intercarpal joints exist
between the individual bones of each row.
The carpal joints as a whole act as a ginglymus (hinge) joint stabilized by

short extra-articular and intra-articular ligaments, an articular disc (sometimes
known as the radioulnar ligament that connects the radius to the ulna), palmar
fibrocartilage, and the joint capsule. Antebrachial muscles and tendons cross all
three joints of the carpus, but the carpal ligaments themselves do not.
The ligaments present on the dorsal surface of the carpus are the radioulnar
ligament (articular disc), the dorsal radiocarpal ligament, the short ulnar collateral
ligament, and the short radial collateral ligament. The short ligaments that attach
the radial carpal bone to the ulnar carpal bone, the radial and ulnar carpal bones
to the numbered carpal bones, and the numbered carpal bones to each other and
to the corresponding metacarpal bones are also visible.
On the palmar side, the short radial collateral ligament, the palmar
radiocarpal ligament, and the palmar ulnocarpal ligament are the major deep
ligaments of the carpus. The accessory carpal bone is attached distally to the
proximal aspect of metacarpals IV and V by two separate ligaments
(accessorometacarpal ligaments), and to the fourth and ulnar carpal bones by
separate ligaments. Multiple short intercarpal ligaments unite the numbered carpal
bones, and the numbered carpal bones to the metacarpal bones. The flexor
retinaculum extends from the medial aspect of the accessory carpal bone to the
radial styloid process, and distally to the radial and first carpal bones. The palmar
fibrocartilage is attached to all the proximal carpal bones with the exception of the
accessory carpal bone, to all the numbered carpal bones, and to the proximal
palmar aspect of the base of metacarpal bones III through V.
The five metacarpal bones are numbered from medial to lateral. Each
metacarpal bone has a proximal base, a middle body, and a distal head. Metacarpal
I is usually present, but it is not weight bearing because it is shorter than the level
of the second metacarpophalangeal joint. Metacarpals II through V are all weight
bearing, but metacarpals III and IV are longer than metacarpals II and V. Each
metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanx of the corresponding
numbered digits and two palmar sesamoid bones. The metacarpophalangeal joint
sesamoid bones are numbered from I through VIII from medial to lateral.
Metacarpal I has one small palmar sesamoid that is not numbered. A dorsal
sesamoid bone articulates with the head of the metacarpal bone at
metacarpophalangeal joints II through V.Metacarpal I has its epiphysis at the
proximal end, and metacarpals II through V have a single epiphysis at the distal
end. Ossification is usually complete at 5 to 6 months of age.
The intermetacarpal joints are joints between the proximal ends of adjacent
metacarpal bones. The synovial membrane from the carpometacarpal joint
contributes to uniting the bases of adjacent metacarpal bones. Distal to the
carpometacarpal joint, the metacarpal bones are united for a variable distance by
fibrous tissue known as the interosseous metacarpal ligaments.
The five metacarpophalangeal joints are located between the distal

metacarpal bones and their corresponding proximal phalanges and their palmar
sesamoid bones. The metacarpophalangeal joint is united by a joint capsule and
two collateral ligaments. The paired palmar sesamoid bones associated with
metacarpals II through V are joined by the intersesamoidean ligament. The lateral
and medial sesamoidean ligaments are attached to both the distal metacarpal bone
and the proximal phalanx. The distal sesamoidal ligament is attached to the distal
end of each palmar sesamoid to the proximal phalanx. Each sesamoid pair has two
cruciate ligaments on the palmar aspect; the sesamoid on the palmar aspect of
metacarpal I has only one.29 The dorsal sesamoid bones are attached by the
tendons of the common digital extensor and interosseous muscles proximally and
by a ligament to the dorsal surface of the second phalanx distally.
Digits II through V are made up of a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
(sometimes referred to as P1, P2, and P3). Digit I has only a proximal and a distal
phalanx. A joint capsule and extensor tendons unite the proximal interphalangeal
joints dorsally. On the palmar side, the joint capsule unites with the flexor tendons.
The collateral ligaments support the proximal interphalangeal joints medially and
laterally.
The distal interphalangeal joints have a thick joint capsule and collateral
ligaments. The dorsal ligaments passively retract the claws, except when their
tension is antagonized by the deep digital flexor muscle.
The interdigital ligaments hold the digits together and are the major
supportive structures of the pad. They originate from the second and fifth tendons
of the superficial digital flexor muscle proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints.
The interdigital ligaments insert at the proximal annular ligaments of the second
through fifth digits, and after they conjoin, they cover the flexor tendons.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of manus of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the carpus of the
dog in general. You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
down all references used for each item. For books or journals used, write
down the title of the book/Journal article, author and pages where the items were
found. For e-books and e-journals, list down the title/s of the book/Journal article,
author, pages where the items were found and the URL or link for verification
purposes.
1. Enumerate the carpal bones of the dog from the most medial to the most
lateral.
2. Discuss the TALUS of the dog and its functions.
3. Discuss the CALACANEUS of the dog and its functions.
4. Compare the carpus of the dog with that of the cat.
5. Compare the carpus of the dog with that of the human.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Limb-Guide.pdf
Thoracic%20limb.docx?sequence=9&isAllowed=y
ACTIVITY No.11
THE PELVIC LIMB: BONES OF THE HIP, THIGH, LEG
AND PES
Target Outcomes
1. identify, discuss and demonstrate the parts of the pelvic limb

and the structures related to it;
2. illustrate the regions and parts of the said bones; and
3. integrate the knowledge learned from this session with future
topics.
Abstraction
The hind limb is termed as the posterior limb of animal especially the
quadrupeds. When referring to quadrupeds, the term hind leg is often used. It I
involved in many activities of the dog like walking, running, social behaviour,
mating, balance and posture. Divided into the pelvic girdle (hip/os coxae), thigh
(femur), leg (crus/tibia and fibula) and pes (foot or find paw/ tarsal, metatarsal and
digital bones); the pes is subdivided into the tarsus, metatarsus and digits.
Pelvis and Sacrum
Os coxae is the fused ilium, ischium, pubis and acetabular bone. Acetabular
bone is in the center of acetabulum and fuses early leaving no indication of its
presence. In the dog, the gluteal surface faces laterally; wing of ilium is distinctly
concave and has more than one gluteal line; and tuberuber sacrale is widely
separated and higher than the tuber coxae.
The pelvis and the sacrum form a ring of bone completed ventrally by the
pubes. The left pubis is separated from the right pubis by fibrocartilage which, at
parturition, may soften to allow movement between the bones of the pelvis. The
pubes are separated when carcasses are split into left and right sides in the
abattoir.
Femur
The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or round bone. Femur or
thigh bone is the heaviest and the large bone of the skeletal system.
The articular head of the femur is deeply rounded and it bears a round
ligament that holds it into the acetabulum. Another distinctive feature of the femur
is the broad groove between the two trochlear ridges located distally. The patella or
knee cap slides in this groove. The tension generated by muscles above the knee is
transmitted over the knee or stifle joint by the patella to avoid having an important
tendon in a vulnerable position over the anterior edge of a joint.
The presence of parallel bones suggests that, at some point in an animal's

evolutionary past, rotation of the limb about its axis was possible. For example,
rotation of the human wrist involves a partial crossing of the widely spaced ulna
and radius but limb rotation is reduced as animals develop cursorial limbs.
Tibia and Fibula
These are the bones of the true leg (crus), the portion of the pelvic limb
between stifle and hock. The tibia functions to support the weight of the body. The
fibula is simply an ankle stabilizer.Distal to the tibia are the tarsal bones or bones
of the hock.
Tarsus
The proximal row of tarsal bones consists of two large bones. The talus
(tibiotarsal bone, ankle bone, astragulus, or knuckle bone) is the larger bone that
forms the mobile joint with the tibia. The calcaneus (fibular tarsal bone or heel
bone) projects proximal and caudad to form the point of the hock. It also acts as a
lever for the muscles extending the hock. The structure of the tarsals, metatarsals
and phalanges of the hind limb is similar to that of the carpals, metacarpals and
phalanges in the forelimb.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of hind limb of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the hindlimb of
hind limb, identify each of the bones and the different processes. You may use
extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all references used for
each item. For books or journals used, write down the title of the book/Journal
article, author and pages where the items were found. For e-books and e-journals,
list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author, pages where the items
were found and the URL or link for verification purposes.
1. Identify the bones of the os coxae and describe their positions/locations.

2. Differentiate grossly the pelvic limb or a male from a female dog.
3. Discuss hip dysplasia. What bones (and their irregularities) are involved in
the said condition of the hip? What breeds of dogs usually manifest the
said condition?
4. Name the ligaments that support the hip joint in the dog.
5. Name the tarsal bones present in the dog.
6. Name the tarsal bone present in the dog.
7. Compare the tarsal bones from the carpal bones. Describe the differences.
8. Name the sesamoid bones present in the pelvic limb of the dog.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://ltsa.sheridancollege.ca/apps/vettech/dog_hindlimb.html
Illustrations
Pelvic%20limb.docx?sequence=13&isAllowed=y
ACTIVITY No.12
JOINTS OF THE THORACIC LIMB
Target Outcomes
1. discuss what a joint is;

2. identify and explain the different types of joints found in the thoracic limb
of the dog;
3. discuss and demonstrate joint movements; and
4. discuss and illustrate the bones involved in the joints found in the
thoracic limb.
Abstraction
Articulations, or joints (articulationes [juncturae] ossium), are formed when

two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue or by a
combination of these tissues. Three main groups are recognized and named
according to their most characteristic structural features. Where little movement is
required, the union is short, direct, and often transitory. A fibrous joint (junctura
fibrosa), formerly known as a synarthrosis, is one of this nature. Such joints
include syndesmoses, sutures, and gomphoses. A cartilaginous joint (junctura
cartilaginea), formerly known as an amphiarthrosis, permits only limited
movement, such as compression or stretching. A synovial joint (junctura synovialis)
formerly known as a diarthrosis or true joint, facilitates mobility.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of joints of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the joints the
dog in general. Draw, color, label and study the different structures of the
joints found in the forelimb. You may use extra sheets and insert them here
afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For books or journals
used, write down the title of the book/Journal article, author and pages where the
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Discuss the items comprehensively.
1. What are the structures are involved in the formation of the

diarthrodial joint?
2. Name the different joints found in the thoracic limb, the bones involved
and their specific movements.
3. Name the ligaments of each of the joints mentioned in number 3.
4. Name the different joint movements in the body and the bones involved
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://en.wikivet.net/Joints_and_Ligaments_-_Horse_Anatomy
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Vet-Anatomical-Part/Joints-of-
thoracic-limb
Limb-Guide.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100293/
https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/joints/
ACTIVITY No.13
JOINTS OF THE PELVIC LIMB
Target Outcomes
1. identify and explain the different types of joints found in the pelvic
limb of the dog;
2. discuss joint movements in the different segments pelvic limb of the
dog; and
3. discuss the bones involved in the joints found in the pelvic limb.
Abstraction
Hip Joint – In the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the almost spherical end
of the femur head fits into a concave socket in the pelvis (acetabulum). Normal hip
function can be affected by congenital conditions such as dysplasia, trauma and by
acquired diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Hip dysplasia
can be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket or poorly
developed muscles in the pelvic area. Larger breeds are most susceptible to hip
dysplasia. Causes of hip dysplasia are both hereditary and environmental
(overweight, injury at a young age, overexertion of the hip joint at a young age and
ligament tear at a young age). The problem almost always appears by the time a
dog is 18 months old. It is most common in medium-large pure bred dogs, such as
Newfoundlands, German shepherds, retrievers (Labradors and goldens),
Rottweilers, and Mastiffs, but also occurs in smaller breeds such as spaniels, pugs
and dachshunds.
Stifle Joint – The stifle (knee) joint of the dog is a complex joint that
combines sliding, gliding and rotation as the joint flexes and extends. This joint in
the hind limbs of dogs is often the largest synovial joint in the body. The stifle joint
joins three bones, the femur, patella and tibia. The complexity of the motion of the
joint is an indication of problems that can occur through injury to this joint.
Ligament injuries are common and fractures of the knee joint include fractures of
the patella, distal femur and proximal tibia.
Hock Joint – The hock (ankle) joint connects the paw (talus and calcaneus
bones) to the shin bones (tibia and fibula). This joint is held together by a set of
ligaments primarily located on the inner and outer sides of the joint. Hock
instability can occur due to tearing of ligaments that hold the bones of the hock in
place, or bone fractures. Hock instability results in a sudden onset of lameness.
Pain, swelling and heat associated with the affected joint are indications of the
condition.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of joints of the dog from
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the joints the
pelvic limb of the dog. Draw, color, label and study the different structures of
the joints found in the pelvic limb. You may use extra sheets and insert them
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Discuss the following items
extensively:
1. What are the structures are involved in the formation of the

coxofemoral joint?
2. Name the different joints found in the pelvic limb, the bones involved and
their specific movements.
3. Name the ligaments of each of the joints mentioned in number 3.
4. Explain the functions of the sesamiodean ligaments.
5. Name the different sesamoidean ligaments.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://en.wikivet.net/Canine_Hindlimb_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11938526_Morphometric_and_anatomi
c_study_of_the_hind_limb_of_a_dog
https://scholars.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/shaharlab/files/morphometric_and_
anatomic_study_of_the_hind_limb_of_a_dog.pdf
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/7/1036
Illustrations
ACTIVITY No.14
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: MUSCULAR
ATTACHMENTS
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and explain each of the different muscular attachments

2. Illustrate the different muscular attachments; and
3. Integrate the knowledge learned in this session to other related
topics or fields
Abstraction
The muscular system is composed of contractile units (muscle fibers) of

different morphology. A muscle is a very specialized tissue that has both the ability
to contract and the ability to conduct electrical impulse. Functions include: provide
motive power for locomotion, respiration, circulation, alimentation and a host of
other functions and serves as an indication of emotional state of the animal. There
are three classifications of muscle tissues, skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
1. smooth muscle = not striated; associated with viscera (gut, vessels,

glands, etc.)
2. cardiac muscle = striated; musculature of the heart
3. skeletal muscle = striated; generally attached to bone; usually under
voluntary control
Skeletal (striated) muscle is composed of elongate, multinucleated cells

(muscle fibers). Different types of muscle fibers are found among the various
skeletal muscles of the body, e.g.,
— slow contracting, fatigue resistant, aerobic metabolism (Type I)
— fast contracting, fatigue resistance, aerobic metabolism (Type 2A)
— fast contracting, fatigue susceptible, anaerobic metabolism (Type 2B)
Each fiber contains myofibril inside sarcoplasma bounded by sarcolemma.

Cross striations is due to presence of thick and thin myofilaments (actin and
myosin). Skeletal muscle will not contract in the absence of a functional nerve
supply (denervation atropy occurs). One neuron innervates a variable number of
muscle fibers. The neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates constitute a motor
unit. To produce a stronger contraction,the nervous system activates more motor
units.
Arrangement of skeletal fibers:
- Parallel Muscle fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
when it contracts, it gets shorter and larger in diameter
- Pennate muscle -the fascicles form a common angle with the tendon;
If all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon, the
pennate muscle is unipennate
- Bipennate - muscle has fibers on both sides of the tendon
- Multipennate – tendon branches within a pennate muscle
Parts of a muscle:
- Belly
- Head
- Tail
Muscle Attachments:
- Tendon
- Aponeuroses
- Fleshy attachment
- Origin
- Insertion
- Synovial sheath
- Synovial bursa
- Fascia
Muscle associated fascia:
1. epimysium = loose or dense connective tissue surrounding an

entire muscle
2. perimysium = loose connective tissue defining muscle fascicles
3. endomysium = small amounts of loose c.t. surrounding individual

muscle fibers
Functional Groupings;
- Extensor muscle - Muscles on side of hinge joint where contraction

will align the bones or straighten up the limb action of which
decreases the angulations between two dorsal surfaces
- Flexor muscle - Cross the surface where the smaller angle between
the bones is being formed the action of which decreases the
angulations between two ventral surfaces
Muscle roles within a given movement (classification of involved muscles)
- Prime movers/agonists – Produce characteristic movement of a joint

directly responsible for flexion of limb/joint
- Antagonists – Opposite action from agonists
- Synergists – a muscle acting directly neither in agonism or
antagonism, but modifying the action of one or both
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscular attachments of

the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books,
journals and other reviewers for your reference.
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary of the different
muscular attachments. Draw, color, label and study the different structures of
attachments. You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Discuss the following terms:
1. Origin –
2. Insertion –
3. Tendon –
4. Aponeurosis –
5. Superficial Fascia –
6. Deep Fascia –
7. Bursa –
8. Bursal sheath –
9. Platysma –
10. Cutaneous trunci –
11. Orbicularis oris –
12. Prepucial muscle –
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Thrall, M.A., D.C. Baker, T.W. Campbell, D. DeNicola, M.J. Fettman, E.D. Lassen,
A. Rebar, and G. Weiser. 2004. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/advancedanatomy1sted/chapter/muscles/
https://3dmusclelab.com/origin-insertion-and- action/#:~:text=Muscle%20origins
%20and%20insertions%20describe,on%20the%2 0more%20moveable%20bone.
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/10-2-skeletal-muscle/
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Dog/Dog-Myology-illustrations
ACTIVITY No.15
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG:
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, FACE, TONGUE,
PHARYX AND LARYNX
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different muscles of the face

2. Discuss the attachments, function, blood supply and innervation of
the muscles of the face; and
3. Integrate the knowledge learned in this session to other related topics
or fields
Abstraction
There are numerous muscles of the head. Most of them maybe too minute to
dissect. Muscles of the face, tongue, larynx and pharynx may be easier to discern
during dissection. Study the list below.
Muscles of the Head
- longus capitis
- rectus capitis ventralis
- rectus capitis lateralis
- rectus capitis dorsalis major
- rectus capitis dorsalis minor
- obliquus capitis caudalis
- obliquus capitis cranialis
Muscles of the Face
- orbicularis oris
- incisivus maxillaris and incisivus mandibularis
- levator labii maxillaris
- caninus
- buccinator muscle
- mentalis
- malaris
- Zygomaticus
- orbicularis oculi
- digastricus
Muscles of the External Ear
- rostral auricular
- dorsal auricular
- caudal auricular
- Rostral Auricular Muscles
- scutuloauriculares superficiales
- scutuloauriculares profundi
- frontoscutularis
- zygomaticoscutularis
- zygomaticoauricularis
Dorsal Auricular Muscles
- interscutularis
- parietoscutularis
- parietoauricularis
Caudal Auricular Muscles
- cervicoscutularis
- cervicoauricularis superficialis
- cervicoauricularis medius
- cervicoauricularis profundus
Auriculares Ventralis
- styloauricularis
- paratidoauricularis
- Muscles of the Tongue
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- Styloglossus
- Genioglossus
- Hyoglossus
Intrinsic Muscle of the Tongue
- Lingua propria
Extrinsic Muscles of the Pharynx
- Hyopharyngeus
- Ceratopharyngeus
- Chondropharyngeus
- Thyropharyngeus
- Cricopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
- Pterygopharyngeus
- Stylopharyngeus caudalis
Muscles of the Soft Palate
- Tensor veli palatine

- Levator veli palatine
- Palatinus
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
- Cricothyroideus
- Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
- Thytoarytenoideus
- Vocalis
- Ventricularis
- Arytenoideus transversus
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of facial muscles of the dog
able to answer the activity questions below. Make a summary list of the different
muscles of the face (muscles of the lips, cheeks, eyelids, nose and external
ear). Draw, label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin and
insertion. Figure out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that supplies
each particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that supplies
the area).You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all
1. Orbicularis oris -
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Incisive
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Levator nasolabialis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Levatorlabii
maxillaries Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
5. Caninus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
6. Depressor labii
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Mentalis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
8.Zygomaticus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
9. Buccinator
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
10. Masseter
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
11. Pterygoideus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
12. Temporalis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion: Blood
supply:
Innervation:
13. Digastricus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion: Blood
supply:
Innervation:
14. Mylohyoideus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Dog/Dog-Head-CT
Illustrations
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/488359153322765796/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333849680_Evolution_of_facial_muscle
_anatomy_in_dogs
https://en.wikivet.net/Skull_and_Facial_Muscles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ar.1091270302
https://en.wikivet.net/Tongue_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/muscles/tongue/
ACTIVITY No.16
LONG MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, NECK
AND BACK
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different muscles of the head, neck and back
the muscles of said regions; and
or fields
Abstraction
The long muscles of the neck or trunk and back include:
- EPAXIAL – lie dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebra; extensors of

the vertebral column; (epi = upon & axial = axis) are muscles located
dorsally along the spine
o Longus colli and longus capitis
o Iliocostalis thoracis
o Iliocostalis lumborum
o Longissimus thoracis et al lumborum
o Longissimus cervicis
o Longissimus capitis
o Splenius
o Semispinalis capitis
o Serratus dorsalis (cranialis and caudalis)
- HYPAXIAL – Include the muscles of the abdominal and thoracic walls
o External intercostal
muscles o Internal intercostal
muscles o Rectus thoracis
o Diaphragm
o External abdominal oblique
o Internal abdominal oblique
o Transversus abdominis
o Rectus abdominis
o Scalenus
o Serratus ventralis
Muscles of the Tail
- Sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis

- Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis
- Sacrocaudalis ventralis lateralis
- Sacrocaudalis ventralis medialis
- Intertransversarii caudae
- Coccygeus
- Rectococcygeus
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the head, neck
and back of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-
books, journals and other reviewers for your reference.
long muscles of the head, neck and back. Draw, label and color them. Study
their respective functions, origin and insertion. Figure out also their respective
blood supply (blood vessel that supplies each particular muscle, i.e. vein and
artery) and innervation (nerve that supplies the area).You may use extra sheets and
insert them here afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For
1. Splenius
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Iliocostalis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Biventer cervicis and

complexus Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Multifindi
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
5. Longus
coli Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
6. Scaleneus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Hyoid Muscle
a. Sterohyoideus
b. sternothyroideus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Illustrations
https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Dog/Dog-Myology-illustrations
ACTIVITY No.17
RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different respiratory muscles;

2. Discuss the attachments, function, blood supply and innervation
of the muscles of said region; and
topics or fields
Abstraction
The muscles of respiration are those muscles that contribute to inhalation and
exhalation by aiding in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity
1. M. scalenus dorsalis
2. M. scalenus medius
3. M. serratus dorsalis cranialis
4. M. serratus dorsalis caudalis
5. M. intercostalis externus
6. M. intercostalis internus
7. M. rectus thoracis
8. M. transversus thoracis
9. Mm. levatores costarum
10. M. retractor costae ultimatea
11. M. subcostalis
12. Diaphragm
444
The diaphragm is a sheet of interal skeletal muscle that extends across the
bottom of the thoracic cavity. It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity. It performs an important function in respiration. As the diaphragm
contracts, the volume of the thoraciccavity increases and air is drawn into the
lungs.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of respiratory of
the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books,
respiratory muscles of the dog. Draw, label and color them. Study their
respective functions, origin and insertion. Figure out also their respective blood
supply (blood vessel that supplies each particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and
innervation (nerve that supplies the area).You may use extra sheets and insert
1. Serratus dorsalis
cranialis Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. External intercostals
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Levators
costarum Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Rectus thoracis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
5. Serratus dorsalis caudalis

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
6. Internal
intercostals Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Retractor
costae Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
8. Transversus
thoracis Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3865701&pid=11262
&print=1#:~:text=The%20primary%20muscles%20of%20inspiration,sterni%20and
%20dorsocaudal%20internal%20intercostals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-kN3zUvecM
https://rtaonline.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Andre-de-Troyer.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0034568794900213
https://univet.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RESPIRATORY-and-
ABDOMINAL-MUSCLES_Andrea_181123.pdf
ACTIVITY No.18
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: ABDOMINAL
MUSCLES
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different abdominal muscles;

topics or fields
Abstraction
Abdominal muscles of carnivores functions to form the abdominal wall,

maintain abdominal pressure (urination, defecation, parturition) and protection of
abdominal organs. These are the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique,
internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis. The have different muscle
fiber orientation.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the abdominal
region of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-
abdominal muscles of the dog noting their different fiber orientations. Draw,
label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin and insertion. Figure
out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that supplies each particular
muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that supplies the area).You may
use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all references used
for each item. For books or journals used, write down the title of the book/Journal
article, author and pages where the items were found. For e-books and e-journals,
list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author, pages where the items
were found and the URL or link for verification purposes.
1. External abdominal oblique

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Internal abdominal
oblique Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Rectus
Abdominis Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Transversus
Abdominis Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://univet.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RESPIRATORY-and-
ABDOMINAL-MUSCLES_Andrea_181123.pdf
https://carrier.biology.utah.edu/Dave's%20PDF/Dog%20Hypaxial.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313494155_Applied_Anatomy_and_Co
mputed_Tomography_of_the_Abdominal_Wall_of_the_Dog
Illustrations
ACTIVITY No.18
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: EXTRINSIC
MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMB
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb;
2. Discuss the muscles found on the lateral side and medial side;
3. Discuss the attachments, function, blood supply and innervation of the
muscles of said region; and
or fields
Abstraction
Muscles of the thoracic limb are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic group.
Extrinsic muscles are derived from the neck and back regions and from the sides
and ventral aspects of the chest. Such muscles are attached to the scapula and
humerus, and for this reason, they are referred to as the trunk-limb muscles or
muscles of the pectoral girdle.
The extrinsic muscles are those which have their origin on the axial skeleton
and their insertion on the proximal portion of the appendicular skeleton of the
forelimb (either the scapula or the humerus). The intrinsic muscles of the limb are
those which have both their origin and insertion on the appendicular skeleton (i.e.,
the limb). Extrinsic muscles may abduct, adduct, advance or retract the whole
limb, but the intrinsic muscle more specifically have their actions across joints (i.e.,
such as flex or extend the elbow, not flex or extend the forearm). The muscles
which extend or flex the digits are extending or flexing the multiple joints of the
digits, so that is considered acceptable terminology.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the extrinsic
muscles of the thoracic limb of the dog of the dog from your dissection guide,
manual or any anatomy books, e-books, journals and other reviewers for your
reference.
extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb and note their different location and
orientations. Draw, label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin
and insertion. Figure out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that
supplies each particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that
supplies the area).You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
1. Trapezius
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Sternocephalicus ( sternooccipitalis and

sternomastiodeus) Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Brachiocephalicus ( cliedobrachialis, cleidocervicalis, cleimastoideus)

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Omotransversarius
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
5. Latissimus dorsi
Function
Origin:
Insertion
Blood supply:
Innervation:
6. Superficial pectorals
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Deep pectorals
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
8. Rhomboideus
Function: Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
9. serratus ventralis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_67488_e3bd30c0a87175b8b5c8625d93f449f6.pdf
Limb-Guide.pdf
https://carrier.biology.utah.edu/Dave's%20PDF/Deban%20extrinsic%20muscles.p
df
thoracic-limb-1
ACTIVITY No.19
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: INTRINSIC
MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMB
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb;
the muscles of said region; and
or fields
Abstraction
Intrinsic muscles are the muscles directly attached to the thoracic limb.
These muscles are involved in various functions: extension and flexion, among
others, depending on the joint area.
Major regions of the thoracic limb include: scapular region, brachium (arm),
antebrachium (forearm), and manus. These four regions are connected by three
joints: shoulder, elbow and carpus (human wrist or equine knee).
Intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb have both attachments on the limb
and thus they move one part of the limb relative to another part (in contrast to
extrinsic muscle which move the limb relative to the trunk).
The proximal (less mobile) attachment of an intrinsic limb muscle is called

its origin. The distal (more mobile) attachment is called the insertion of the muscle.
When a muscle has multiple parts and when each part consists of a
separate origin and belly converging to a common insertion, each origin/belly is
named a muscle head. Multi-head muscles are named (biceps, triceps, quadriceps)
for their number of heads (in the human).
The muscles that originate on the scapula and insert on the proximal end of
the humerus (close to the shoulder-joint fulcrum) are "high gear" muscles with
respect to shoulder joint motion (large limb-movement; weak power). Such muscles
are effective when the limb is not bearing weight. These muscles also reinforce the
shoulder joint, which thus exhibits very weak ligaments.
The synovial membrane that lines and lubricates joints is also employed to
lubricate tendon movement where this is necessary. According to the
circumstances this arrangement takes the form of a bursa (spherical pocket) or
tendon synovial sheath.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the intrinsic
muscles of the thoracic limb of the dog of the dog from your dissection guide,
reference.
intrinsic muscles of thoracic limb and note their different location and
orientations. Draw, label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin
and insertion. Figure out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that
supplies each particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that
supplies the area).You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
SELF ASSESSMENT. Group the muscles below according to the segment in

which they are attached. Determine also the side (lateral or medial) where these
muscles are found. Fill in the information being sought.
1. Supraspinatus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Infraspinatus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Deltoideus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Teres Minor
Function:
Origin:
Insertion: Blood
supply:
Innervation:
5. Teres Major
Function:
Origin:
Insertion: Blood
supply:
Innervation:
6. Subscapularis
Function: Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Coracobrachialis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
8. Brachialis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
9. Biceps
Brachii Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
10. Triceps
Brachii Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
11. Anconeus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
12. Tensor Fasciae

Antebrachii Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
13. Supinator
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
14. Pronator Teres

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
15. Pronator Quadratus
Attachment:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
16. Extensor Carpi Radialis

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
17. Extensor carpi

ulnaris Function:
Origin: Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
18. Flexor carpi radialis

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
19. Flexor carpi

ulnaris Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
20. Common digital extensor

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
21. Lateral digital extensor

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
22. Superficial digital

flexor Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
23. Deep digital extensor
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
24. Interossei
Function / Special description:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Limb-Guide.pdf
df
thoracic-limb-1
ACTIVITY No.20
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: MUSCLES OF
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different intrinsic muscles of the pelvic girdle;
topics or fields
Abstraction
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two
distinct groups: the girdle musculature and the rump muscles.
The girdle musculature has two prominent muscles. The psoas minor is a
strong fleshy muscle and the tendon of insertion is bound to the iliac fascia and
attaches to the arcuate line of the ilium. The quadrate lumbar is stronger in
canines relative to other domestic species. It has both a thoracic and lumbar part.
The thoracic part originates from the bodies of the last three thoracic vertebrae and
inserts on the transverse processes of the cranial lumbar vertebrae.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the pelvic
girdle of the dog of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy
books, e-books, journals and other reviewers for your reference.
muscles of the pelvic girdle and note their different location and orientations.
Draw, label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin and insertion.
Figure out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that supplies each
particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that supplies the
area).You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below.Fill in the information being sought.
1. Psoas minor
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Iliopsoas
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3.Iliacus
Function :
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4.Quadratus lumborum
Function :
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
Limb-Guide.pdf
df
thoracic-limb-1
ACTIVITY No.21
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE DOG: MUSCLES OF
THE PELVIC LIMB
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different intrinsic muscles of the different

segments of the pelvic limb;
3. Discuss the attachments, function, blood supply and
innervation of the muscles of said region; and
4. Integrate the knowledge learned in this session to other
related topics or fields
Abstraction
There are a number of muscles contained within the rump muscles. The
superficial gluteal originates within the gluteal fascia, lateral aspect of sacrum,
sacral tuber of ilium, first caudal vertebra and the sacrotuberous ligament. It
inserts via a tendon running caudodistally over the greater trochanter and inserting
just distal to it. The middle gluteal originates between the iliac crest and gluteal line
of the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter. The tensor muscle of the fascia
lata originates on the ventral aspect of iliac spine and aponeurosis of the middle
gluteal and inserts via the fascia lata to the patella. This muscle fans out into the
fascia lata and is bordered by the middle gluteal dorsally and the sartorius muscle
cranially. The biceps originate from the cranial superficial head of the
sacrotuberous ligament and the from the lateral aspect of iscial tuberosity on the
caudal head. The two muscle bellies of the biceps unite at an aponeurosis attached
to the stifle and crural fascia and this fascia then inserts on the patella, patella
ligament, and tibial tuberosity. A distal tendon of the muscle separates from the
main muscle belly and passes under the adductor and along the gastrocnemius. It
moves in front of the calcaneal tendon and combining with a tendon of the
semitendinous muscle inserts on the calcaneal tuberosity. The semitendinous
muscle originates from the caudal and ventrolateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity
between the heads of the biceps and semimembranous muscle. It then inserts via a
strong tendon to the cranial aspect of the tendon. An accessory tendon, as
mentioned above, also attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity.
The semimembranous muscle originates from the ventral aspect of the

ischium and inserts via a short tendon to the aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius
and via a longer tendon to the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle.
The cranial element of the sartorius muscle originates on the iliac crest and unites
with the femoral fascia and stifle fascia. The caudal part originates from the ventral
iliac spine and joins the aponeurosis of the gracilis on the cranial aspect of the
tibia. The pectineal muscle originates from a fleshy origin from the iliopubic
eminence and a tendinous origin from the prepubic tendon. The pectineal then
inserts via a tendinous attachment to the popliteal surface of the femur. The
adductor muscles contain a number of smaller specific muscles with differing
origins and insertions. The greater adductor muscle originates from the pelvic
symphysis and prepubic tendon and inserts on the popliteal fossa and the lateral
supracondylar tuberosity. The short adductor originates on the pubic tubercle and
inserts on the caudal aspect of the femur. The long adductor is fused to the
pectineal. (This remains unfused in cats). Finally, the internal obturator originates
from the ischium, pubis and ischiatic arch and covers the obturator foramen. It
inserts on the trochantic fossa via a strong tendon that passes over the lesser
sciatic notch.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of muscles of the pelvic limb
of the dog of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-
muscles of the pelvic limb and note their different location and orientations.
Draw, label and color them. Study their respective functions, origin and insertion.
Figure out also their respective blood supply (blood vessel that supplies each
particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and innervation (nerve that supplies the
area).You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all
SELF ASSESSMENT. Group the muscles below according to the segment in

which they are attached. Determine also the side (lateral or medial) where these
muscles are found. Fill in the information being sought.
1. Superficial gluteus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
2. Medial
gluteus Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
3. Piriformis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
4. Tensor fasciae latae

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
5. Biceps
femoris Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
6. Abductor cruris caudalis

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
7. Semitendinous
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
8. Semimembranosus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
9. Gluteus
profundus Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
10. Internal obturator

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
11. Quadriceps femoris

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
12. Sartorius
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
13. Gracillis
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
14. Adductors (adductor magnus and adductor

brevis) Function:
Origin:
Insertion
Blood supply:
Innervation:
15. External
obturator Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
16. Internal Obturator

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
17. Gemelli
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
18. Quadratus femoris

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
19. Articularis coxae

Function / Special
description: Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
20. Popliteus
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
21. Cranial tibial

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
22. Peroneus longus

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
23. Peroneus
brevis Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
24. Gastrocnemius
Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
25. Long digital

extensor Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
26. Lateral digital extensor

Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
27. Extensor halluces

longus Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
28. Superficial digital

flexor Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
29. Deep digital

flexor Function:
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
30. Short digital extensor
Function / Special
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
31. Short digital flexor

Function / Special
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
32. Interflexorius
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
33. Interossei
Origin:
Insertion:
Blood supply:
Innervation:
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221857083_Two_anatomic_resources_o
f_canine_pelvic_limb_muscles_based_on_CT_and_MRI
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11938526_Morphometric_and_anatomi
c_study_of_the_hind_limb_of_a_dog
Illustrations
https://distribuzione.evsrl.it/ArticlesPdf/BOOK/ANATO36.pdf
ACTIVITY No.22
SPLANCHNOLOGY: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Alimentary
Canal)
Target Outcomes
1. Identify and discuss the different segments of the alimentary

canal or digestive tract;
2. Discuss each of the organs or structures of the digestive tract;
3. Determine the organs/segments found on the left or lateral
side ;
4. Discuss the blood supply, innervation and other relations
of the said segments; and
Abstraction
The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs,
which process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of
the body. Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the molecules are small enough to
be absorbed and the waste products are eliminated. The digestive tract, also called
the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, consists of a long continuous
tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue and teeth are
accessory structures located in the mouth. The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas are major accessory organs that have a role in digestion. These
organs secrete fluids into the digestive tract.
Food undergoes three types of processes in the body:
 Digestion
 Absorption
 Elimination
Digestion and absorption occur in the digestive tract. After the nutrients are
absorbed, they are available to all cells in the body and are utilized by the body
cells in metabolism.
The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by body cells through six
activities, or functions.
The first activity of the digestive system is to take in food through the
mouth. This process, called ingestion or prehension, has to take place before
anything else can happen.
The large pieces of food that are ingested have to be broken into smaller
particles that can be acted upon by various enzymes. This is mechanical digestion,
which begins in the mouth with chewing or mastication and continues with
churning and mixing actions in the stomach.
The complex molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are transformed

by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by
the cells. Chemical digestion, through a process called hydrolysis, uses water and
digestive enzymes to break down the complex molecules. Digestive enzymes speed
up the hydrolysis process, which is otherwise very slow.
After ingestion and mastication, the food particles move from the mouth into
the pharynx, then into the esophagus. This movement is deglutition, or swallowing.
Mixing movements occur in the stomach as a result of smooth muscle contraction.
These repetitive contractions usually occur in small segments of the digestive tract
and mix the food particles with enzymes and other fluids. The movements that
propel the food particles through the digestive tract are called peristalsis. These are
rhythmic waves of contractions that move the food particles through the various
regions in which mechanical and chemical digestion takes place.
The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through cell
membranes of the lining in the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries.
This process is called absorption.
The food molecules that cannot be digested or absorbed need to be

eliminated from the body. The removal of indigestible wastes through the anus, in
the form of feces, is defecation or elimination.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of digestive tract/alimentary
canal of the dog of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy
books, e-books, journals and other reviewers for your reference.
segments of the digestive tract of the dog and note their different location
and orientation. Draw, label and color them. Figure out also their respective
blood supply, function and innervation. You may use extra sheets and insert them
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Identify the structures being sought.
1. The portion of the stomach first to be filled with ingesta
2. The segment of the small intestines where bile is being secreted
3. The most stable segment of the small intestines
4. The shortest segment of the small intestines
5. The longest segment of the small intestines
6. The segment of the small intestines where the Peyer’s patches are found
7. The segments of the digestive tract found on the left side of the median plane
8. The segments of the digestive tract found on the right side of the
median plane
9. The most cranial segment of the large intestine
10.The most distal segment of the large intestine
11.The area where the ileum, cecum and colon meet
12.The mesenteries of the stomach
13.The large mesentery of the stomach
14.The smaller mesentery of the stomach
15.The fermentation segment of the digestive tract
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17415349.2004.11013270
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23668432_A_review_of_the_physiology_
of_the_canine_digestive_tract_related_to_the_development_of_in_vitro_systems
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235770235_Anatomy_and_physiology_
of_the_companion_animal
http://k9joy.com/RawFoodForDogs/DigestiveSystemExcerpt.pdf
https://ag.arizona.edu/classes/ans215/lectures/DigestiveSystemXIII.pdf
dog-anatomy/digestive-system-of-the-dog
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-review-of-the-physiology-of-the-canine-
digestive-Smeets-Peeters-Watson/81a0c30c00eb36ce297e5b1ba338976c32772824
ACTIVITY No.22
SPLANCHNOLOGY: ORAL CAVITY AND ACCESSORY
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Target Outcomes
1. Identify the different organs or structures of the oral cavity and the
accessory organs of the digestive system (salivary glands, liver and
pancreas);
2. Discuss each of the organs or structures of the oral cavity and the accessory
organs;
3. Discuss their functions; and
or fields
Abstraction
The oral cavity extends from the lips to the entrance into the pharynx.
Structures of the oral cavity include the tongue, teeth and salivary glands.
Boundaries of the oral cavity are:
a) rostrally bounded by the lips
b) laterally bounded by the cheeks
c) its roof – hard palate (palatum durum)
d) ventrally bounded by the the tongue
e) its floor – suprahyal muscles
The oral cavity is divided into the vestibule and oral cavity proper which
communicate via the interdental spaces (diastema and the space behind the last
molars.
Accessory Organs
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the
digestive tract, but they have a role in digestive activities and are considered
accessory organs.
Three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and

sublingual glands) and numerous smaller ones secrete saliva into the oral cavity,
where it is mixed with food during mastication. Saliva contains water, mucus, and
enzyme amylase. Functions of saliva include the following:
 It has a cleansing action on the teeth.
 It moistens and lubricates food during mastication and swallowing.
 It dissolves certain molecules so that food can be tasted.
 It begins the chemical digestion of starches through the action of
amylase, which breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.
The liver is located primarily in the right hypochondriac and epigastric

regions of the abdomen, just beneath the diaphragm. It is the largest gland in the
body. On the surface, the liver is divided into two major lobes and two smaller
lobes. The functional units of the liver are lobules with sinusoids that carry blood
from the periphery to the central vein of the lobule.
The liver receives blood from two sources. Freshly oxygenated blood is
brought to the liver by the common hepatic artery, a branch of the celiac trunk
from the abdominal aorta. Blood that is rich in nutrients from the digestive tract is
carried to the liver by the hepatic portal vein.
The liver has a wide variety of functions and many of these are vital to life.
Hepatocytes perform most of the functions attributed to the liver, but the
phagocytic Kupffer cells that line the sinusoids are responsible for cleansing the
blood.
Liver functions include the following:
 secretion
 synthesis of bile salts
 synthesis of plasma protein
 storage
 detoxification
 excretion
 carbohyrate metabolism
 lipid metabolism
 protein metabolism
 filtering
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac that is attached to the visceral surface

of the liver by the cystic duct. The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve
as a storage reservoir for bile. Bile is a yellowish-green fluid produced by liver cells.
The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol.
Bile salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from
the body in the bile.
The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine
portion consists of the scattered islets of Langerhans, which secrete the hormones
insulin and glucagon into the blood. The exocrine portion is the major part of the
gland. It consists of pancreatic acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes into tiny
ducts interwoven between the cells. Pancreatic enzymes include anylase, trypsin,
peptidase, and lipase. Pancreatic secretions are controlled by the hormones
secretin and cholecystokinin.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of oral cavity and accessory
organs of the digestive system (salivary glands, liver and pancreas) of the dog from
organs or structures of the oral cavity of the dog and the accessory organs of
the digestive system (salivary glands, liver and pancreas) and note their
different location and orientation. Draw, label and color them. Figure out also
their respective blood supply, functions and innervation.You may use extra sheets
and insert them here afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below.
A.IDENTIFICATION/ENUMERATION. Identify the structures being sought.
1. Give the dental formula of the dog (deciduous and permanent)

2. Name the lingual papillae found in the dog and (gustatory and non-
gustatory)
3. Describe the hard palate (palatine ridge and median raphe) of the dog
4. Describe the soft palate of the dog
5. The number of pairs of rugae (palatine ridges) found in the dog
6. Name the various salivary glands (major and minor) found in the dog
7. Name the parts of the pharynx and their specific functions.
8. Name the lobes of the liver and indicate the lobes where the gall bladder
is lodged
9. Name the lobes of the pancreas and the segments of the digestive tract
the lobes are attached to
B.DISCUSSION.Discuss the following items.
1. Discuss the functions of the tongue.

2. Explain the importance and functions of the liver.
3. Discuss the role of the pancreas and the cells involved
4. Discuss the functions of salivary glands and saliva.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23668432_A_review_of_the_physiology_
of_the_canine_digestive_tract_related_to_the_development_of_in_vitro_systems
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235770235_Anatomy_and_physiology_
of_the_companion_animal
http://k9joy.com/RawFoodForDogs/DigestiveSystemExcerpt.pdf
https://ag.arizona.edu/classes/ans215/lectures/DigestiveSystemXIII.pdf
dog-anatomy/digestive-system-of-the-dog
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-review-of-the-physiology-of-the-canine-
digestive-Smeets-Peeters-Watson/81a0c30c00eb36ce297e5b1ba338976c32772824
ACTIVITY No.23
SPLANCHNOLOGY: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Target Outcomes
1. Identify the different organs or structures of the respiratory system

(upper and lower);
2. Discuss the functions of each of the organs or structures of
respiratory system;
3. Discuss the parts (and the circulation of air) of the bronchial tree; and
or fields
Abstraction
The respiratory system is consists of lungs and air passageways for gaseous
exchange. Functions include: regulate or modify flow of air, serve as olfactory
receptor, facilitate water and heat exchange, phonation and works on acid–base
balance. Structures of the respiratory system are the nasal cavity and conchae
(turbinates), pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of respiratory system (nasal
cavity and bronchial tree) of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any
anatomy books, e-books, journals and other reviewers for your reference.
organs or structures of the respiratory system (upper and lower) of the dog
and the bronchial tree. Note their different location and orientation. Draw,
label and color them. Figure out also their respective blood and innervation. You
may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write down all references
used for each item. For books or journals used, write down the title of the
book/Journal article, author and pages where the items were found. For e-books
and e-journals, list down the title/s of the book/Journal article, author, pages
where the items were found and the URL or link for verification purposes.
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Identify the structures being sought.
1. Name the different conchae of the nasal cavity

2. Name the different meatuses of the nasal cavity
3. Name the pneumatic bones of the dog
4. Give the shape of the tracheal rings of the dog (cervical and thoracic)
5. Give the total number of tracheal rings of the dog
6. Give the three types of noses in the dog
7. Give the structures found in the hilus of the lungs
8. Give the lobes of the right and left lungs
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
dog-anatomy/respiratory-system-of-the-dog
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305281139_Respiratory_system_of_do
mestic_animals_Lecture_1
https://easy-anatomy.com/anatomy-of-the-canine-respiratory-system/
https://ag.arizona.edu/classes/ans215/lectures/RespiratorySystemXII.pdf
ACTIVITY No.23
SPLANCHNOLOGY: UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Target Outcomes
1. Identify the different organs or structures of the urogenital

(urinary and genital or reproductive) system (male and female);
2. Discuss the functions of each of the organs or structures of
urinary and reproductive systems (male and female) and
topics or fields
Abstraction
Urogenital system, also called genitourinary system, in domestic animals,

the organs concerned with reproduction and urinary excretion. The structures
involved in excretion and reproduction are morphologically associated and often
use common ducts. The major structures of the urinary system in mammals
include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The major structures of the
reproductive system in males are the testes, sperm ducts, urethra, and penis; in
females, they are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF A BITCH
UROGENITAL SYSTEM OF A MALE DOG
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of urogenital system

(urinary and reproductive) of the male and female dog from your dissection guide,
reference.
organs or structures of the (urinary and reproductive) system (male and
female) of the dog. Note their different location and orientation. Draw, label
and color them. Figure out also their respective blood supply and innervation
(nerve that supplies the area.You may use extra sheets and insert them here
afterwards. Write down all references used for each item. For books or journals
used, write down the title of the book/Journal article, author and pages where the
SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Discuss the following items.
1. Function of the prostate gland

2. Functions of the external urethral process in the female dogs
3. The reason why there is locking of genitals of dogs during mating. What
structure/s are involved?
4. The function of the os penis
5. The function of the kidneys
6. The functions of the ovaries
7. The functions of the testicles
8. The function of the epididymis
9. The importance of urethra
10. The principle behind the erection of penis of dog during sexual stimulation
and activity
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders-
of-dogs/the-urinary-system-of-dogs
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/LUTeBook/LUTeBook.pdf
dog-anatomy/urogenital-system-of-the-dog
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255573604_Biology_of_Reproduction_of
_the_Dog_and_Modern_Reproductive_Technology
https://dese.mo.gov/sites/default/files/aged-Animal-Repro-Student-Ref..pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2045-0648.2010.00013.x
https://ag.arizona.edu/classes/ans215/lectures/FemaleReproductiveSystemXVI.p
dhttps://smiltenestehnikums.lv/attachments/article/1172/Stoodents%20%20boo
k.Reproductive%20system%20anatomy%20(1).docxf
ACTIVITY No.24
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Target Outcomes
1. Identify the different organs or structures of the circulatory

system;
2. Discuss the parts of the heart and the major arteries, veins
and lymphatics in the dog;
3. Discuss the functions of the heart and other structures
of circulatory system; and
Abstraction
The circulatory/cardiovascular system is the system in charge for the

circulation of blood inside the body of dogs. It involves the heart, and the blood
vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). Each of the organs involved have different
functions that contribute to the normal performance of the system.
The heart (a hollow, muscular organ) pumps blood and it is located

approximately from the 3rd to the 6th rib of the dog. It has a muscular tissue called
myocardium. There are four chambers in which the heart is divided: the right atrium;
the right ventricle; the left atrium; and the left ventricle. The right side of the heart
pumps blood to the lungs, where the blood receives oxygen and carbon dioxide will be
removed from it. The left side pumps blood throughout the body and deliver oxygen and
nutrients to the tissues, and waste components are transported to the blood for the
elimination by the organs involved like the kidneys, and lungs.
There are series of valves that keep the flow of blood in one direction through
the heart. The atrioventricular valves are located between the atrium and
ventricles. The semilunar valves are valves located between the heart and
pulmonary artery. There are also valves in each ventricle: the inlet valve; and the
outlet valve. The inlet valve in the left ventricle is called the mitral valve, while the
outlet valve is called the aortic valve. In the right ventricle, tricuspid valve is the
inlet valve, while pulmonary valve is the outlet valve. The body has the two largest
veins, called the venae cavae, which the blood flows through it. When the right
ventricle is relaxing, the blood inside the right atrium goes through the tricuspid
valve then to the right ventricle. If the right ventricle is almost full, the right atrium
contracts, adding amount of blood into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle
contracts where the blood will be pushed through the pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arteries which lead to the lungs. The blood will absorb oxygen and
carbon dioxide will be removed from the blood in the lungs. The blood will now flow
through the pulmonary veins going to the left atrium. When the left ventricle is
relaxing, the blood inside the left atrium goes through the mitral valve into the left
ventricle. If the left ventricle is almost full, the left atrium contracts adding amount
of blood to the left ventricle. Then the left ventricle contracts and blood will go
through the aortic valve into the aorta (the largest artery in the body). The
oxygenated blood will be distributed to the different parts of the body except lungs.
The rate of force in the contraction of the heart is controlled by the hormones and
the autonomic nervous system.
The reason why the heart beats is because of the sinoatrial node, which is a
tiny electrical current that originates in the pacemaker of the heart. The discharges
or electrical impulses are the reason of the contraction of the heart’s muscle fibers.
The sinoatrial node discharge of dog (heart rate) is 70 to 120 per minute. The rate
of sinoatrial node discharge is slower in larger species. Dogs are small animals so
they have faster sinoatrial node discharge. The heart rate in quiet and healthy dogs
is usually irregular. It increases when they breathe in, and decreases when they
breathe out. The heart rate also decreases due to rising blood pressure or vice
versa.
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of circulatory system

of the dog from your dissection guide, manual or any anatomy books, e-books,
organs or structures of the circulatory system of the dog. Note their different
location and orientation. Draw, label and color the parts (external and
internal) of he heart, the branches of the abdominal aorta and caudal vena
cava. Check also the blood vessels supplying the different regions of the body.
Study their respective functions. Figure out also their respective blood supply
(blood vessel that supplies each particular muscle, i.e. vein and artery) and
innervation (nerve that supplies the area).You may use extra sheets and insert
1. Give the functions of the heart

2. Give the function of the pacemaker
3. Give the function of the chordae tendinae
4. Discuss the importance of the pericardial fluid
5. Discuss the bicuspid and tricuspid valve
6. Name the foramina of the heart that close/s normally when a dog gets
older
7. What is the condition Persitent Right Aortic Arch in dogs
8. Name the parts of the abdominal aorta (chronologically) and the
organs they supply
9. Name the parts of the caudal vena cava and the organs they drain
10. Trace the circulation of blood from the heart to the organs of the body
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
dog-anatomy/cardiovascular-system-of-the-dog
https://distribuzione.evsrl.it/ArticlesPdf/BOOK/CARDI42.pdf
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/cardiovascular-system-
introduction/the-cardiovascular-system-in-animals
dog-anatomy/cardiovascular-system-of-the-dog
http://eknygos.lsmuni.lt/springer/675/81-91.pdf
http://aevm.tamu.edu/files/2010/06/Anatomy_and_Physiology.pdf
ACTIVITY No.25
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Target Outcomes
1. Identify the different organs or structures of the nervous system;

2. Discuss the parts and functions of each of the organs or
structures of circulatory system (brain, spinal cord and nerves;
Abstraction
The nervous system is a network of billions of nerve cells linked together in a

highly organized fashion to form the rapid control center of the body. Functions
include: integrating center for homeostasis, movement, and almost all other body
functions. There are two divisions:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain + the spinal cord; center of

integration and control
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = nervous system outside of the
brain and spinal cord
3. Consists of:
a. Spinal nerves - carry information to and from the spinal cord
b. Cranial nerves - carry information to and from the brain
Materials: You can use models, specimens or pictures of nervous system of the dog
organs or structures of nervous system of the dog with focus on the
meninges, brain, spinal cord and major nerves of the body. Note their
different location and orientation. Note also the special cells. Draw, label and
color them. You may use extra sheets and insert them here afterwards. Write
1. Name and describe the three meninges of the brain and discuss their
function.
2. Name the parts of the brain and their particular functions.
3. Name the meninges of the spinal cord and describe them.
4. Discuss the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
5. Discuss the production, distribution and resorption of the CSF.
6. Discuss the condition called hydrocephalus.
7. Name the cranial nerves chronologically and discuss their functions.
8. Discuss two abnormal conditions of the brain.
9. Discuss two abnormal condition of the spinal cord.
10. Discuss the cauda equine and its importance.
IMPLICATIONS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

San Francisco.
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-
nerve-disorders-of-dogs/the-nervous-system-of-dogs
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339556914_Canine_central_nervous_sy
stem_neosporosis_clinical_laboratory_and_diagnostic_imaging_findings_in_six_dogs

Gross Anatomy of The Dog. Activity Manual

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Gross Anatomy of The Dog. Activity Manual

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Jeffrey P. Dela Cruz, DVM

Title of LRP: Activity Manual in Gross Anatomy of the Dog

ANNALIE B. PARAGAS, DVM, MPH CHARLIE D. LACAYANGA, DVM, MSAH

ANNALIE B. PARAGAS, DVM, MPH

LAVINA GRACIA M. RAMIREZ DVM, MSc

CLAIRE ANNE A. OLIVAREZ, Ph.D.

ARLENE D. TOMAS, Ph.D.

Course description Vision

Suggested Readings (optional) Instructor’s/Professor’s

KAINER RA and McCRAKEN (2002). Dog Anatomy. A

DYCE, KM, SACK, WO AND WENSING, CJC. (2010).

GETTY, E. (1975) Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy

PASQUINI, C. T. SPURGEON, S. PASQUINI S. (2003)

Since physiology and anatomy go hand in hand, functions of particular organ

ultimately gives the students integrated understanding of the course and

be adjustments as to the conduct of laboratory classes. Since face to face classes

submission of their manuals, worksheets and dissection of specimen. Most of the

laboratory classes. When feasible, E-classroom via Google Classroom, G-suite or

capacity to produce specimens for dissection are encouraged to conduct actual

resourcefulness, gender sensitivity, social responsibility and honor excellence.

Activity No. EXERCISE TITLE PAGE SCORE

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Comparative Anatomy is the study of the different structures from various

The divisions of systemic anatomy are:

1. Common Integument- the description of the skin and associated

3. Syndesmology (Arthrology)- the description of joints, whose functions are

4. Myology- the description of muscles and accessory structures that function

5. Splanchnology- the description of viscera (these includes the digestive,

6. Angiology- the description of the organs of circulation (heart, arteries, veins,

7. Neurology- the description of the nervous system whose function is to

1. The testes of the dog and cat differ in location.

Supplementary Materials/ suggested readings

Constantinescu, G.M. 2001. Guide to Regional Ruminant Anatomy Based on

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. define and describe the different topographic terms;

There are topographic or directional terms specially used in veterinary

DIRECTIONS: With your dissection guide and other veterinary anatomy

Supplementary Materials/ suggested readings

Constantinescu, G.M. 2001. Guide to Regional Ruminant Anatomy Based on

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. demonstrate and discuss the various external structures of

The external structures or outside parts of the body differ in animals. It is

The functions of the integumentary system include the following:

1. Serves as barrier against infection and injury

 Stratum basale – the deepest layer, made up of a single layer of

 Stratum spinosum – This layer appears covered in thornlike spikes,

 Stratum granulosum – it is made up of 3 -5 layers of keratinocytes;

 Stratum lucidum – only found in the fingertips, palms of hands and

 Stratum corneum – the outermost layer; made of 25 – 30 ayers of

a. Keratinocytes – produce the protein keratin that helps protect the

The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective

Materials: You can use models, pictures or specimens of different external

DIRECTION: With your dissection guide and other veterinary anatomy

1. Give the different colours of the dog and describe them.

Supplementary Materials/ suggested readings

Constantinescu, G.M. 2001. Guide to Regional Ruminant Anatomy Based on

At the end of the session, you must be able to:

1. identify and discuss the different parts and types of a bone;

Bone constitute most of the skeleton of most vertebrates, it is composed

SELF ASSESSMENT. Answer the items below. Follow instructions carefully.

I. Define / answer the following items: