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Polynomials
Polynomials
Variable :
CONTENTS It is a symbol whose value changes according to
Introduction the situation.
For example : x, y, z, ax, a + x, 5y, – 7x, etc.
Constants & Variables ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Algebraic Expression (a) An algebraic expression is a collection of terms
separated by plus (+) or minus (–) sign. For
Factors & Coefficients example : 3x + 5y, 7y – 2x, 2x – ay + az, etc.
(Ex.5, 7, –3, 8/5, …) is zero. (b) When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), then by
remainder theorem, the required
(2) Degree of zero polynomial (zero = 0 remainder will be p (–2).
= zero polynomial) is not defined.
p(–2) = 4 (–2)3 – 3 (–2)2 + 2(–2) – 4
POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE
= 4 × (–8) – 3 × 4 – 4 – 4
If a polynomial has only one variable then it is = – 32 – 12 – 8 = – 52
called polynomial in one variable.
1
Ex. P(x) = 2x3 + 5x – 3 Cubic trinomial (c) When p(x) is divided by, x then by
2
Q(x) = 7x7 – 5x5 – 3x3 + x + 3 polynomial of remainder theorem, the required
degree 7 remainder will be
3 2
R(y) = y Linear, monomial 1 1 1 1
p = 4 –3 + 2 –4
S(t) = t2 + 3 Quadratic Binomial 2 2 2 2
= 1 + 1 = 2 0
x' O x
1
x = is not a zero of the given
2
polynomial. (i) Let us consider the graph of y = 2x – 4
intersects the x-axis at x = 2. The zero 2x – 4
Ex.7 Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the is 2. Thus, the zero of the polynomial 2x – 4
following cases : is the x-coordinate of the point where the
(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = 2x + 5 graph y = 2x – 4 intersects the x-axis.
(iii) p(x) = 3x – 2 x 2 0
Sol. To find the zero of a polynomial p(x) means y 2x 4 0 4
to solve the polynomial equation p(x) = 0. Po int s A B
(i) For the zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5 y
p(x) = 0 x + 5 = 0 x = –5
x = –5 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x + 5. A
O
(ii) p(x) = 0 2x + 5 = 0 x' –1
x
5 –2
2x = –5 and x = –3
2
–4 B
5
x= is a zero of p(x) = 2x + 5. y'
2
(iii) p(x) = 0 3x – 2 = 0 (ii) A general equation of a linear polynomial is
2 ax + b. The graph of y = ax + b is a straight
3x = 2 and x = . b
3 line which intersects the x-axis at , 0 .
a
Zero of the polynomial ax + b is the x- y
coordinate of the point of intersection of the D
graph with x-axis. 9 E
8 C
(iii) Let us consider the quadratic polynomial 7 F
x2 – 4x + 3. The graph of x2 – 4x + 3 intersects 6
the x-axis at the point (1, 0) and (3, 0). Zeroes B 5
of the polynomial x2 – 4x + 3 are the 4
x-coordinates of the points of intersection of 3
the graph with x-axis. 2
A –2 1 G
x 1 2 3 4 5 x' x
2 –4 –3 –1 O 1 2 3 4
y x 4x 3 0 1 0 3 8
Po int s A B C D E y'
The shape of the graph of the quadratic
polynomials is and the curve is known as The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial
parabola. ax2 + bx + c he x-coordinates of the points
where the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects
y the x-axis.
Cubic polynomial : Let us find out
D geometrically how many zeroes a cubic has.
Let consider cubic polynomial
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
A C
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x' O 1 2 3 4 x y x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 6 1.875 0 0.375 0 0.375 0 1.875 6
–1
B Po int s A B C D E F G H I
–2
Case 1 :
y'
The graph of the cubic equation intersects the
(iv) Now let us consider one more polynomial x-axis at three points (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0).
–x2 + 2x + 8. Graph of this polynomial Zeroes of the given polynomial are the
intersects the x-axis at the points x-coordinates of the points of intersection
(4, 0), (–2, 0). Zeroes of the polynomial – with the x-axis.
x2 + 2x + 8 are the x-coordinates of the points
y
at which the graph intersects the x-axis. The
shape of the graph of the given quadratic 6 I
polynomial is and the curve is known as 5
parabola. 4
3
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
2 D
y 0 5 8 9 8 7 0 1 H
C E G
Po int s A B C D E F G x' x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
B F
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6 A
y'
Case 2 :
The cubic equation x3 – x2 intersects the x- y y
axis at the point (0, 0) and (1, 0). Zero of a O x
polynomial x3 – x2 are the x-coordinates of x'
the point where the graph cuts the x-axis. (v) (vi)
x' x
y O
y' y'
y
y
O
x' x x' x
O O
(vii) (viii)
x' x
y'
y'
y'
Zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 0 and 1.
y y
Case 3 :
y = x3
(ix) (x) x' x
Cubic polynomial has only one zero. x' x O
O
y y' y'
Sol. (i) The graph is a straight line so the graph is of
a linear polynomial. The number of zeroes is
x one as the graph intersects the x-axis at one
x' O point only.
(ii) The graph is a parabola. So, this is the graph
y' of quadratic polynomial. The number of
In brief : A cubic equation can have 1 or 2 or zeroes is zero as the graph does not intersect
3 zeroes or any polynomial of degree three the x-axis.
can have at most three zeroes. (iii) Here the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
Remarks : In general, polynomial of degree is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
n, the graph of y = p(x) passes x-axis at most the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
at n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of only (two coincident points).
degree n has at most n zeroes. (iv) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is two as
EXAMPLES
the graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
Ex.8 Which of the following correspond to the
(v) The polynomial is linear as the graph is
graph to a linear or a quadratic polynomial
straight line. The number of zeroes is zero as
and find the number of zeroes of polynomial.
the graph does not intersect the x-axis.
y y
(vi) The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a
parabola. The number of zeroes is 1 as the
(i) (ii) graph intersects the x-axis at one point (two
x' x x' x coincident points) only.
O O
y' y' (vii)The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a
parabola. The number of zeroes is zero, as the
y y graph does not intersect the x-axis.
(viii) Polynomial is neither linear nor quadratic as
(iii) (iv) the graph is neither a straight line nor a
x' x x' x parabola is one as the graph intersects the x-
O O
axis at one point only.
y' y'
(ix) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph 2 3 13 (13) coefficient of x
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as = + = = =
3 2 6 6 coefficient of x 2
the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
only (two coincident points). Product of the zeroes
(x) The polynomial is linear as the graph is a 2 3 6 cons tan t term
straight line. The number of zeroes is one as = × = =
3 2 6 coefficient of x 2
the graph intersects the x-axis at only one
point.
Ex.10 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
4x2 – 9 and verify the relation between the
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ZEROES AND zeroes and its coefficients.
THE COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL.
Sol. We have,
Consider quadratic polynomial 4x2 – 9 = (2x)2 – 32 = (2x – 3) (2x + 3)
P(x) = 2x2 – 16x + 30. So, the value of 4x2 – 9 is 0, when
Now, 2x2 – 16x + 30 = (2x – 6) (x – 3) 2x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
= 2 (x – 3) (x – 5) 3 3
i.e., when x = or x = – .
The zeroes of P(x) are 3 and 5. 2 2
Sum of the zeroes 3 3
Therefore, the zeroes of 4x2 – 9 are &– .
coefficient of x 2 2
(16)
=3+5=8= =– 2
2 Sum of the zeroes
coefficient of x
3 3 (0 ) coefficient of x
Product of the zeroes = – =0= =
2 2 4 coefficient of x 2
30 constan t term
= 3 × 5 = 15 = = Product of the zeroes
2 coefficient of x 2
3 3 9 cons tan t term
So if ax2 + bx + c, a 0 is a quadratic = = =
polynomial and , are two zeroes of polynomial 2 2 4 coefficient of x 2
b c Ex.11 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
then – ,
a a 9x2 – 5 and verify the relation between the
zeroes and its coefficients.
EXAMPLES
Sol. We have,
Ex.9 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
6x2 – 13x + 6 and verify the relation between 9x2 – 5 = (3x)2 – ( 5 )2 = (3x – 5 ) (3x + 5 )
the zeroes and its coefficients.
So, the value of 9x2 – 5 is 0,
Sol. We have, 6x2 – 13x + 6 = 6x2 – 4x – 9x + 6
when 3x – 5 = 0 or 3x + 5 = 0
= 2x (3x – 2) –3 (3x – 2)
= (3x – 2) (2x – 3) 5 5
i.e., when x = or x = .
3 3
So, the value of 6x2 – 13x + 6 is 0, when
(3x – 2) = 0 or (2x – 3) = 0 i.e., Sum of the zeroes
2 3 5 5 (0 ) coefficient of x
When x= or = – =0= =
3 2 3 3 9 coefficient of x 2
Therefore, the zeroes of 6x2 – 13x + 6 are
Product of the zeroes
2 3
and . 5 5
3 2 = = 5 = cons tan t term
3 3 9 coefficient of x 2
Sum of the zeroes
Ex.12 If and are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c, a 0 b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
then verify the relation between the zeroes =
2a 2a
and its coefficients.
Sol. Since and are the zeroes of polynomial
( b) 2 (b 2 4ac) 2 b 2 b 2 4ac
ax2 + bx + c. = =
4a 2 4a 2
Therefore, (x – ), (x – ) are the factors of 4ac c
the polynomial ax2 + bx + c. = =
4a 2 a
ax2 + bx + c = k (x – ) (x – )
cons tan t term
ax2 + bx + c = k {x2 – ( + ) x + } =
coefficient of x 2
ax2 + bx + c = kx2 – k ( + ) x + k...(1)
c
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and Hence, product of zeroes =
a
constant terms of (1) on both sides, we get
a = k, b = – k ( + ) and c = k In general, it can be proved that if , , are the
b c zeroes of a cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
+=– and = then
k k
b
b c ++=
+= and = [ k = a] a
a a
c
+ + =
b coefficient of x a
Sum of the zeroes = =
a coefficient of x 2 d
=
a
c cons tan t term
Product of the zeroes = = b c d
a coefficient of x 2 Note, , and are meaningful because a 0.
a a a
Ex. 13 Prove relation between the zeroes and the
coefficient of the quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c. Ex.14 find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
x2 – 2x – 8 and verify a relationship between
Sol. Let and be the zeroes of the polynomial zeroes and its coefficients.
ax2 + bx + c
Sol. x2 – 2x – 8 = x2 – 4x + 2x – 8
2
b b 4ac = x (x – 4) + 2 (x – 4) = (x – 4) (x + 2)
= ....(1)
2a
So, the value of x2 – 2x – 8 is zero when
b b 2 4ac x – 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 i.e., when x = 4 or x = – 2.
= ....(2)
2a So, the zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are 4, – 2.
By adding (1) and (2), we get Sum of the zeroes
(2) coefficient of x
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac =4–2=2= =
+= + 1 coefficient of x 2
2a 2a
2b b coefficient of x Product of the zeroes
= =– =
2a a coefficient of x 2 8 cons tan t term
= 4 (–2) = –8 = =
Hence, sum of the zeroes of the polynomial
1 coefficient of x 2
b Ex.15 Verify that the numbers given along side of
ax2 + bx + c is –
a the cubic polynomials are their zeroes. Also
By multiplying (1) and (2), we get
verify the relationship between the zeroes and An algebraic expression in and , which
1 remains unchanged, when and are
the coefficients. 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 ; , 1, – 2
2 interchanged is known as symmetric function in
and .
Sol. Here, the polynomial p(x) is
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 For example, 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 etc. are
symmetric functions. Symmetric function is to be
Value of the polynomial 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 expressed in terms of ( + ) and . So, this can
when x = 1/2 be evaluated for a given quadratic equation.
3 2 Some useful relations involving and :
1 1 1 1 1 5
= 2 + – 5 +2 = + – +2= 0
2 2 2 4 4 2 1. 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 ( ) 2 4
= 2(1)3 + (1)2 – 5(1) + 2 = 2 + 1 – 5 + 2 = 0
4. 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )
On putting x = – 2 in the cubic polynomial
5. 3 – 3 = ( – )3 + 3 ( – )
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2
6. 4 + 4 =[( + )2 – 2]2 –2()2
= 2(–2)3 + (–2)2 – 5 (–2) + 2
7. 4 – 4 = (2 + 2) (2 – 2) then use (1) and (3)
= – 16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = 0
EXAMPLES
1
Hence, , 1, – 2 are the zeroes of the given Ex.16 If and are the zeroes of the polynomial
2
polynomial. ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of
Sum of the zeroes of p(x) (i) – (ii) 2 + 2.
Sol. Since and are the zeroes of the
1 1 coefficient of x 2
= +1–2=– = polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
2 2 coefficient of x 3
b c
Sum of the products of two zeroes taken at a +=– ; =
a a
time
(i) ( – )2 = ( + )2 – 4
1 1
= ×1+ × (–2) + 1 × (–2) 2
2 2 b 4c b2 4c b 2 4ac
= – = 2 – =
a a a a a2
1 5 coefficient of x
= –1–2=– =
2 2 coefficient of x 3 b 2 4ac
– =
Product of all the three zeroes a
(ii) 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 – 2
1
= × (1) × (–2) = –1
2 = ( + )2 – 2
2
(2) cons tan t term b c b 2 2ac
= = = – 2 =
2 coefficient of x 3 a a a2
Ex.17 If and are the zeroes of the quadratic
SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ZEROS OF A polynomial ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL.
(i) 2 – 2 (ii) 3 + 3.
Symmetric function :
Sol. Since and are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c
b c Sum of the zeroes = – 3 + 5 = 2
+= , =
a a Product of the zeroes = (–3) × 5 = – 15
(i) 2 – 2 = ( + ) (– ) Hence the polynomial formed
b = x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
=– ( ) 2 4
a
= x2 – 2x – 15
2
b b c b b 2 4ac Ex.20 Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum of
=– 4 = – 2 zeroes and product of zeroes are respectively-
a a a a a
1 1
b b 2 4ac (i) ,–1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5
=– 4 3
a2
Sol. Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its
(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 – ) zeroes be and .
= ( + ) [(2 + 2 + 2) – 3] 1
(i) Here, + = and . = – 1
= ( + ) [( + )2 – 3] 4
( ) 2 ( 4) 2 16 Sol.
= = =
3 3 3x2 + 4x + 5
3x 3
But required polynomial is x+4 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 First term of q(x) = = 3x2
3
3x + 12x 2 x
x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes – – 4x 2
2 Second term of q(x) = = 4x
16 16 16 16 4x + 21x + 20 x
or x2 – x+ or k x 2 x 4x2 + 16x
3 3 3 3 – – 5x
5x + 20 Third term of q(x) = =5
16 16 x
or 3 x 2 x (if k = 3) 5x + 20
3 3 – –
0
3x2 – 16x + 16
Quotient = 3x2 + 4x + 5
WORKING RULE TO DIVIDE A POLYNOMIAL Remainder = 0
BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL
Step 3 : x3 – 2x x
– + 3x 2
To obtain the second term of the quotient, divide 2
– 3x + 7x – 3 Second term of quotient is = –3
x2
the highest degree term of the new dividend – 3x2
+6
obtained as remainder by the highest degree term + –
of the divisor. 7x – 9
x4 – x3 + x2 5 5
x= ,x=–
– + – 3 3
x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 5
x3 – x2 + x 5 5 5
– + – x x = x2 – or 3x2 – 5
3 3 3
–3x2 + 3x + 5
– 3x2 + 3x – 3 is a factor of the given polynomial.
+ – +
Now, we apply the division algorithm to the
8
given polynomial and 3x2 – 5.
x2 + 2x + 1
4 3 2
We stop here since 3x2 – 5 3x + 6x – 2x – 10x – 5
4
3x – 5x2
degree of (8) < degree of (x2 – x + 1). – +
So, quotient = x2 + x – 3, remainder = 8 6x + 3x2 – 10x – 5
3
6x3 – 10x
Therefore, – +
2
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder 3x –5
3x2 –5
= (x2 + x – 3) (x2 – x + 1) + 8 – +
= x4 – x3 + x2 + x3 – x2 + x – 3x2 + 3x – 3 + 8 0
Q.7 p(x) = x9 – 5x4 + 1 , q(x) = x + 1 Q.22 Divide 5x3 – 13x2 + 21x – 14 by (3 – 2x + x2)
and verify the division algorithm.
Q.8 p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 1 , q(x) = x + 2
Q.23 What real number should be subtracted from
B. Short Answer Type Questions the polynomial (3x3 + 10x2 – 14x + 9) so that
Q.9 Find positive square root of 36x2 + 60x + 25 (3x – 2) divides it exactly?
1. (x + 6) (x – 7) 2. (6 + y) (1 – y) 3. (a + 41) (a + 5) 4. (a – b) (b + c)
13. 11 15. 3
3 2
16. m = 2, n = – 1 17. –4, 18. 2 , 2 19. 2 3 ,
2 3
Q.12 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.24 If , are the zeros of the polynomial
(6x2 – 7x – 3) and verify the relation between f(x) = x2 – 5x + k such that – = 1, find the
its zeros and coefficients. value of k.
Q.13 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.25 Show that the polynomial f(x) = x4 + 4x2 + 6
(5u2 + 10u) and verify the relation between the has no zero.
zeros and the coefficients.
Q.26 Use remainder theorem to find the value of k, it
Q.14 Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeros are being given that when x3 + 2x2 + kx + 3 is
2 1 divided by (x – 3), then the remainder is 21.
and . Verify the relation between the
3 4
coefficients and the zeros of the polynomial.
ANSWER KEY
1. 7 2. 9 4. – 1 5. – 8 6. (C)
7. 1 8. 12 9. 0 10. – 3
3 1
11. (i) 0 , (ii) 0 12. ,– 13. – 2, 0 14. 12x2 – 5x – 2
2 3
1 1
21. 2, – 2, 22. 5 23. (3 2 ), (3 – 2 ) , ,–1
2 2
24. k = 6 26. k = – 9