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Research Paper
Research Paper
Research Paper
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Nueva Ecija
CABIAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Cabiao, Nueva Ecija
Sharmaine M. Balingit
Jocelyn T. Suba
Researchers
Research II Adviser
May 2022
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………..iii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………….iv
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...1
Hypotheses …………………………………………………………………3
Materials …………………………………………………………………….5
Procedure …………………………………………………………………..5
Testing ………………………………………………………………………6
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..14
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………......14
ⅱ
Students Profile ……………………………………………………………………15
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………..16
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………18
ⅱ
Acknowledgement
The research would never have been a great accomplishment without the
people who had contributed in making this research possible. The researchers
would like to express their deepest gratitude and warm appreciation to the
following:
Research II, for the patience in checking and reviewing the research papers, for
the suggestions for the betterment of this paper, for the priceless knowledge, and
To their beloved parents and friends, who have always been there for
them in terms of financial, physical and moral support. They were the ones who
poured encouragement on them so that they would give their all on this research
paper.
And above all, endless gratitude is extended to the Almighty God, for the
blessings and answered prayers, for always keeping them safe and healthy,
guiding them to overcome all the challenges and hindrances in life, for his
unconditional love, guidance, inspiration, strength, and wisdom, with him, all the
things are possible, to God be all the glory. Thank you so much.
ⅲ
Abstract
the commercially available paper bag. After the process of making the bag made
capacity. At the same time, its physical appearance was observed in terms of
texture and thickness. Weight capacity will be tested by gradually increasing the
amount of the rice placed inside the commercially available paper bag and the
The process will determine whether the bag made of banana (M.
value. This will help lessen the waste caused by the pseudostem that goes into
ⅳ
Introduction
Musaceae. It is the most fundamental fruit-bearing tree in the world. (Arafat et al,
2018). Banana (musa) is an annual crop that produces one bunch of bananas
per plant. Though banana is mostly consumed in tropical regions, it is also well
known in other parts of the world for their flavorful taste, availability, and nutrition
agricultural waste, for it is unusable for the next harvest. As expressed in “Bio-
waste the executives: Banana Fiber Usage for Item Advancement” After the
banana is reaped, practically 60% of its biomass including the pseudo-stem will
leave plentiful waste in the biological system streams. (Ranawanaa et al, 2020).
2020).
overlapping leaf sheaths. It has a natural fiber that is mainly composed of thick-
walled cell tissue, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that making it incredibly
durable. Pseudo-stem fiber is similar to pineapple leaf fiber and other stiff fibers,
and papers.
1
As stated in the study "Pulp Extraction and Paper Production from Banana
making industry.
This study aims to test if the bag made of banana (Musa acuminata)
available paper bag to identify which is more durable, strong, and cost-effective.
They are going to test the durability of the paper bag available in the market and
the paper bag from the pseudo-stem of the banana. Their goal is to produce a
the environment.
a. durability;
2
b. affordability; and
Hypotheses
stem and commercially available paper bags in terms of: durability, physical
This study will use the pseudo-stem of a banana tree to produce a kind of
paper that will be used to make a paper bag that can be used as a shopping
carrier bag and for packaging some consumer goods. The purpose of this study
is to compare the durability of this paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem from
the commercially available paper bag by experimenting with the quality of both
papers in terms of durability, texture, and thickness. This study also contains all
the procedures on how to make the paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem.
However, only limited copies of paper can be produced, because this study does
not use any machinery that is required to produce a good-quality paper in a short
time. The study does not include comparisons of papers made from different
3
varieties of bananas. The study does not also include different varieties of
help lessen the amount of agricultural waste that creates a negative impact on
rivers and forests caused by the banana tree that already bore fruit. Nowadays,
most markets implement the use of paper bags instead of plastic bags to reduce
the negative environmental impact of plastics. Paper bags are easy to tear
therefore, the researchers’ decided to create a more durable and high-quality bag
4
Methodology
Materials
The things needed in making the paper bag out of banana pseudo-stem
are the following: 21.38kg banana trunks, Butcher’s knife, one (1) wooden
chopping board, a large rectangular basin, 10L tap water, 16-quart pot, two (2)
strainers, 1.5L blender, small basin, 12x6.5 inches silkscreen, four (4) medium
clothes, two (2) dishwashing sponges, glue gun, eight (8) pieces glue sticks,
measuring cup will be needed in testing the durability, twelve (12) inches in
length and 6.5 inches in width commercially available paper bag for comparison.
Procedure
chopped pseudo-stem is cooked in water at 100°C for three (3) hours until soft.
Then, the pseudo-stem is removed from the large pan, rinsed with running water,
water is added to the blender and grinded in 30,000 rpm (revolutions per minute)
5
Paper bag Production
container filled with water. The fiber is scattered thoroughly until there are no
more clumps. Then it is filtered using a 12x6.5 silkscreen and flattened with a
used cloth, dried under the sun for thirty (30) minutes, and air-dried for six (6)
hours. After the papermaking, two (2) glue sticks and a glue gun are used to
construct the paper bag size of twelve (12) inches in length and 6.5 inches in
width.
Testing
Durability Test
They used kilograms of rice as a material to test the durability of the paper
(30) minutes, then is observed every five (5) minutes if there are changes in the
paper bag to test the durability of both the paper bag made of banana pseudo-
6
The texture of the paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem and
commercially available paper bag was determined using their sense of touch.
Testing of Affordability
Comparing the average price of the commercially available paper bag (per
piece) and the cost of the material used in the bag made of banana pseudo-stem
(per piece) will be done to determine which of the two papers is more affordable.
7
Results and Discussion
In this study, rice was used as a material to compare the bag made of
bag in terms of durability. Weight capacity refers to how much weight a product
mean
1kg 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1.5kg 5 5 5 5 4 3 4.5
2kg 5 5 5 4 3 2 4
Table 1 presents the weight capacity of the bag made of banana pseudo-
stem. It refers to how much weight a product can hold. The results reveal that
good condition performance for carrying rice weighing 1 kilogram; the bag
8
appears to be undamaged (5). The bag shows a slight reactivity after hanging for
another 25 minutes with 1.5 kilograms of rice in it, classified as 4 (slightly torn)
only a small hole (3). Reaching the bag's volume capacity, which is 2 kilograms,
in the first 20 minutes (4), and as time progressed, it began to develop small
mean
1kg 5 5 5 4 3 2 4
1.5kg 5 5 5 4 3 1 3.83
2kg 5 5 5 4 2 1 3.66
Table 2 shows the result of the weight capacity testing of the commercially
available paper bag compared to a paper bag made out of banana pseudo-stem
and it reveals that in the first 5 to 15 minutes of all given kilograms, it was still
undamaged (5), but when the time lasted for 20 minutes, the commercially
available paper bag had some damage, which is classified as slightly torn (4).
Compared to the paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem in Table 1, it was only
damaged at 2 kilograms and the 1 and 1.5 kilograms were still in good condition.
The commercially available bag was already damaged at 25 minutes when it was
9
hanging at the weight of 1 and 1.5 kilograms, has larger torn(3), but at 2
commercially available bag with the contents weighing 1.5 and 2 kilograms was
reached when it was set in 30 minutes, and it was completely damaged and
labeled as 1.
Legend
4 Slightly torn
For these tests, degree of freedom (df) are used to determine if a certain null
hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variable and samples
within the experiment. The calculated t value exceeds the critical t value
10
(2.20>2.13) and the alpha is larger than the p-value (0.05>0.04) so the means
significantly differ. Therefore, this shows that the null hypothesis is not true.
stem
paper bag is cheaper than the production cost of the bag made of banana
less expensive because the materials used to make the bag will be purchased in
bulk. Since the banana can only bear one (1) bunch of banana per plant, the bag
made of banana (M. acuminata) pseudo-stem can help lessen the agricultural
11
Table 5. T-test on the bag made of banana pseudo-stem vs. commercially
For these tests, degree of freedom (df) are used to determine if a certain null
hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variables and samples
within the experiment. The calculated t value exceeds the critical t value
(2.84>2.13) and the alpha is larger than the p-value (0.05>0.01) so the means
significantly differ. Therefore, this shows that the null hypothesis is not true.
Table 6. Comparison of the thickness and texture of the bag made of banana
12
In terms of thickness, the width of the paper bag made from banana
bag is 0.08 millimeters. Therefore, the paper bag made from banana (M.
(M. acuminata) pseudo-stem is fibrous; the commercially available paper bag has
a smooth surface.
16.5cm
30.5cm
11 cm
14.5cm
9cm
13
Fig. 2. Bottom view
Conclusion
The trash from the banana fiber extraction operation can be used to make
paper bags, which will help to reduce pollution. The banana pseudo-stem is the
cheapest and readily available raw material as a source for making alternative
paper bags. The primary goal of this research was to determine whether this
and viable. The sun is used to dry handmade paper bag. The energy was derived
from nature, and it was profitable from an economic aspect. The durability and
that paper bags made from banana pseudo-stem are recommended for use
rather than commercially available paper bags because of their durability and
quality.
Recommendations
14
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following
1. Small and flat seeds like chili and petchay seeds can be added to the
paper bag so that they can be planted when the paper bag was disposed of.
Researchers’ Profile
15
Bibliography
Arafat, K., Nayeem, J., Quadery, A., Quaiyyum, M., & Jahan, M. S. (2018).
https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i2.36668
https://www.britannica.com/plant/banana-plant
from
16
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/15440478.2020.1776665?
scroll=top&needAccess=true
AgriBusiness (2020, July 15). Banana peduncle turns into valuable products.
turns-valuable-products/
Taleat, A., Akanfe, F., Gbadamosi, T. (2021, January 01). Pulp Extraction and
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355381957_Pulp_Extraction_a
nd_paper_production_from_banana_pseudostem_and_its_characterizati
on
17
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
18
VIRTUAL MEETINGS
Materials
Commercially
Rice Grains Glue Stick Glue Gun
available paper
bag
19
Rectangular Circular
Large Pan Strainer
Container Basin
Procedure
20
2. Wash the chopped banana pseudostem
21
5. Making the paste mixture using a blender
22
8. Paper bag making process
23
9. Testing of the durability
Rationale
Banana paper bags are environmentally friendly bags. The banana trees
produce fruit only once per year, then they are cut down, and that will leave an
abundant waste in the form of leaves and tree trunks. Making the recycled
banana paper bag helps to reduce the waste from banana trunks and lessen the
bags. This research will help reduce natural waste in the environment.
a. durability; and
b. affordability?
24
Hypothesis
Ha: The paper bag made of banana pseudostem does not rot fast.
a. durability; and
b. affordability.
a. durability; and
b. affordability.
Engineering Goals
This study aims to know if the banana pseudostem-based paper bag can
Procedure
To make the paper bag out of banana pseudostem. Gather the trunks of
banana trees and remove the outer layer of the trunk. Peel the banana trunk to
part the layers. Smash the pseudostem layers to soften them, then cut them into
small pieces of approximately 2 inches. Put water in a pot then put it on a stove.
Turn on the stove and wait for the water to boil. Once it boils, add the small
pieces of the banana pseudostem and wait until it softens. Next, add the sodium
25
bicarbonate (baking soda) as an alternative for sodium hydroxide to help dissolve
most of the unwanted materials of the banana pseudostem. Once the texture
turns soft, remove the banana pseudostem from the water and drain it using a
strainer then, rinse with running water. Next, put the banana pseudostem in the
blender to turn the texture paste-like. Once the paste-like texture is achieved
remove it from the blender and put it in a small container. Place the paste-like
banana pseudostem in a large container with water then scatter until there are no
more clumps. Filter the water using a screen then use a sponge to flatten and
absorb the water. Transfer the flattened product to a cloth and let it dry in the
Put rice in the paper bag made of the banana pseudostem and
commercially available paper bag until one of them breaks to test its durability.
the activity, use appropriate safety equipment. Be careful of the tree's resin. Use
Data Analysis
We'll keep adding rice until we figure out which of the two will be damaged
26
Appendix D – Curriculum Vitae
Email: balingitsharmaine2810@gmail.com
Education:
27
1st Honor (Grade 4) With Honor (Grade 8)
Email: jocelynteesuba@gmail.com
Education:
28
Skills and Interest: Volleyball and Photography
Email: mikaplmr@gmail.com
Education:
29
With Honors (Grade 6)
Email: preciousellainecambesamson@gmail.com
Education:
30
3rd Honor (Grade 5)
Email: rochelleantonette26@gmail.com
Education:
None (Grade 3)
31
With Honor (Grade 5)
Email: lumanogjoshuaandreib@gmail.com
Education:
32
3rd honor (Grade 5)
Skills and Interest: Making Art and Writing; Psychology, Music, Watching Movies,
Reading
33