==Display ip routing protocols==

R1>en
R1#show ip proto
==Display the routing table==
R1#show ip route
==Display OSPF errors in real time==
R1#display ip ospf events
==Display OSPF neighbors==
R1#show ip ospf neigh
==Display OSPF interfaces==
R1#show ip ospf int
==Display OSPF everything==
R1#show ip ospf database

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section514===

Enable OSPF using process number 1

Advertise network 10.0.0/8 in area 0 using a classful mask

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section515===

Enable OSPF with process number 1

An IP address of 192.168.1.1/28 is configured on Ethernet 0. Advertise this network
in OSPF area 0 using an exact network mask.
172.16.1.1/32 is configure on loopback 0. Advertise the loopback in area 1 using an
exact network mask.

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 0
Router1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 1

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section516===

Enable OSPF with process number 1

Router1's Ethernet IP address is 10.1.1.1/24
Router1's Serial 0/1 IP address is the first in the subnet in the diagram
Use host masks (32) to add both interfaces to area 0

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.168.185 0.0.0.0 area 0

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section517===

Enable OSPF on the routers with process id 1

Start with E0, then S0, then loop 0 and advertise each network using exact network
masks
Inject a default route into the network on R1
Ethernet 0: 192.168.1.1/28 (Area 1)
Serial 0: 10.1.1.1/30 (Area 0)
Loopback 0: 172.16.1.1/32 (Area 0)

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 1
Router1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Router1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router1(config-router)# default-information originate

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section519===

Enable OSPF with process number 1. Put interfaces into OSPF using a host mask(/32)
Router is configured with the first IP address in the same subnet as host
10.185.185.255/25
Router is configured with the last IP address in the same subnet as host
172.16.195.195/23
Router is configured with the first IP address in the same subnet as
192.168.168.168/27

172.16.195.195 /23

195
128 64 X X X 4 X 1
|
195
---
192.168.168.168 /27

168
128 X 32 X 8 X X X
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
|
160

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# network 10.185.185.129 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router1(config-router)# network 172.16.195.254 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.168.161 0.0.0.0 area 0
_______________________________________________________
***
==OSPF Simulations - Section523===

Configure plain text OSPF authentication on the FastEthernet 0/0 interface of

Router 1
Use a password of cisco

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# int f0/0
Router1(config-if)# ip ospf authentication
Router1(config-if)# ip ospf authentication-key cisco

_______________________________________________________
***
==OSPF Simulations - Section527===

Configure OSPf with process id 1

Configure OSPF to load balance over 10 equal paths
Configure the OSPF cost of FastEthernet 0/0 to 100

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)# maximum-paths 10
Router1(config-router)# int f0/0
Router1(config-if)# ip ospf cost 100
_______________________________________________________

IPv6 vs IPv4
- IPv6 128bit 3.4x10^38 addresses
- IPv4 32 bit 4.3million addresses
- All OSI layers stays the same
- IPv6 can have multiple primary IP addresses
- IPv4 can only have 1 primary IP address

IPv6 addresses
- Not case-sensitive
- Leading zeros are optional
- Successive fields of zeros can be represented as ::, but only once per address
**Every IPv6 interface contains at least 1 loopback ::1/128
ex. 2001:0123:0000:0000:FFFF:0000:0000:0ABC = 2001:123::FFFF:0:0:ABC
> Loopback = ::1
> Unassigned Address = :: (all zeros)
- Surfing the web @ 2001:123:4567::8, user would need to enter
ex. http://[2001:123:4567::8]:8080/index.html

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

- Global Unique Unicast - NAT no longer needed
- Reserved Unicast Addresses
- Link Local unicast address (routers do not forward Link Local addresses) - used
for automatic addresses config, neighbour/router discovery
- Site Local unicast address RFC3879 - private addresses assigned to an entire site
similar to RFC1918 (Deprecated in 2004) - no longer used
IPv6 Multicast
- One-to-many, replaced Broadcast

IPv6 Anycast
- One-to-nearest, used for load balancing

IPv6 Unicast Address

(Network Prefix - 64bits)(Interface identifier - 64bits)
- No Subnetting, No NAT
- All interface have subnet mask of /64
- "Aggregatable Global Unicast Address" means addresses in your organization is
globally unique (public IP addresses inside organization)

IPv6 EUI address

- Convert MAC address into Pv6 EUI Address (Interface Identifier 64bits)
- Changes the 7th bit in the 64bits address to X
> X = 1 globally managed (unique)
> X = 0 locally managed (not unique)
ex.
MAC Address -> 00 34 56 78 90 AB
IPv6 -> 00 34 56 FF FF 78 90 AB
00 -> 000000X0 -> 00000000 = not unique

IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address

(Network Prefix - 64bits)(Interface identifier - 64bits)
([Global Prefix - 48 bits][Subnet ID - 16bit])(Interface identifier - 64bits)
([Public topology][Site topology])(Interface)
> ISP Allocates you /48. This gives you 16bit to subnet, which gives 2^16 = 65536
subnets within your organization
> Your internal network will use /64 from ISP's /48 to each interface
ex.
Internet Registry 2001::/16 -> ISP 2001:1234::/32
ISP 2001:1234::/32 -> Organization 2001:1234:1::/48
Organization 2001:1234:1::/48 -> Organization subnet 2001:1234:1:2::/64 or
2001:1234:1:3::/64, etc...

==Setup IPv6 address==

R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001::1/64
==Setup IPv6 eui-64==
**eui-64 uses the MAC address. eui-64 inserts FF:FE in the middle of the MAC
address and changes the 7th bit to identify itself as locally or globally managed
(1). eui-64 then becomes the host address by translating itself as an 48bit address
to 64bit
> MAC (bia burn in address) Address: c401.0fe8.0000
> eui-64: c601:FFF:FEE8:0 (notice 4 becomes 6 becomes the 7th bit has a value of 2)
R1(config)#interface f0/1
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:2::/64 eui-64

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

1) Link Local
- Unicast, restricted to Local Link
- Enabled by default
- 128 bits in length, not bound to MAC address
- 1st 10 bits: 1111 1110 10 [FE80::/10]
- configured in EUI-64 format
- IPv6 uses Link Local to advertise routes to one and another using routing
protocols
- Link Local addresses is also useful for when your routers' Global Unicast Address
changes
2) Site Local [Should no longer be used]
- Unicast, restricted to the Site
- Not Enabled by default
- 128 bits in length
- 1st 10 bits: 1111 1110 11 [FEC0:/10]
**Equivalent RFC1918 addresses
3) IPv4 compatible addresses [Should no longer be used]
- Uses /96 mask
- Recal IPv4 is 32bits, IPv6 is 128bits
- Therefore... IPv4 Compatible addresses become...
IPv6 tunnel = [96bits of 0s][32bits of IPv4 addresses]
0:0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.100
=::192.0.2.100
=::C000:0246
> 192 = C0 because 192 = 1 1 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 = 12 | 0 = C0
> 100 = 0 1 1 0 | 0 1 0 0 = 64
**Bypassed by "Dynamic NAT PT Protocol Transmission"
4) Unspecified address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
- initial DHCP request, DAD Duplicate Address Detection
5) Loopback address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (IPv4 127.0.0.1)

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

1) Assigned
FF00::/8
2) Solicited-Node
FF02.../104
- Solicited-Node multicast address is scoped to the Local Link
- Similar use to ARP, but ARP uses Broadcast and Broadcast is no longer supported
on IPv6, Solicited-Node multicast address is used to learn about neighboring link
layer addresses, neighbor nodes and routers on the same link
**For any unicast/anycast setup on an interface, a corresponding Solicited-Node
multicast address is automatically enabled

IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration

- Remember, Stateless because no subnetting is required
- Enables serverless basic configuration of IP addresses, while keeping those
addresses unique
- Routers send periodic router advertisement messages using a link local address,
through ICMPv6 Type 134 multicast FF02::1 (Cisco has 7 days lifetime by default)

IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration (How it works - How Host gets IPv6 address)
*Don't memorize Type XXX
1) Host sends Router solicitation to all routers using FF02::2 (ICMPv6 Type 133 -
Router solicitation), asks for IP address immediately
- Host uses it's link local address FE80::X/10 (with its EUI) as source
2) Router replies (ICMPv6 Type 134 - Router advertisement)
- Router uses it's link local address FE80::Y/10 (with its EUI) as source
- Router uses destination FF02::1 (ICMPv6 Type 134)

IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration Benefits

1) Easy Configuration of PC's IP address (DHCP ish...)
- Configure IP Address on router, by default, router advertisements are enabled
- PCs will automatically learn Prefix assigned to them and Default Gateway, without
administrator configuration DHCP server (host automatically configured - combined
with its IPv6 link local address with its EUI allows PC to communicate to the
network
2) Easy renumbering of IP addresses
- Routers can advertise a new prefix, and timeout the old prefix and hosts will
automatically be updated with new prefixes

IPv6 Stateful DHCP

- Provides control and options (IP phones)
- You can use Stateless Autoconfiguration and Stateful DHCP at the same time
- Stateful DHCP can provide IPv6 addresses in absence of routers

IPv6 Stateful DHCP (How it works)

1) Host will first detect for routers using Neighbor Discovery Messages to see if
router is available
2) If router is found, Host will examine the router advertisement to see if DHCPv6
should be used
3) If DHCPv6 is available for use or no routers are found, Host will start IPv6
solicitation phrase to find a DHCP server
> If no DHCPv6 cannot be used, then Host uses Stateless Configuration
4) Host sends DHCP solicit message to DHCPv6 agents using multicast address
FF02::1:2
**FF02 = multicast
**FE80 = link local
Host FE80::Y/10 (Y = DUI) -> DHCPv6 agents

==Enable IPv6 on Router==

[Network = 2001:1:1:1. Host = 1]
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1:1:1::1/64
R1(config-if)#no shut
==Enable IPv6 on Router with eui-64==
R1(config)#int f0/1
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:2::/64 eui-64
R1(config-if)#no shut

IPv6 DAD Duplicate Address Detection

FF02::1 - All nodes & routers on link
FF02::2 - All routers on link
FF02::1:FFX:Y
FF02::1:FFX:Z - X:Y and X:Z is the unique portion (unique node) multicast entry -
this happens because of DAD Duplicate Address Detection

IPv6 Routing Protocols (does not reuse IPv4 routing protocols)

**To enable IPv6 routing protocol, use command: ipv6 unicast-routing
*You can run IPv4 and IPv6 routing protocol at the same time - this is called "Dual
Stack"
- Static
- RIPng
- OSPFv3
- IS-IS for IPv6
- MP-BGP4

IPv6 RIPng Next Generation

**RIP router multicast group FF02::9 - for RIP updates
**RIP IPv4 uses multicast 224.0.0.9
- RIP IPv6 sends RIP updates on UDP port 521
- Distance vector
- Radius of 15hops (16hop = infinity)
~split horizon, poison reverse
==Display IPv6 routes==
R1#show ipv6 route
==Enable RIPng==
**To enable IPv6 routing protocol, use command: ipv6 unicast-routing
> RIPng = randomName
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#ipv6 router rip RIPng
> Enable on interface
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPng enable
R1(config-if)#int f0/1
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPng enable
==Enable RIPng default route==
> This route will show as ::/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPng default-information originate
==Create RIPng default route==
> Create default route to serial 0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/0
==Enable OSPFv3 (IPv6)==
> OSPFv3 even though its IPv6, requires router id in IPv4 format
> We will use 1.1.1.1
R1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
R1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
R1(config-rtr)#int f0/2
R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 1
R1(config-rtr)#int f0/3
R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
R1(config-if)#int loop 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2002::1/64
R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 1
> Need to enable it for both R1 and R2 for the connecting interface
> R1 f0/3 (area 0) <-> f0/1 R2 (area 0)
R2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 2
R2(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
R2(config-rtr)#int f0/0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 2
R2(config-rtr)#int f0/1
R2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 0
**Notice.. R2 can see R1's loopback via R2's f0/1
==Display IPv6 OSPF Route==
R2#show ipv6 route ospf

IPv4 to IPv6 transition methods

1) Dual Stack (run both IPv4 and IPv6)
2) Tunneling (run IPv6 over IPv4)

IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack (How to?)

1) [Layer 7] Application -> TCP/UDP? [Layer 4]
2) [Layer 4] TCP/UDP -> IPv4 or IPv6? [Layer 3]
3a) [Layer 3] IPv4 -> Type 0x800 [Layer 2]
3b) [Layer 3] IPv6 -> Type 0x86DD [Layer 2]
4) [Layer 2] 0x800/0x86DD -> Ethernet medium [Layer 1]

IPv4/IPv6 Tunneling
1) [Manual] Manual IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel
2) [Auto] Dynamic 6-to-4 Tunnel
[don't worry] 3) ISATAP Intra site automatic tunnel addressing protocol
[don't worry] 4) Teredo tunneling
1) IPv4/IPv6 Tunneling - IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel (Manual)
**Protocol type 41 is specified in IPv4 header for encapsulation
[IPv6 Data][IPv6 Header][IPv4 Header][SA:1.1.1.1][DA:2.2.2.2]
- IPv6 is sent inside IPv4 header, then stripped off IPv4 header at destination
router then sent off as pure IPv6 data
- Note. IPv4 header is 20bytes

2) IPv4/IPv6 Tunneling - Dynamic 6-to-4 Tunnel (Auto)

*Must use 2002::/16
- R1: [2002:c0a8:6301::/48][192.168.99.1] <-> R2: [192.168.30.1]
[2002:c0a8:1e01::/48]
[Sending from PC1 -> R1 -> R2 -> PC]
1) PC1 sends packets to R1
2) Converts IPv4 address 192.168.99.1 to hexadecimal, then add it to 2002::/16
> 2002:c0a8:6301::/48
3) Because of the IPv6 address, R1 knows it needs to send it to IPv4 of R2
> R1 will then encapsulate the data into IPv4 packets to R2
4) R2 will then decapsulate the data into IPv6 packets to PC2
5) R2 will forward the IPv6 packets to PC2

==IPv4/IPv6 Tunneling==
> R1 s0/0 [10.1.2.1/24][2001:1:1:1::1/64]<-> s0/0 R2 [10.1.2.2/24]
[2001:1:1:3::1/64]
R1(config)#int tun 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2003::1/64
R1(config-if)#tunnel source 10.1.2.1
R1(config-if)#tunnel destination 10.1.2.2
R1(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip (otherwise default is GRE)
>Static route
R1(config)#ipv6 route 2001:1:1:3::/64 tun 0
R2(config)#int tun 0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2003::2/64
R2(config-if)#tunnel source 10.1.2.2
R2(config-if)#tunnel destination 10.1.2.1
R2(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip
>Static route
R2(config)#ipv6 route 2001:1:1:1::/64 tun 0

==Show IPv4 interface==

R1#show ip int brief
==Show IPv6 interface==
R1#show ipv6 int brief

IPv6/IPv4 Proxying and translation (NAT-PT)

> PC1 IPv4 <-> R1 <-> Server IPv6
> PC1 only use IPv4 and Server only use IPv6, so R1 acts as a translator

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section534===

Configure the router's FastEthernet 0/0 interface with the following:

Network IPv6: 2001:152:1:17::/64
EUI

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# int f0/0
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:152:1:17::/64 eui-64
_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section535===

Configure RIPng on Router1 as follows: (Router2 is configured)

Enable IPv6 unicast routing
Enable RIP process cisco
Configure 2001:1:2:3::1/64 on FastEthernet 0/0
Enable RIP process cisco on FastEthernet 0/0
Advertise a default route out of FastEthernet 0/0
Configure 2001:2::1/64 on Serial 0/0
Create a default route to serial 0/0

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
Router1(config)# ipv6 router rip cisco
Router1(config-router)# int f0/0
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:1:2:3::1/64
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 rip cisco enable
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 rip cisco default-information originate
Router1(config-if)# int serial 0/0
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:2::1/64
Router1(config-if)# ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/0
_______________________________________________________

==Config IPv6==
> R1 int s2/0 , 2001:1::1/64
> R2 int s2/0 , 2001:1::2/64
> R1 loopback, 2001:FACE::1/128
R1(config)#int loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:FACE::1/128
R1(config-if)#int s2/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::1/64
R2(config)#int s2/0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::2/64
> R1#show ipv6 router. Notice, /128 appears
**Routers will create IPv6 routes based on the unicast IPv6 address configured on
the interface
C 2001:1::/64 ... Serial 2/0 [R1]
L 2001:1:1/128 ... Serial 2/0 [R2]
LC 2001:FACE::2/128 ... Loopback [R1]
**C = Connected (Directly connected physical cable)
**L = Local (Network connection)
**LC = Both directly connected because loopback and Network connection

==Configure IPv6 SERIAL connection (static route)==

> R1 2001:FACE:1::1/64 on Loopback | 2001:1::1/64 on S0/0 <-> R2 2001:FACE:2::1/64
on Loopback | 2001:1::2/64 on S0/0
R1(config)#int s2/0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::1/64
R1(config-if)#int loop 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:FACE:1::1/64
R2(config)#int s2/0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::2/64
R2(config-if)#int loop 0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:FACE:2::1/64
> Static routes [Serial]
R1(config)#ipv6 route 2001:FACE:2::1/64 serial 2/0
R2(config)#ipv6 route 2001:FACE:1::/64 serial 2/0

==Configure IPv6 ETHERNET Next Hop IP Address (static route)==

> R1 2001:FACE:1::1/64 on Loopback | 2001:1::1/64 on f0/0 <-> R2 2001:FACE:2::1/64
on Loopback | 2001:1::2/64 on f0/0
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::1/64
R2(config)#int f0/0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1::2/64
> Static routes [Next Hop IP Address]
R1(config)#ipv6 route 2001:FACE:2::/64 2001:1::2
R2(config)#ipv6 route 2001:FACE:1::/64 2001:1::1

==Show IPv6 routes==

> IPv4 routes: R1#show ip route
R1#show ipv6 route

IPv6 DHCP options

- DHCPv6
- SLAAC Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

IPv4 vs IPv6
- IP Address
- Default Gateway vs Default Router
- Subnet Mask vs Prefix Length
- DNS servers
- NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol (use Neighbors to discover and exchange info) vs
ARP

IPv6 NDP
1) SLAAC Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
- Advertise/Discover which Subnet or Prefix/length it belongs to
- Router dynamically allocates the network portion of address (host uses its MAC
address for host portion of IP)
- Uses DAD Duplicate Address Detection to determine no other host uses the same IP
2) Neighbor MAC Discovery
- Again, no ARP and no Broadcast

ICMPv6 NDP Messages

1) Router Solicitation (RS) [FF02::2] - similarly 224.0.0.2
- Sent to routers
2) Router Advertisement (RA) [FF02::1] - similarly 224.0.0.1
- Sent by routers (includes Link-Local IPv6 address and local segment)
*Host address numbers is kind of consistent

ICMPv6 Process
1) PC boots up, sends RS FF02::2 asks all routers to identify themselves
2) Routers, replies RA FF02::1 with their Link-Local IPv6 address
3) Routers will periodically advertise their details FF02::1

R1#sh int g0/0

R1#sh ip int g0/0
R1#sh ipv6 int g0/0
==Setup IPv6 Relay Agent==
> Initial Setup
PC <-> g0/0 R1 g0/1 <-> g0/1 2001:1234::2 DHCPServer
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#int g0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:FACE::1/64
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#int g0/1
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1234::1/64
R1(config-if)#no shut
> DHCP Server setup
DHCPServer(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
DHCPServer(config)#int g0/1
DHCPServer(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:1234::2/64
DHCPServer(config-if)#no shut
DHCPServer(config-if)#exit
DHCPServer(config)#ipv6 dhcp pool mypool
DHCPServer(config-dhcpv6)#address prefix 2001:face::/64
DHCPServer(config-dhcpv6)#dns-server 2001:1234::2
DHCPServer(config-dhcpv6)#domain-name ccnax.com
DHCPServer(config-dhcpv6)#end
DHCPServer(config)#int g0/1
DHCPServer(config-if)#ipv6 dhcp server mypool
> DHCP static route to the Relay Agent
DHCPServer(config)#ipv6 route 2001:face::/64 2001:1234::1
> DHCP Relay Agent
> Since R1 g0/0 will be receiving DHCP Request from PC, we will setup relay on this
port
R1(config-if)#int g0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 dhcp relay destination 2001:1234::2
> Configure PC
PC1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
PC1(config)#int g0/0
PC1(config-if)#ipv6 address dhcp
PC1(config-if)#ipv6 enable
PC1(config-if)#no shut

_____________________________________________

WAN Technologies:
- Frame Relay
- ATM
- DSL
- PPP
- HDLC

WAN PPP Point-to-Point Protocols (aka Serial Link)

- Provides dedicated connection between 2 sites
- Leased Line (Monthly Fee)
- These days, replaced by VPN using DSL used instead of PPP
- Connection between 2 points, rather than multiple points

WAN HDLC High-Level Data Link Control

WIC WAN Interface Card

- Uses T1 CSU Channel Service Unit / DSU Data Service Unit (X.21 / V.35 cable)

VPN Virtual Private Networks

- Replaced Leased Line
Leased Lines
- Synchronous Serial Communication - one party provides the clocking for the
communication
> 2 devices will synchronized their clocks before data transfer takes place to
ensure data does not get corrupted
- CSU DSU (aka CSU) provides the clocking and is the master for communication
- Router acts as a Slave, receives clocking from CSU

DCE and DTE:

- DCE Data Communication Equipment (ISP) -> CSU DSU (ISP's box) -> DTE Data
Terminal Equipment (receives clocking from CSU DSU - onsite router)

~Devices:
WIC 1T - 1 serial cable/connection
WIC 2T - 2 serial cable/connection
WIC 4T - 4 serial cable/connection

Advantage of Leased Line:

- Easy configuration
- High QoS
- Bandwidth of connection is dedicated only to you and you alone
- Permanent

Disadvantage of Leased Line

- Expensive
- Charged whether you use it or not
- Limited to the speed of the link

Leased Line (aka T or E carrer system)

Nyquist Theorem
- Converts Analog Voice to Digital 64KBPS stream (Time Division Multiplexing)

US Speeds
DSO Digital Signal level 0 = 64kbps
T1 = 24 x DS0 = 1.544Mbps
T2 = 4 * T1
T3 = 28 * T1
T4 = 168 * T1

Euro Speeds
E1 = 30 x DS0 = 2Mbps
E2 = 4 * E1
E3 = 17 * E1
E4 = 70 * E1

WAN Technologies
1) PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network
- Layer 2 protocols (HDLC High-Level Data Link Control, PPP)
- PPP has advange because it has authentication
- Circuit switched, dedicated path is setup for the duration of the call
- Analog Asynchronous: Insert START/STOP bits in the same channel as the data.
START bit prior to each byte of data. Uses STOP bit after each byte of data -
lowers cost of equipment
- NOT DIGITAL
- Does NOT use clock to differentiate between bytes of data is to use START/STOP
bits
ADVANTAGE: Simple, Availability, Cost
DISADVANTAGE: Slow (33-56kbps), upgrade ISDN (64-128kbps)
2) Leased Line
- Serial / Point-to-Point link between 2 sites with dedicated bandwidth
- Leased from Service Provider
- Connects to a CSU DSU Channel service unit/ digital service unit
- Synchronized clocks for Data Transfer, before transfer they must align their
clock
- DCE Data Communication Equipment uses Internal Clocking (Server Provider provides
this)
- DTE Data Terminal Equipment uses External Clock (Customer side of WAN connection)
-> dependent on DCE (Modem/DCE/CSU/DSU)
- X.21 / V.35 cable
ADVANTAGES: Simple, High QoS, Permanent Connection
DISADVANTAGE: Cost, charged for circuit - if you don't use it, you are still
charged, no ability to go above speed set (burst)
3) Packet Switched
- Serial / Point-to-Point link between 2 sites with shared bandwidth
ADVANTAGE: Cost, potential to use above speed limit if other user is not using
(burst)
DISADVANTAGE: Share

DTE DCE
- If connecting 2 routers both females, 1 of the routers must be the DCE. Cable
will determine which side is the DCE and which side is DTE
- 21, 35, 232, 449
- DCE = Female
- DTE = Male

==Setup Serial Interface clock rate - DCE==

**Default speed is T1
**Bandwidth is especially important to OSPF and EIGRP because those protocols use
bandwidth in their calculations to determine best route
R1(config)#int serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 (64kbps) or R1(config-if)#bandwidth 64
==Enable HDLC==
R1(config)#int serial 1/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#encapsulation HDLC
==Enable PPP/CHAP & Authentication==
> Connect R1 and R2
R1(config)#int serial 1/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
> Username R2 , Password cisco, pap
R1(config-if)#end
R1(config)#username R2 password cisco
R1(config)#int s0/0
R1(config-if)#ppp authentication pap
R1(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username R1 password cisco
> R2 side
R2(config)#username R1 password cisco
R2(config)#int s0/0
R2(config-if)#ppp authentication pap
R2(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username R2 password cisco
> Enable CHAP instead
R2(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Types of HDLC
[Flag][Address][Control][Data][FCS][Flag]
1) HDLC High-Level Data Link Control [Industry Standard]
- Missing Proprietary field, cannot run IPx and IPv4 OR IPv4 and IPv6 at same time
2) Cisco HDLC High-Level Data Link Control [Cisco ONLY]
- Includes [PROPRIETARY]
- Can run both IPv4 and IPv6 at same time
3) PPP [Industry Standard]
- Includes [PROTOCOL]
- Can run both IPv4 and IPv6 at same time
- Layer 2
- Multilink PPP - makes several links as a single link
- Support multiple higher layer protocols, authentication (PAP, CHAP)
- PAP - clear Text
- CHAP - MD5 Hash, uses Router's name for authentication

Frame Relay
- Replaced by MPLS Multiple Protocol Label Switching
- Replaced X.25 (error checking at Layer 2)
- Frame Relay does not error check, relys on TCP
- Shared Packet Switched environment where companies share the bandwidth
- Sites are setup as SVC Switch Virtual Circuits (acts like a phone call - only
brought up when required) or PVC Permanent Virtual Circuits (permanent connection
from 1 site to another site)
- Speeds up to 4Mbps
- Switches are programmed to deal with DLCI Data Link Control Identifier. Once it
receives a specific DLCI, the switch has been programmed to switch frames of XXX to
YYY.
***Think. Traffic are directed with DLCI
- Routers learn each other's IP addresses using "Inverse ARP" - "I tell you my IP
address without me requesting for it"
ADVANTAGES: Cost, Bursting

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

- Developed to carry voice, video and data across a single infrastructure
- Higher speed than Frame Relay up to 155Mbps
- ATM is good for voice because data is broken up - broken up data 53bytes is good
reduces delay and jitter when voice has to be transmitted after data packets
- Physical Media uses SONET/SDH, Optical Fibre
- VPI/VCI Virtual Path/Channel Identifier is similar to DLCI

ADSl Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line

- Home setup - phone and data used together
- Voice and data is split by frequency through the use of a splitter
ADVANTAGE: Single analog cable into home (= less cost)

DSL
ADVANTAGE: Speed, simultaneous voice/data transmission, always on, backward
compatible to analog phone
DISADVANTAGE: limited availability, local phone company requirement, security risk
(permanently on)
1) ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- up/down speed is unequal
- analog phone and internet at the same time
2) SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
- up/down speed is EQUAL
- no analog telephone calls (VoIP is useful here)

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section572===

Enable ppp on Serial 0/1 and enable the interface.

Router2> en
Router2# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router2(config)# interface serial 0/1
Router2(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
Router2(config-if)# no shut

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section573===

Serial 0/1:
Set the clocking 64kbps on Router1 as it has the DCE side of the cable
Set the bandwidth to 64kbps
Set the encapsulation to ppp

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# int serial 0/1
Router1(config-if)# clock rate 64000
Router1(config-if)# bandwidth 64
Router1(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section574===

Configure the following IP addresses and then enable HDLC on the router Serial
interfaces 0/1
Router 1:10.1.1.1/24

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# int serial 0/1
Router1(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc

_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section575===

You are connecting to Cisco router to another vender's router using serial 0/1
Set the correct encapsulation to enable communication
Configure the last IP address in the subnet 192.168.1.128/30

**Since we are connecting Cisco's router to another vender, we want Industrial

Standard protocol (ppp)
192.168.1.128 /30
128 64 32 16 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0

Router1> en
Router1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)# int serial 0/1
Router1(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
Router1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.130 255.255.255.252
_______________________________________________________

==OSPF Simulations - Section576===

Enter the command that displays the encapsulation on interface serial 0/1

Router1> en
Router1# show int serial 0/1