RL1 3 1

Essential Calculus
Application of Derivatives, RL1.3.1
Dr Mayank Goel
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus
Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Related Rate Problems Increasing, Decreasing and Constant Functions Interval of Increase and Decrease Convex and Concave Functions
Outline
1 Related Rate Problems
2 Increasing, Decreasing and Constant Functions
3 Interval of Increase and Decrease
4 Convex and Concave Functions

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Derivatives can be used to find the rate at which some quantity is
changing by relating it to other quantities whose rate of change are
known. To solve the problem for related rates:
Step 1 Identify the rate of change that are known and the rate of change
that is need to be found.
Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

change is known and whose rate of change need to be found.
Step 3 Differentiate both side if the equation with respect to the time and
solve for the unknown rate of change.
Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.













Example
Example
If the rocket is rising vertically at 880 ft/Sec when it is 4000 ft up, how
fast must the camera elevation angle change at that instant to keep
the rocket insight ? Suppose, the camera is fixed at 3000 ft away from
launch pad.
Let
→ t number of seconds elapsed
from the time of launch
→ θ camera elevation angle in

radians after t seconds of launch.
→ x is the hight of the rocket in

feet after t seconds.
Example
Example
launch pad.
Let


Example
Example
launch pad.
Let


Example
Example
launch pad.
Let


Example
Example
launch pad.
Let


Example
dx

Known rate: dt x=4000 = 880. ft/sec.
dθ
Rate which is need to find is dt .
Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
dx

dθ

sec2 θ dθ
dt =
1 dx
3000 dt .
At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

dθ
Hence at x = 4000, dt ≈ 0.11
radian/sec.

Example
Example
If the length of the sides of a square grows at the rate of 2ft/min. How
fast is the area growing at an instant when the sides are 3 ft long ?
Let the length of a side of the square at time t is x.

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
At x = 3ft, since dt = 2ft/min.
dA
Hence, from above dt = 12ft2 /min.

Example
Example

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
dA

Example
Example

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
dA

Example
Example

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
dA

Example
Example

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
dA

Example
Example

area A = x 2 .
dA
dt = 2x dx
dt .
dx
dA

Example
Example
A boat is pulled into a dock by mean of a rope attached to a pulley on
the dock. The rope is attached to the bow of the boat at a point 10ft
below the pulley. If the rope is pulled through the pulley at a rate of 20
ft/min at what rate will the boat be approaching the dock when 125 ft
of rope is out ?
If x if length of rope which is out

and y be the distance between
bottom of dock and boat, then
100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Example
Example
of rope is out ?

100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Example
Example
of rope is out ?

100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Example
Example
of rope is out ?

100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Example
Example
of rope is out ?

100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Example
Example
of rope is out ?

100 + y 2 = x 2 .
2y dy dx
dt = 2x dt .
dy x dx
or, dt =√ .
x 2 −100 dt
dy
At, x = 125, dt = √125×20
2
ft/min.
125 −100
Increasing, Decreasing and Constant Functions

Definition
Let f be defined on an interval and x1 and x2 denotes the points in
that interval, then
(a) f is increasing on the interval if for all x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
(b) f is decreasing on the interval if for all x1 < x2 we have
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
(c) f is constant on the interval if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) for all x1 , x2 .


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).


Definition
that interval, then
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Interval of Increase and Decrease

Let’s consider a function defined on [-4.5, 5.0]
1 Interval of decrease for above function is [-4.5, -1.5].

2 Interval of increase for above function is [-1.5, 1.5].
3 Interval of constant for above function is [1.5, 5.0].

























Slope of Tangent Line Vs. Function Behavior

Suppose the function is differentiable on [-4.5, 5.0], then the slope at
0
any point x is f (x).
Slope of tangent line at any point in [-4.5, -1.5] is negative.

0
Hence, for decreasing function; f (x) < 0 for all points x in that
interval.

0

0
interval.

0

0
interval.

0

0
interval.

0

0
interval.

0

0
interval.

0

0
interval.

Now, for the interval [-1.5, 1.5]
Slope of tangent line at any point in [-1.5, 1.5] is positive.

0
Hence, for increasing function; f (x) > 0 for all points x in that
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.


Now, for the interval [1.5, 5.0]
Slope of tangent line at any point in [1.5, 5.0] is zero.

0
Hence, for constant function; f (x) = 0 for all points x in that
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.



0
interval.

Result
Theorem
Let f be a function that is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and
differentiable on an open interval (a, b).
0
(a) If f (x) > 0 for all value of x in (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
0
(b) If f (x) < 0 for all value of x in (a, b), then f is decreasing on
[a, b].
0
(c) If f (x) = 0 for all value of x in (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].
Example Find the interval on which the function f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 1

is increasing and the interval on which it is decreasing.
( 0
0 f (x) > 0 x > 2 and x < 0
f (x) = 3x(x − 2) = 0
f (x) < 0 0 < x < 2
Hence, function is decreasing if 0 < x < 2 elsewhere it is an

increasing function.

Result
Theorem
0
0
[a, b].
0

( 0
0 f (x) > 0 x > 2 and x < 0
f (x) = 3x(x − 2) = 0
f (x) < 0 0 < x < 2


Result
Theorem
0
0
[a, b].
0

( 0
0 f (x) > 0 x > 2 and x < 0
f (x) = 3x(x − 2) = 0
f (x) < 0 0 < x < 2


Result
Theorem
0
0
[a, b].
0

( 0
0 f (x) > 0 x > 2 and x < 0
f (x) = 3x(x − 2) = 0
f (x) < 0 0 < x < 2


Convex and Strictly Convex Functions
00
1 If f (x) > 0 on an interval (a, b), then f is strictly convex on (a, b).
00
2 If f (x) ≥ 0 on an interval (a, b), then f is convex on (a, b).
Fig. strictly convex Fig. convex

00
00

00
00

00
00

00
00

00
00

Concave and Strictly Concave Functions
00
3 If f (x) < 0 on an interval (a, b), then f is strictly concave on
(a, b).
00
4 If f (x) ≤ 0 on an interval (a, b), then f is concave on (a, b).
Fig. strictly concave Fig. concave

00
(a, b).
00

00
(a, b).
00

00
(a, b).
00

00
(a, b).
00

00
(a, b).
00

THANK YOU

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Essential Calculus

Application of Derivatives, RL1.3.1

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

1 Related Rate Problems

2 Increasing, Decreasing and Constant Functions

3 Interval of Increase and Decrease

4 Convex and Concave Functions

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Methodology for Related Rate Problems

Step 2 Find an equation that relates both quantities whose rate of

Step 4 Evaluate the derivative at the appropriate point.

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

→ θ camera elevation angle in

→ x is the hight of the rocket in

→ θ camera elevation angle in

→ x is the hight of the rocket in

→ θ camera elevation angle in

→ x is the hight of the rocket in

→ θ camera elevation angle in

→ x is the hight of the rocket in

→ θ camera elevation angle in

→ x is the hight of the rocket in

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000

At x = 4000, sec θ = 5/3

Dr Mayank Goel Essential Calculus

Relationship between both quantities tan θ = x/3000