Results

Table 4.1: Measurements for the rectangular Notch

Measurement for the Rectangular Notch: Width = 30 mm
Water Temperature Density of Water = 997.472 Kg/m^3
= 23 C
Ob Gravimetric Flow Measurement (Qa)
s
Head Weigh Weight t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetri
(mm t Mass of averag Flow c Flow
) (Kg) Water e (s) Rate Rate
(Kg) (Kg/s) (m^3/s)
1 39 8 24 48.8 48.5 48.9 48.73 0.4925 0.00049
2 33 8 24 62.5 62.1 62.9 62.52 0.3839 0.00038
7
3 27 6 18 55.8 55.6 56 55.82 0.3225 0.00032
5
4 21 4 12 58.43 58.1 58.6 58.41 0.2054 0.00021
3 7
5 15 4 12 78.04 78.0 78.1 78.09 0.1537 0.00015
8 6
6 9 2 6 96.03 95.4 95.6 95.70 0.0627 0.00006
1 7

Table 4.2: Measurements for the V – Notch, θ = 15°

Measurement for V - Notch angle = 15
Ob Gravimetric Flow Measurement (Qa)
s
Head Weight Mass Water Mass t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetric
(mm) (Kg) (Kg) average Flow Rate Flow Rate
(s) (Kg/s) (m^3/s)
1 83 12 36 44.4 44.12 43.1 43.91 0.8199 0.00082
2 8
2 73 10 30 49.8 50.3 49.9 50.03 0.5997 0.00060
5 3
3 63 8 24 53.4 52.53 53 52.98 0.4530 0.00045
4 53 6 18 60.9 62.03 62.4 61.80 0.2913 0.00029
2 5
5 43 4 12 67.9 68.64 66.2 67.61 0.1775 0.00018
2 6
6 33 2 6 58.1 59.1 59.9 59.09 0.1015 0.00010
9 9
 Table 4.3: Measurements for the V – Notch, θ = 45°
Measurement for V - Notch angle = 45
Ob Gravimetric Flow Measurement (Qa)
s
Head Weight Water Mass t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetric
(mm) Mass (Kg) average Flow Rate Flow Rate
(Kg) (s) (Kg/s) (m^3/s)
1 46 10 30 45.3 45.9 46.2 45.86 0.6542 0.00066
9 9
2 41 8 24 43.39 48.0 48.1 46.53 0.5158 0.00052
5 5
3 36 6 18 47.76 48.5 48.7 48.38 0.3721 0.00037
9 9
4 31 4 12 47.72 47.6 47.4 47.58 0.2522 0.00025
3
5 26 4 12 67.43 68.3 68.3 68.05 0.1764 0.00018
4 7
6 21 2 6 49.78 49.2 49.7 49.61 0.1209 0.00012
9 6

Table 4.4: Data of Head Measurement for Rectangular Notch

Measurement for the Rectangular Notch: Width = 30 mm
Water Temperature = Density of Water = 997.472 Kg/m^3
23 C
Obs Gravimetric Flow Measurement
(Qa)
Head Weight Weight t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetric H^(3/2 Qideal Cd
(m) Mass of average Flow Flow Rate ) (m^3/s)
(Kg) Water (s) Rate (m^3/s)
(Kg) (Kg/s)
1 0.039 8 24 48.8 48.5 48.9 48.73 0.492 0.00049 0.008 0.0007 0.724
2 0.033 8 24 62.5 62.1 62.9 62.52 0.384 0.00038 0.006 0.0005 0.725
7
3 0.027 6 18 55.8 55.6 56 55.82 0.322 0.00032 0.004 0.0004 0.823
5
 4 0.021 4 12 58.4 58.1 58.6 58.41 0.205 0.00021 0.003 0.0003 0.764
3 3 7
5 0.015 4 12 78.0 78.0 78.1 78.09 0.154 0.00015 0.002 0.0002 0.947
4 8 6
6 0.009 2 6 96.0 95.4 95.6 95.70 0.063 0.00006 0.001 0.0001 0.831
3 1 7
Cd Ave m= Cd Norm =0.692
= 0.748 0.066
3

Figure 4.5: Graph generated using the data in table 4.4

Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs H^3/2 - Rectangular Notch

0

0
f(x) = 0.07x
R² = 1
0

0
Actual volumetric ow rate (m^3/s) Linear ()
0

0
0 0 0 0 0 0.010.010.010.010.01
H^(3/2) (m^3/2)

Table 4.6: Data of Head Measurements for V – Notch, angle = 15°

 Measurement for V - Notch Water Density = 997.472
angle = 15 temperature
= 23 C
Ob Gravimetric Flow Measurement (Qa)
s
Head Weight Water t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetric H^(5/2) Qideal Cd
(m) Mass Mass average Flow Flow Rate (m^3/s)
(Kg) (Kg) (s) Rate (m^3/s)
(Kg/s)
1 0.08 12 36 44.42 44.1 43.1 43.91 0.819 0.00082 0.0019 0.0012
3 2 8 9 8 6 0.654
2 0.07 10 30 49.85 50.3 49.9 50.03 0.599 0.00060 0.0014 0.0009
3 0 3 7 4 1 0.660
3 0.06 8 24 53.40 52.5 53.0 52.98 0.453 0.00045 0.0010 0.0006
3 3 0 0 0 3 0.720
4 0.05 6 18 60.92 62.0 62.4 61.80 0.291 0.00029 0.0006 0.0004
3 3 5 3 5 1 0.713
5 0.04 4 12 67.92 68.6 66.2 67.61 0.177 0.00018 0.0003 0.0002
3 4 6 5 8 4 0.733
6 0.03 2 6 58.19 59.1 59.9 59.09 0.101 0.00010 0.0002 0.0001
3 0 9 5 0 3 0.813
Cd Ave m = Cd Norm = 0.6699
= 0.716 0.4241

Figure 4.7: Plot generated using the data in table 4.6.

 Actual Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) vs H^(5/2) - V notch (15 degree)
0

0 f(x) = 0.42x
R² = 1
0

0
Actual Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) 0 Linear ()

0
0 0 0 0 0 0
H^5/2 (m^5/2)

Table 4.8: Data of Head Measurements for V – Notch with angle of 45°

Measurement for V - Notch Water Density = 997.472 Kg/m^3

angle = 45
Obs Gravimetric Flow Measurement
. (Qa)
Head Weight Water t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) t Mass Volumetri H^(5/2) Qideal Cd
(m) Mass Mass averag Flow c Flow (m^3/s)
(Kg) (Kg) e (s) Rate Rate
(Kg/s) (m^3/s)
1 0.04 10 30 45.3 45.9 46.2 45.86 0.654 0.00066 0.0004 0.0010 0.61
6 9 9 2 5 7 2
2 0.04 8 24 43.3 48.0 48.1 46.53 0.515 0.00050 0.0003 0.0008 0.62
1 9 5 5 8 4 0 1
3 0.03 6 18 47.7 48.5 48.7 48.38 0.372 0.00037 0.0002 0.0005 0.64
6 6 9 9 1 5 8 2
4 0.03 4 12 47.7 47.6 47.4 47.58 0.252 0.00025 0.0001 0.0004 0.63
1 2 3 2 7 0 3
5 0.02 4 12 67.4 68.3 68.3 68.05 0.176 0.00018 0.0001 0.0002 0.68
6 3 4 7 3 1 6 7
6 0.02 2 6 49.7 49.2 49.7 49.61 0.120 0.00012 0.0000 0.0001 0.80
 1 8 9 6 9 6 5 3
Cd Average M= Cd norm = 0.6238
= 0.666 1.4737

Figure 4.9: Linear Plot generated using the data in table 4.8 for V – Notch with angle of 45°

Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs H^(5/2) - V notch 45 degree

0
f(x) = 1.47x
0 R² = 1

0
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) Linear ()
0

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H^(5/2) (m^(5/2)

Table 4.10: Statistical Analysis for Cd of the Rectangular notch

Sta=s=cal Analysis for Rectangular
Notch
Obs Cd Mean Standard Student's T Uncertainty Chauvenet's Outlier
Devia=on Distribu=on Criterion
Zmax =
1.732
1 0.724 0.802 0.08454 2.571 ±0.2174 0.928 NO
2 0.725 0.916 NO
3 0.823 0.243 NO
4 0.764 0.450 NO
5 0.947 1.709 NO
6 0.831 0.342 NO
 Table 4.11: Statistical Analysis for the V – Notch with an angle equal to 15°
Sta=sical Analysis for the V -
Notch = 15 degrees
Obs Cd Mean Standard Student's T Uncertainty Chauvenet's Outlier
devia=on Distribu=on Criterion
Zmax =1.732
1 0.654 0.716 0.0578 2.571 0.2174 1.061 NO
2 0.660 0.968 NO
3 0.720 0.080 NO
4 0.713 0.039 NO
5 0.733 0.305 NO
6 0.813 1.684 NO

Table 4.12: Statistical Analysis for the V – Notch = 45 degrees

Sta=s=cal Analysis for the V -
Notch = 45 Degrees
Obs Cd Mean Standard Student's T Uncertainty Chauvenet's Outlier
Devia=on Distribu=on Criterion
Zmax =
1.732
1 0.612 0.666 0.0720 2.571 0.0479 0.7563 NO
2 0.621 0.6293 NO
3 0.642 0.3341 NO
4 0.633 0.4672 NO
5 0.687 0.2839 NO
6 0.803 1.9030 YES

Table 4.13: Statistical Data for the Rectangular Notch

Sta=s=cal Data for the Rectangular
Notch
Obs Cd Mean Standard Uncertainty Normalized Error
Devia=on Cd Percentage
1 0.724 0.802 0.08454 0.2174 0.748 3.26
2 0.725 3.12
3 0.823 9.97
4 0.764 2.14
5 0.947 26.55
 6 0.831 11.09

Table 4.14: Statistical Data for the V – Notch with angle equal to 15 degrees
Sta=sical Analysis for the V - Notch
= 15 degrees
Obs Cd Mean Standard Uncertainty Normalized Error
devia=on Cd Percentage
1 0.654 0.716 0.0578 0.0413 0.6699 2.329
2 0.660 1.531
3 0.720 7.514
4 0.713 6.484
5 0.733 9.448
6 0.813 21.344

Table 4.15: Statistical Data for the V – Notch with Angle equal to 45 Degrees
Sta=s=cal Data for the V - Notch = 45 Degrees
without de Outlier
Ob Cd Mean Standard Uncertainty Normalized Error
s Devia=on Cd Percentage
1 0.612 0.639 0.0291 0.01859 0.6328 3.33
2 0.621 1.89
3 0.642 1.47
4 0.633 0.04
5 0.687 8.50

Figure 4.16: Volumetric Flow Rate vs Cd for the rectangular notch

 Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs Cd (rectangular notch)
0.00100
0.00090 f(x) = 0x
0.00080 R² = 1
0.00070
0.00060
0.00050
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) Linear ()
0.00040
0.00030
0.00020
0.00010
0.00000
0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Cd

Figure 4.17: Actual volumetric flow rate vs the Cd for the configuration of the V – Notch equal
to 15 degrees

Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs Cd (V - Notch = 15 degrees)

0.00090
0.00080
f(x) = 0x
0.00070 R² = 1
0.00060
0.00050
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) 0.00040 Linear ()
0.00030
0.00020
0.00010
0.00000
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
Cd

Figure 4.18: Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs the Cd of the configuration of the V – Notch equal
to 45 degrees
Actual Volumetric Flow Rate vs Cd (V - Notch = 45 degrees)
0.00070

0.00068 f(x) = 0x
R² = 1
0.00066

0.00064
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s) Linear ()
0.00062

0.00060

0.00058

0.00056
0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700
Cd

Figure 4.19: Head vs the actual volumetric flow rate (rectangular notch)

Head vs Actual Volumetric Flow Rate

0.05
0.04 f(x) = 84.53x
R² = 0.99
0.04
0.03
0.03
Head (m) 0.02 Linear ()

0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s)
Figure 4.20: Head vs the Actual volumetric flow rate (V- Notch equals to 15 degrees)

Head vs Actual Volumetric ow rate

0.09
f(x) = 121.99x
0.08 R² = 0.93

0.07
0.06
0.05
Head (m) 0.04 Linear ()

0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volumetric ow rate (m^3/s)

Figure 4.21: Head vs Actual volumetric flow rate (for V – Notch equal to 45 degree)

Head vs Actual Volumetric Flow Rate

0.05
0.05 f(x) = 85.15x
R² = 0.94
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
Head (m) Linear ()
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volumetric Flow Rate (m^3/s)
 Discussion of Results

The main objective of this experiment was to determine the discharge coefficient for a V – notch
and rectangular Weirs though experimental determination. In order to calculate the corresponding
Cd for each shape we must first calculate both the ideal and experimental volumetric flow
through the weirs. First, we are going to analyze the rectangular weir. The head was measured in
two stages, first when the volumetric flow is maximum and the other one when the volumetric
flow was minimal, that barely any water was crossing the weir. Then we obtain the difference of
those two values and divide it by the number of required reading. This will enables us to make a
constant decrease of the head measure. Six observations were taken for the rectangular wire and
for the other two configurations. The mass flow rate was calculated using the time it took to
perform the gravimetric method and the mass of water collected in the tank at a temperature of
23 C. After this, the volumetric flow was calculated using the density of water at the same
temperature. These values will represent the experimental volumetric flow rate since it was
calculated using the gravimetric method. Next, the ideal volumetric flow was calculated using
the equations for the ideal volumetric flow for a rectangular weir. This value was larger than the
experimental volumetric flow in every observation. This is to be expected, as the experimental
volumetric flow will have losses due to momentum diffusion and friction found on the edges of
the shape. All of the values of can be found on table 4.1 and 4.4. Figure 4.5 shows a plot was
generated using the values of experimental volumetric flow and the head to the 3/2 found in table
4.4. The plot has a linear shape; this means that a linear relationship exists between the
volumetric flow and the head elevated to the 3/2. The slope of this plot represents the following:

Cd∗2 B
m= ∗√ 2 g
3

Meaning we can calculate the Cd thought the slope of the plot. This calculated values are called
the normalized Cd. A statistical analysis was performed on the values of Cd calculated for the
rectangular weir. This analysis can be found on table 4.10 and table 4.13. Analyzing both tables
we can observe that none of the data was labeled as an outlier by the Chauvenet’s Criterion. A %
error is found on table 4.13. Some of the % error goes as high as 26.55%. A reason that can
explain this discrepancy was the fact that we had trouble identifying the head that was measured.

Next, we are going to analyze the V – notch whose angle equals to 15 degrees. In order to
calculate the Cd of this particular V – notch we need to calculate both, the experimental and the
ideal volumetric flow rate. First we measured the head when the volumetric flow was maximum
and then when there was almost no water running through the weir. The experimental volumetric
flow rate was calculated using the gravimetric method. Taking the average of the measurements
of the three times taken and using the mass of water collected calculated the mass flow rate was
calculated. Next, the experimental volumetric flow was calculated using the mass flow rate and
dividing it by the density of the water at a temperature of 23 C. The ideal volumetric flow was
calculated using the equation found in the theory section of this report. This value was larger in
every observation of head taken. This is to be expected as the experimental volumetric flow rate
will be lower than the ideal due to losses generating by the momentum diffusion of the notch and
the friction created in the sharp edges of the notch. All of these calculations can be found on
table 4.2 and 4.5. Finally the coefficient of discharge was calculated using the ideal and the
experimental volumetric flow rate. These values can be found on table 4.5. A statistical analysis
was done to the calculated Cd. This analysis can be found on table 4.11. Analyzing this table we
can observe than none of the observations were labeled as an outlier by the Chauvenet’s
Criterion. Figure 4.7 shows a plot generated using the data found on table 4.5. Analyzing the
figure we can observe a linear behavior; this means that there is a linear relationship between the
actual volumetric flow rate and the head elevated to the 5/2. The slope of this plot represents the
following equation:

Cd∗8
m= ∗√2 g∗tan (θ)
15

This means that the slope of this linear plot can be used to calculate a normalized Cd. This value
of normalized Cd can be found on table 4.6. Comparing this normalized Cd with the calculated
Cd we obtain a set error percentages found in table 4.14. Some of the error percentages go as
high as 26.55%. One reason that can explain this can be the fact that we had trouble selecting the
appropriate measurement of the head.

Finally, we perform the same analysis done to the other two configurations to the V – notch with
an angle of 45 degrees. In order to calculate the Cd of this particular V – notch we must first
calculate the experimental and ideal volumetric flow rate. The experimental volumetric flow rate
was calculated using the gravimetric method and the ideal volumetric flow rate was calculated
using the derived equations found on the theory section of this report. All of these values can be
found on table 4.3 and 4.8. The coefficient of discharge for this particular configuration was
calculated using the values of experimental and the ideal volumetric flow found on table 4.8. The
values of Cd can be found on the same table as the volumetric flow rates. In figure 4.9 we can
find a plot generated using the data found on table 4.8. Analyzing this figure we can observe a
linear relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the head elevated to the 5/2. This means
that the derivations done in the theory section of this report are correct. The slope of this linear
plot has the following equation:

Cd∗8
m= ∗√2 g∗tan (θ)
15

This means we can calculate a normalized Cd for the V – notch configuration of 45 degrees. This
normalized Cd can be found on table 4.8. A statistical analysis was performed onto the calculated
Cd. This analysis can be found on table 4.12. Analyzing the following table we can observe that
the last observation was considered an outlier since it surpassed the Zmax for 5 iterations. Once
again, a statistical analysis was made on table 4.15 without the presence of the outlier. In this
table the normalized Cd was compared to the Cd calculated in every other observation. The error
percentages are really low compared to the other error percentages found in the other 2
configurations. On figure 4.16, 4.17 and 4.18 we can observe a linear plot generated using the
actual volumetric flow rate vs de Cd. Analyzing these figures we can observe that there is a
linear relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the coefficient of discharge; if the
volumetric flow increases, so will the coefficient of discharge. In figure 4.19, 4.20 and 4.21 we
observe a linear plot generated using the value of head vs the actual volumetric flow rate.
Analyzing these three figures we can observe that if the head of the weir decreases, so will the
volumetric flow rate. This is to be expected as high volumetric flow rate generated a higher head
in every weir configuration.

Conclusion

The main objective of this experiment was to determine the Coefficient of Discharge in an
experimental manner for the different notches modeled in the results section of this report. For
the rectangular notch we obtained a normalized Cd of 0.748 and a mean Cd of 0.802. The Error
percentage between those two values is 7.22%. The rectangular notch has the highest Cd of the
two other configurations, meaning that this notch has the lowest amount of losses due to
momentum diffusion and friction due to the sharp edges of the notch. The V – Notch with an
angle of 15° had a normalized Cd of 0.67 and an experimental Cd of 0.716. The error percentage
between those two values is 6.87%. The V – Notch with an angle of 15° had the second lowest
amount of losses due to momentum diffusion and friction on the edges of the notch. Lastly, the V
– notch with an angle of 45° had a normalized Cd of 0.633 and an experimental Cd of 0.639. The
error percentage of those two values is 0.95%. This shape had the largest amount of losses due to
momentum diffusion and friction around the edges of the notch. We can conclude that the
different sizes of weir opening and the different angles of notches are an important factor to be
considered as well as the geometry of the weir.

Recommendations

Some recommendations for future study; conducting the study for different level of slope and
analyze how upstream level at different angles influences the velocity as well as the discharges
and conducting the study with different sizes of weir opening and different angle of notches to
see how the geometry of the weir affects the head of water over the crest and the discharges. Also
we recommend using the device for measuring the volume flow used to calculate the flow, rater
than the device used to calculate the mass flow, since it obtained more accurate results.
 References

Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico Department of Mechanical Engineering, “Fluid

Mechanics Laboratory Manuel”, 2010.

Munson, B. R., Okiishi, T. H., Huebsch, W. W., & Rothmayer, A. P. (2013). Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, seventh edition (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Printed in the
United States of America
 ‘

Appendix
Calculations
1- Density of water at 23°C:

2 2 Kg
ρ=1000+ 0.008929T −0.005167 T =1000+0.008929 ( 23 )−0.005167 ( 23 ) =997.472
m3
Mass of Water 24 Kg Kg
2- Mass Flow Rate: ṁ= time
=
48.67 s
=0.4931
s
Kg Kg
Mass flow rate 0. .4931 3
s s −4 m
Q = = =4.9∗10
3- Volumetric Flow Rate: a
Kg Kg s
density of water 3 997.472 3
m m
n
x
4- Mean: ∑ ni = 48.80+48.50+48.90
3
=48.67 s
i=1
 √ √
n 7
1 1
5- Standard Deviation: σ = N ∑ ( x i−μ) = 5 ∑ ( x i−0.801120 ) =0.083224
2 2

i=1 i=1

6- Chauvenet’s Criterion:

|C d sus −C d | |0.968553−0.801120|
Z= = =2.01184 >1.732(Outlier)
mean

σx 0.083224

3/ 2 3 /2 3/ 2
7- H = 0.039 = 0.0077 m
8- H 5/ 2 = 0.0733 /2 = 0.0014 m5/ 2

2B
9- Volumetric Flow Rate: Qi = √ 2 g * H 3/ 2 = Qi =
3

2∗0.030 m
∗√ 2∗9.81 m/ s 2 * 0.0077 = 0.000682 m3
3 s
m3
0.000494
Qactual s
10- C d= Qideal = m3
=0.724340
0.000682
s
8
11- Volumetric Flow Rate: Qi = √ 2 g * tan θ * H 5/ 2 = Qi =
15

3
8 ( 15 )∗¿ 0.0014 m
∗√ 2∗9.81 m/s 2 * = 0.000886
15 tan¿ s

12- Uncertainty ¿ σ∗t=0.083224∗1.96=± 0.1631