EL-321 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Experiment # 12
Experiment Title

To Study the Sampling and Quantization Process of the PCM Encoder Circuit

Assessment of CLO(s): CLO 3

Performed on

Student Name
Roll No. Group
Semester Session

Total (Max) Hardware Software Simulation Viva Total

Simulation(3) (3) (4) (10)

Marks Obtained

Remarks (if any)

Experiment evaluated by

Instructor’s Name Engr. Mirza Farrukh Waheed

Date Signature
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Rubric for Assessment of Communication system Laboratory Experiments
Course Code: EL-321 Course Title: Communication system
Rubrics of assessment criteria to perform experiment number 12.
Marks / Criteria 0 UNSATISFACTORY (1)
Student effort were not
evident towards the
Absent
Hardware practical and shows no
Analysis (03)
progress as well as
understanding of the
phenomena of circuit.
Has poor Simulation skill,
Un able to identify
unable to write code and
Software has no ability to identify
Simulation and remove the coding
(03) errors even with
instructor’s help. Unable to
produce the output results.
Responses and
information given are
Absent
Viva (04) unreasonable in some
aspects of concept.
Remarks/ Totals
COMPETENT (2)
Student effort were not
evident towards the practical
and shows progress as well
as understanding of the
phenomena of circuit.
Has good simulation skill and able
to make the acceptable coding
logic most of the times and
produce code with desired output
results for a given problem.
Responses and information
given are reasonable/ relevant
and near to the conceptual
understanding in some aspects
of practical.
Course Credits: 3+1 Session: Spring 2022
PROFICIENT (3) DISTINGUISHED (4) Marks
Student effort evident
towards the practical and
shows progress as well as
X
understanding of the
phenomena of circuit.
Has an excellent simulations
skill in Simulink. Always able to
make the logics for given
MATLAB coding problems and X
produce a high quality code with
desired output results.
Ability of the student to Responses and Information
correlate the theoretical given are very reasonable
concepts with the concerned with relevant answers during
lab observations and data the verbal assessment about
compilation for result the circuit operation and
generation. result compilation.
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Objective 1
To Study the Sampling and Quantization Process of the PCM Encoder Circuit

Required Apparatus

1. Power Supply
2. Pulse-Code Modulation Trainer
3. AF Generator
4. DMM

Theory

1. PCM encoding process samples an intelligence signal, quantizes the sampled

intelligence signal and codes the quantized intelligence signal into binary-coded digits.
2. Sampling is the process of obtaining an instantaneous value of the intelligence signal
amplitude at regular intervals.
3. Quantization is the process of converting the voltage level of the sampled amplitude to
the voltage value of the nearest standard level, or quantum.
4. Coding is the process of representing a particular quantum of the analog signal with a
binary code.
5. Synchronization is the process of coordinating the timing between two or more
operations. The minimum rate at which samples may be taken is called the NYQUIST
rate.
The quality of a PCM signal depends on the synchronization of three separate processes -
sampling, quantization and coding.

Sampling occurs in the sample/hold circuit. The sample/hold circuit stores the value of the
intelligence signal sample until the circuit is commanded to store a new value. Quantization
occurs at the ADC circuit. The total range that the intelligence signal amplitude covers is
divided by the ADC into an n umber of standard levels, called quantum. The ADC determines
the quantum of the sampled value of the intelligence signal and assigns the voltage of that
quantum to the sampled amplitude of the intelligence signal. The Coding process occurs in the
ADC circuit and the parallel-to-serial converter. The voltage of the quantized signal is
converted into digital data by the ADC and sent to a transmitter serially (one bit at a time) by
the parallel-to-serial converter. The serial data stream represents the PCM signal. The timing
signal generator supplies clock signals to the ADC and parallel-to-serial converter and pulses
to the sample/hold circuit, ADC and parallel-to-serial converter. The clock signals and pulses
are used to synchronize the PCM encoder circuit.

In PCM, the sampling signal frequency (fs) is twice the maximum intelligence signal frequency
(fm). This is called the Nyquist rate. The sampling signal frequency of the sample/hold circuit
must be equal to or greater than the Nyquist rate. This is expressed in the equation:

fs ≥ 2
fm
Determine the minimum sampling frequency of 4 kHz message signal, so that the message
signal will reproduce accurately.


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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EL321) | EXPERIMENT # PAGE 4 OF 8
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Procedure

1. Switch ON the Power of the trainer and test the power supply inputs on the trainer to be
sure the proper voltages and polarities are applied to the trainer and now turn off the
power.
2. Connect the circuit shown in figure using jumper wires to interconnect the jacks on the
trainer. Apply power to the trainer

3. Set the SYMM ADJ control on the PCM encoder circuit fully clockwise.
4. Connect the channel 1 probe to J39. Adjust the SCALE ADJ control so that a 5Vp-p,
18 quantum signal is displayed. Set the ZERO ADJ control at the center of rotation. Set
the SYMM ADJ control so there are 7 steps in the quantum signal at J39.
5. Connect the AF generator to J 37. Adjust AF generator frequency to 800Hz and set the
AF level control to produce a 3Vp-p sine wave at J37. Use the frequency counter and
the channel 1 probe of the oscilloscope to observe the signal. What does the signal at
J37 represent?
 The signal at J37 represent the message signal.

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6. Set the oscilloscope to a sweep speed of 4ms. Connect the channel 1 probe to J37 and
J38 to oscilloscope channel 2. Observe the J37 and J38 at the same time. Compare the
signal and explain their relationship.
 By comparing the signal, it is observed that they are sample and quantized signal.

7. Remove the channel 1 probe and frequency counter from J37 and connect them to
J43. Set the intensity of the oscilloscope to maximum. Record the frequency of the
signal at J43.
f = KHz

8. Trigger the scope on channel 2. What is the relationship between the sampling signal
(on channel 1) and the sampled intelligence signal (on channel 2)?

 The relationship between sampling signal and sampled intelligence signal is fs=12fm.

Objective 2
To Study the Quantization process of the PCM encoder circuit

Theory

The ADC divides the total range of the intelligence signal into a number of quanta. The
number of quantum depends on the number of bits output by the ADC circuit. The formula is:
L = 2n
where L is the number of quantum n is the number of bits. For example, if a 2-bit ADC (n = 2)
is used the number of quantum is four. The voltage difference between quanta is called the
step size. The step size depends on the total range of the sampled amplitude and the number of
quantum. The equation for finding the step size of the quantum is:

Vss = Vf s r / (L – 1)
where, Vss = Step size voltage, Vf s r = Full scale range voltage, L = Number of quantum

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Technology
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EL321) | EXPERIMENT # PAGE 6 OF 8
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In the quantization process the amplitude of the sampled intelligence signal will fall on or
between two quanta. The voltage value of the lesser quantum is the amplitude of the sampled
intelligence signal. The sampled intelligence signal and quantized signal from a 2-bit ADC are
shown in figure. The 2-bit ADC generates a four quantum output, quantum 0-3. When the
intelligence signal amplitude is 4.2V, the quantized output is not represented as 4.2V amplitude.
The amplitude of 4.2V falls between the 4.0V value of quantum 2 and the 6.0V value of
Quantum 3. Since the 4.0V value of quantum 2 is the lesser quantum it becomes the amplitude of
the sampled intelligence signal.

Observation

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Connect the channel 1 probe to J38 and the channel 2 probe to J39. Set the SYMM ADJ
control full y clockwise. Adjust the SCALE ADJ for a 5Vp-p, 16 quantum staircase.
Observe the signal at J39. What does the signal at J39 show?
 The signal J39 shows the numbers of quantum level which is 16 quantum staircase.

3. Observe the quantized signal with a total range of 5Vp-p and 16 quantum on the graph
pro-vided in
 V
Vss= fsR =
L−1
5
16−1

4. The total range voltage of the PCM encoder circuit is 5Vp-p. Calculate the step size.

 The step size is 0.383.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EL321) | EXPERIMENT # PAGE 7 OF 8
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Quantum Quantum Voltage value

Voltage value
Value Value
0 0.000 8 2.664

1 0.333 9 2.997

2 0.666 10 3.330

3 0.999 11 3.663

4 1.332 12 3.996

5 1.665 13 4.329

6 1.998 14 4.662

7 2.331 15 4.995

5. In what quantum would sample amplitude of 4V fall?

 4 volt fall in the 12 quantum level.

6. Compare the signal at J39 with the signal drawn in above figure. Are the signals the
same?
 By comparing both signal we observed that both signal are same.

7. Connect an AF generator to J37. Adjust the SYMM ADJ control for 7 quantum steps at
J39. Apply power to the AF generator. Adjust the AF generator frequency to 800Hz and
the AF level control to produce a 3Vp-p sine wave. Use the channel 1 probe and
frequency counter to observe the signal at J 37. What does the signal at J37 represent?
 The signal J37 represents the message signal.

8. Move the channel 1 probe to J38. Using the channel 1 position control the sampled
intelligence signal at J38 to cover the quantized signal at J39. Compare the signals and
develop relationship between the steps of the sampled intelligence and quantized signals?
 By comparing the signal the relationship determined it is the output of the sampled
and hold circuit.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EL321) | EXPERIMENT # PAGE 8 OF 8
12
Objective 3
To observe the Sampling and Quantization processes on MATLAB

Type in the following code in an m-file

clear all;
close all;
clc;

%% Original message signal

fm = 20;
t = 0:1/fm:1;
sig = 0.9*sin(2*pi*t);
figure, plot(t,sig,'-k')
title ('Original Signal')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% Sampling
figure, stairs(t,sig,'-k')
title ('Sample and Hold (Sampling)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% Quantization
partition=[-0.8 -0.4 0.4 0.8];
codebook=[-1 -0.6 0 0.6 1];
[index,quantiz_sig] = quantiz(sig,partition,codebook);
figure;
plot(t,quantiz_sig,'-k');
ylim([-1.2 1.2]);
title('Quantization');
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')

%% Comparison between Sam pling and Quantization

figure, plot(t,quantiz_sig,'-- r')
hold on
stairs(t,sig,'-k')
hold off
ylim([-1.2 1.2])
title('Sampling and Quantization')
legend('Quantization','Sampling')
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude')

PROCEDURE

1. Open MATLAB editor and type in the code

2. Run the m-file. Observe and write what will happen.



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Technology
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (EL321) | EXPERIMENT # PAGE 9 OF 8
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OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

1. Is it possible to recover sampled signal using filter? If yes, then what type of filter
would it be?

 Yes, it is possible to receive sampled signal by passing it through low pass filter which
drop all higher frequency components.

2. Why quantization is necessary?

 Quantization is a necessary to maintain correct amplitude of value along with accurate

timings.

3. What is Nyquist rate?

 Nyquist rate is equal to twice the highest frequency Fs >= 2Fm.

Copyright © Department of Electrical Engineering – Usman Institute of

Technology