INJECTION ADVANCE IN DIESEL ENGINE:

Refers to the situation whereby the fuel is injected earlier in the engine compression, farther from
top dead center. This results in the air and fuel mixture in the combustion chamber not to burn
right away.
Effects of injection advance:
i. Engine knocking
Engine knocking occurs when the air-fuel mixture is ignited too soon in the cylinder. The
mixture then pushes against pistons that are still trying to compress the mixture. This causes loud
pinging sounds to come from the engine.
ii. Decrease fuel economy
The timing of the injector is crucial during the ignition process. When this starts to happen in a
disordered manner the combustion process is disrupted. This causes the engine to use more fuel
to compensate for reduced power.
iii. Over heating
If the air-fuel mixture is ignited too soon in the combustion process, heat generation increases
causing damages of different parts of the engine.
Ignition timing is needed to allow time to get everything ignited and therefore avoid several
performance issues that can occur.
Proper ignition timing ensures;
i. Better fuel economy
ii. Higher peak cylinder pressures
DWELL ANGLE IN GASOLINE ENGINE:
Refers to the amount of time, measured as degrees of rotation, that contact breakers close in a
distributor.

Checking of Dwell angle:

The dwell angle of a gasoline engine is checked by a dwell meter. It measurers the angle of
rotation of the cam through which the points are opened and closed and registers the dwell angle
the period when they are closed. The angle should be checked with a dwell meter connected in
accordance with the maker’s instructions. Referring to the specification for the correct dwell
angle. If the dwell angle is too large increase the points gap and if too small reduce the points
gap.
The dwell meter can be used to check the gap on worn parts with more accuracy than a feeler
gauge.
Effects of improper dwell angle setting
If the dwell angle is not set at the correct specifications the spark timing becomes either retarded
or advanced depending on whether the angle is too large or too small. Unless the dwell angle is
accurate the ignition timing will not be accurate.
REFERENCES
P.A.Lakshminarayanan & Y.V.Aghav, “Modelling diesel combustion”, 2010
V.A.W. Hillier & N.Thornes, “Hillier’s fundamental of motor vehicle technology”. Sixth Edition
2012
V.A.W Hillier & Peter Coombes, "Hillier's Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology”, 5th
Edition
Ganesan.V, “Internal combustion engines”, 2003