MODULE 1: THE MOLE

Stoichiometry - a term derived from the Ancient Greek words stoicheion (elements)
and metron (measure). It is a section of chemistry that involves using the relationships
between reactants and/or products in a chemical to determine desired quantitative data.

Amedeo Avogadro – is an Italian chemist who provide a

solution in calculating the amount of an atom or molecules through
moles.
Avogadro’s Number, number of units in one mole of any substance
and is equal to 6.02214076 𝑥 1023 . A mole of any element contains
the same number of atoms as a mole of another element. One mole
of a compound also contains Avogadro’s number of particles.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝐹𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

For example:

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen ( 𝑂2 ) in 24.0 of 𝑂2 from the definition of

a mole: 1 mole 𝑂2 = 32.0 g.

Solution:

Mole=24.0 g 𝑂2 x (1 mole𝐻2 )/(32.0 g 𝑂2 )

= 0.75 mole
 2. Calculate the number of moles of chlorine in 50.0 g of 𝐶𝑙2

𝐶𝑙2 = 2 x 35.453 g = 70.906 g

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑙2
= 50.0 𝑔 𝑥 = 0.705 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
70.906 𝑔

3. It is incredible that a mole of hydrogen gas has a mass of 2.0 g. Try to determine
the mass of one molecule of hydrogen gas from the definition of mole. It must be
very small.

Solution:

1 mole of 𝐻2 = 6.02 𝑥 1023 molecules = 2.0 g 𝐻2

2.0 𝑔 𝐻2
Mass = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥 6.02 𝑥 1023

= 3.3222591 x 10−24≅ 3.3 x 10−24 g

Remember:

We use the value “1 mole” when the problem wants us to find the number of moles.
We use the 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 of moles when the problems ask to solve for the number of
molecules.

Molar mass of substance is the mass in grams that is numerically equal to the
atomic or formula mass of the substance.
 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
Molar Mass = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

For example:

1. We have the chemical formula of ethanol 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻

Step 1: Get the atomic mass of the elements

H = 1.008 g/mol
C = 12.01 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol

Step 2: Solve the mass for the Carbon and Hydrogen

2C x 12.01 g/mol = 24.02

6 H x 1.008 g/mol = 6.048

Step 3: Solve for the molar mass of ethanol

𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 = 24.02 + 6.048 + 1.008

= 46.068 g/mol

2. Determine the molar mass of sodium oxide 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂

O = 16 g
Na = 2 x 23 = 46 g

𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 = 62 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙