MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Mangroves
• dicotyledonous woody plants
that grow in the interface
between land and sea in
tropics and sub-tropics
latitude
• are halophytes (salt-tolerant)
• mangrove - individual plant
species
• mangal – forest community
• mangrove forest sometimes
called tidal forest, coastal
woodlands, oceanic rain forest
 Mangrove-
associated
Mangroves Mangal microbes, flora
& fauna

Mangrove Biological
microhabitat microhabitat

Abiotic Factors

Figure 1. Physical and biological components of mangrove ecosystem

Species Composition (Tomlinson 1986)

• 54 species of true mangroves ( 34

major & 20 minor) worldwide
• 60 species of mangrove associates
• Philippines harbors around 40
species belonging to 14 families.
True mangroves
(features)
• occurs exclusively in mangal
• halophytes
• play a major role in the structure of the mangrove
community
• have the ability to form pure stands
• have the morphological specialization (aerial roots,
& specialized mechanism for gas exchange)
• physiological mechanism for salt exclusion or
excretion
• have viviparous production
True mangroves

• Major mangroves
✓ capable of forming pure stands
• Minor mangroves
✓ denoted by their inability to form a
conspicuous element of the
mangrove vegetation
Mangrove associates (features)
• comprise a large number of species
typically occurring on the landward
margin of the mangal, and often in the
non-mangal habitats such as rainforest,
salt marsh, or lowland freshwater
swamps
Mangrove associates (features)
• Has a certain degree of salt tolerance
(glycophytes)
• salinity tolerant plant species (Terminalia,
Hibiscus, Thespesia, Ficus, Calophyllum,
Casuarina, some legumes and milk weeds
(Aslepiadaceae and Apocynaceae).
Global Distribution
▪ Occurring in 112 countries and
territories
▪ Distribution is greatly affected with
temperature and moisture
▪ Large-scale currents may also influence
distributions by preventing propagules
from reaching some areas
Mangrove in the Philippines
• holds at least 50% (Primavera et al.
2004) of the world’s approximately 65
mangrove species (Kathiresan and
Bingham 2001)
• considered as one of the top 15 most
mangrove-rich countries in the world
according to Long and Giri (2011)
Mangrove in the Philippines
• mature mangrove areas do not exceed
20,000 ha, of which approximately two-
thirds are in Palawan.
• consequently, around 80,000 ha of
mangroves left in the country were
declared as wilderness and forest
reserves in 1981, including all the 40,000
ha of pristine mangroves in Palawan
(Primavera 2002).
 Highest diversity (Primavera 2004)
Location No. of sp. Publication

Bohol 26 Mapalo 1992

Pagbilao Bay in Quezon 24 Bravo 1996

Province
Aurora Province 23 Anon 1996

Ibajay in Aklan Province 22 Primavera 2001

Puerto Galera, Mindoro 18 Baconguis et.al.,

and San Remegio, Cebu n.d., Buot 1994
Adaptability Mechanism
1. Adaptation to water logged soils
2. Coping of salts
3. Costs of survival
4. Reproductive adaptation
Adaptation to Waterlogged Soils

Formation of aerial roots

Measuring of anaerobic state
✓redox potential (redox being a
telescoping of reduction and oxidation)
✓can be tested by use of a platinum
electrode probe, which senses the redox
state of the surrounding soil
✓redox scale is in millivolts
✓a well-oxygenated soil will have a redox
potential above 300 mV
 Coping with Salt

• The principal mechanisms are

exclusion of salt by the root or in
their leaves
• tolerance of high tissue salt
concentrations, and elimination of
excess salt by secretion.
Mechanism of coping with salt
 The cost of survival

• Mangroves therefore cope with the

environmental stresses of salt and
water logging, but at the expense of
growth, leaf area, and photosynthesis.
• In extreme conditions, growth may be
so restricted that dwarfing occurs
 The cost of survival
• Species found at particularly high
salinities do not occur at high levels of
waterlogging, and vice versa.
• These limits to distribution are narrower
than the extremes that the species could
actually survive: the actual distributions
reflect interspecific competition as well
as physiological tolerance.
 Reproductive Adaptation
1. Pollination
- wind pollinated
- vector pollinated
2. Propagules
- vivipary
* hormone abscisic acid (ABA)
* hypocotyl or enlarged cotyledons
 Approaches to Mangrove
Ecosystem Assessment
• Primary productivity of plant communities is
correlated with
– leaf area index

• Leaf area index can be converted to net canopy

photosynthesis
– leaf area index x average rate of
photosynthesis per unit leaf area

• Useful indicator of environmental stress

– leaf shedding and leaf growth are usually
sensitive to environmental factors
 Continue,,,,,

Remote sensing
- using LANDSAT
imagery determined
the mangrove forest of
Leyte to cover 2,576.5
ha.
- listed Carigara to have
large and contiguous
mangrove cover
Ground Truth Surveys:
Continue,,,,,

• Transect quadrat method

– quantitatively describe the community structure
and plant biomass of the mangrove forest
– Permanent plots are established along the
transect through the mangrove forest types or
zones
– permanent plots are suited for long-term
monitoring of changes in community structure
– Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) can be used to
calculate above ground biomass.

http://www.oneocean.org/download/db_files/pcra_training_guide.pdf
Ecological Features and Zonation
Seaward zone
• daily flooded by tidal inundation including
neap tides
• Species found in here are termed
“frontliners” and are generally true
mangroves
• Soil type ranges from sandy loam, mudflat
or coralline
– sandy coralline: Sonneratia (pagatpat)
• Sandy loam: Rhizophora mucronata (bakauan-
babae), Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging)
and A. floridum (tinduk-tindukan)

• sandy loam to clayey mudflats: Comptostemom

philippinensis (gapas-gapas)
Middle zone
• flooded during normal high tide
• soil is generally clayey, silty to silty clay
• species that usually inhabit here include:
Avicennia alba (piapi) A. officinalis (apiapi), A.
corniculatum (saging-saging), A. floridum
(tinduk-tindukan), Bruguiera sexagula
(pototan), Ceriops (tangal), Excoecaria
agallocha (buta-buta), Xylocarpus (tabigi),

• Lumnitzera racemosa (kulasi), Scyphiphora

hydropllacea (Nilad) and Nypa (nipa)
Landward zone
• back portion of the mangrove swamps
• usually remains unaffected by tidal movements
over a long period of time except during
exceptional high tides called “spring tides”
• soil is generally clay to silty clay
• vegetation is highly diverse due to presence of
vines, epiphytes and mangrove associates in
addition to Avicennia (api-api and piapi),
Bruguiera (pototan), Excoecaria (buta-buta),
Scyphiphora (nilad) and Nipa
Riverine
• portions along or bordering the rivers
• at river mouths: Avicennia (bungalon, api-api),
Aegiceras (saging-saging and tinduk-tindukan),
Rhizophora (Bakauan-babae, bakauan-lalake
and bakauan-bangkaw),
• along river banks going inland (soil generally
clayey): Avicennia, Aegiceras, Bruguiera,
Excoecaria, Scyphiphora, and Xylocarpus
Importance of Mangroves
 Regulatory Functions
1. Coastal Protection
2. Erosion control
3. Sediment
stabilization
4. Flood regulation
5. Nutrient supply
and regeneration
6. Treatment of
dissolved and
particulate waste
7. Wildlife habitats
Complex root system trap
sediment and help build
land mass as well as protect
shore lines from erosion
Ecological Importance
– Habitat, nursery and feeding ground of various
animals
– Above tide forest: formed by trunks and leaf
canopy
• inhabited by birds, bats, lizards, tree snakes,
snails, land crabs and mangrove crabs
(keystone species) spiders, insects (most
most diverse and abundant)
• 5% of leaf production here by terrestrial
grazers, the rest enter the aquatic systems
as debris and becoming available for marine
detrivores, either fish or invertebrates
– Intertidal swamp
• offers a variety of different substrates and
different microhabitats to support a more diverse
community of marine species
• organisms attach to mangrove roots , others in or
on mudflats or mudbanks
• barnacles and oysters are common epifauna on
roots with the latter often the dominant
contributor to community biomass
• Nematode, periwinkles,polychaete worms, sea
cucumbers, fiddler crabs, amphipods, shrimps,
mudskippers and other fish species are also
common
 • leaf fall is a major source of nutrients and energy in the
intertidal swamp
– subtidal zone
• high organic content
• subtidal mangrove roots support a rich epifauna and
epiflora of algae, sponges, tunicates, anemones, hydroids
and bryozoans
• turtle grass (Thalassia) may be dominant benthic plant
that stabilize mud bottom
• burrowing animals (crabs, shrimps, worms) are common
and their burrows facilitate oxygen penetration into the
mud and ameliorate anoxic conditions
• fish, crabs, lobsters and shrimp form basis for local
fisheries
 Habitat
Small Mammals Shore Birds
40 species had been
recorded since 1991
Little egret
Greenback heron
(mangrove heron)
Kentish plover
Mongolian plover
Gray tailed tattler
Whimbrel
Philippine mallard
Reptiles Rufous night heron
White collared
kingfisher

Crocodylus porosus in Leyte

 Marine Mammals
• found along mangrove-lined
waterways
– bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus)
– manatees (Trichechus manatus)
• Dolphins feed on fishes associated
with mangrove systems
• Manatees are frequently observed in
waters close in proximity to
mangroves
• As an herbivore, they feeds on
seagrasses and other submerged
aquatic plants found outside
mangroves
 Amphibians
• freshwater species of turtles
• associated with mangrove vegetation during at least some
point in their life histories are sea turtles
– The loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green sea turtle
(Chelonia mydas)
– The green sea turtle and Hawksbill sea turtles
(Eretmochelys imbricata)
– The Atlantic ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) is
commonly observed in south Florida.
Other species
• giant toad (Bufo marinus)
• squirrel treefrog (Hyla squirella)
• cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis)
 Invertebrates

– Bivalves
• Saccostrea – well
studied since
commercially
important oyster
– arachnids,
mosquitoes, ants
are easily noted

http://www.rawfish.com.au/images/-tassie-oyster-pacific-oyster-tasmania-aphrodisiac1.JPG
 Gastropods
Nerita

• Vertical zonation of fauna

• upper branches occupied
by true marine species
• lower substrate other
organisms that can adapt
to changing water level,
salinity and etc.

http://park.org/Guests/Shells/Shell_Catalogue/Shell_Images/Nerita_polita_variations.jpg
Economic Importance
– a wide variety of marine organisms are
harvested for food and income by
coastal residents

– Mangrove trees provide direct

economic benefit
• (table 1)
Table 1. Mangrove utilization by species and part of plant (Central Visayas
Techno Guide)
Species Wood Part Flower/Fruits/Seeds/Ro
ots/Resin/Sap/Leaves
Acanthus Leaf juice applied to
ebracteatus scalp to preserve hair
(Tigbau)
A. Good for firewood and
corniculatum charcoal
(saging-
saging)
A. alba (Piapi) Good for firewood, rice Resinous substance can
mortar and small cabinet be tapped and used for
work, bark used as birth control purposes,
astringent ointment from seeds is
useful for relieving pox
ulceration
A. marina Good for firewood, rice Flowers are source of
(bungalon) mortar and small cabinet pollen and strong
work, ash from wood is flavored supporting bee
used in soap making colonies
Bruguiera Good for firewood, charcoal, Fruit can be
gymnorrhiza (busain) sleepers, house posts, eaten
and B. sexangula furniture, bark source of tannin
(pototan) (tanning agent, dye stuff)

B. parviflora (langarai) Good for firewood and

charcoal, substitute for
petroleum coke used in the
manufacture of calcium carbide
and ferro-alloys which in turn
are utilized in various chemical,
plastic and metal industries
Ceriops tagal (tangal) Good for firewood, charcoal,
house posts, poles, bark is
used for tannin and used for
batik and mat-making, also
yield plywood adhesives
Rhizophora Good for firewood, Fruits are scraped and eaten in
mucronata charcoal, furniture, bark the Philippines, light wine is
(bakauan-babae) source of tannin, prop fermented from fruits, honey is
roots are used as produced from nectar
mosquito repellent (in
Indonesia)
Sonneratia Firewood, charcoal, Air roots used as net floats,
caseolaris furniture, bridge and manufacture of inner soles for
(pagatpat) wharf building etc, bark shoes and substitute for cork or
source of tannin pitch, sap is applied to skin as
cosmetic
Nypa (nipa) Young seeds are eaten raw or
made into sweetmeats, sap
source of vinegar, sugar and
wine, leaves made into nipa
shingles for roofing
 Mangroves and their ecological and
economic benefits
Habitat for birds, bees, monkeys,
and other wildlife
Microbial decomposers and herbivores Benefits to humans:
Leaf litter/Detritus • Clean water
Juveniles for Nursery • Fish, shells,

s
sk
aquaculture ground Protection from storm

llu
Mo
wave and erosion mollusks, etc.
Detritus
Traps sediments and
• Medicines
stabilizes coastal areas • Tannins
• Wood (fuel and
Detritivores construction)
Supports food chain
away from mangrove areas
• Honey
• Alcohol
Small carnivores
• Shore protection
Commercial and • Research data
subsistencfisheries
• Education
Large carnivores • Recreation/tourism
• Biodiversity
 Causes of Mangrove Loss
1. Aquaculture development
- leading cause of mangrove
loss
2. Conversion to agriculture
- As mangrove areas are rich
in organic soils, they are prime
locations for conversion into
agricultural land, especially rice
paddies and palm oil plantations to
sustain the growing need for food
3. Urbanization, Industry and
Settlement
4. Cutting of timber, fuel and charcoal
500000 Degradation rate of 6685 ha yr-1 in
1950-1972 for fishpond conversion
400000

300000

200000

100000

0
1918 1970 1989 1995
Philippine mangrove cover (hectares)
through the years (DENR 1995).
 Status of the Philippine Mangrove
Forest
• Mangrove forest in the Philippines has
diminished steadily due to overharvesting
• Mangrove had been regarded as “worthless”
that can only be made productive if developed
to aquaculture
• such “worthless” concept” has led to wholesale
destruction of the ecosystem
• Original mangrove forest=500 000 ha (1920)
• left is 100 000 ha (1996)
Mangroves in trouble
Decline of mangrove
resources in the Philippines

450,000 ha
in 1918

(Thousands of Hectares)
Mangrove Area 288,000 ha
in 1970

140,000 ha
175,000 ha in 1988
in 1980
138,000 ha
?
in 1993
Conservation and Rehabilitation Efforts

• Strengthening the information, education and

communication program for the protection and
conservation of mangrove areas
• Proper awareness
• Involvement of the community
• include mangrove in municipal utilization
zoning
• reforestation/mangrove transplantation
 Mangrove species in this field guide are
sorted by genera. Closeup photographs
of distinctive features (leaves, flowers,
fruits, bark, roots) are provided for visual
comparison to facilitate identification of
species.

J. H. Primavera, Ph. D.
Photos from:
Primavera JH,Sadaba RS, Lebata MJHL,Altamirano JP. 2004. Handbook of Mangroves in the Philippines - Panay. SEAFDEC/AQDand UNESCO,unless specified otherwise.

Copyright © 2009 JHPrimavera and RDB Dianala

 PREFACE
Awareness of mangrove importance, particularly for coastal
protection, has grown among the general public over the past
several years. In turn, this has led to numerous planting
initiatives by various groups. However, most of these programs did
not yield positive results mainly due to lack of science- guided
protocols, particularly on what species to grow under certain
conditions.
This field guide is an attempt towards broader awareness and
appreciation of the common mangroves found in the
Philippines. It is based on the original material, “Field Guide to
Philippine Mangroves,” developed with support from the Pew
Fellows Program in Marine Conservation and SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, and published by
of London-Philippines.
Seeing the vitality of this field guide, Phili
Conservation Foundation, Inc. (PTFCF)
Philippines and Foundation for Communicat
repackaging this field guide for distrib
individuals keen on mangrove rehabilit
the “Community-based Mangrove Rehabilita
and posters, this hopes to increase pro
mangrove rehabilitation efforts, particularly
Typhoon Yolanda, the most destructive typh
modern history.
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Acanthus

Acanthus
FAMILY ACANTHACEAE

Local names: lagiwliw, ragoyroy

Acanth

Acanthus Acanthus Acanthus

us

ebracteatus ilicifolius volubilis

4
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Acrostichum
FAMILY PTERIDACEAE
Acrostichu

Tips of leaves blunt

Tips of leaves elongated
to pointed
m

Acrostichum
Acrostichum aureum speciosum
Local name: palaypay Local name: palaypay
5
 FAMILY MYRSINACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Aegiceras
Aegicer
as

Aegiceras corniculatum
Local names: saging-saging, tinduk-tindukan Fruits curved
6
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Aegiceras

Aegiceras floridum

FAMILY MYRSINACEAE
Local names: saging-saging, tinduk-tindukan
Aegicer
as

Fruits straight
7
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Avicennia
Avicenni
Avicennia alba
FAMILY AVICENNIACEAE

Local names: bungalon, apiapi, miapi

a

8
Avicenni FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Avicennia
FAMILY AVICENNIACEAE

Avicennia marina
Local names: bungalon, apiapi, miapi
9
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Avicennia

Avicennia officinalis
Avicenni
FAMILY AVICENNIACEAE

Local names: bungalon, apiapi, miapi

a

10
Avicenni FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Avicennia
FAMILY AVICENNIACEAE

Hairy, brownish leaf

undersurface, hairy fruit
a

Avicennia rumphiana
Local names: bungalon, apiapi, miapi

11
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Brownlowia
Brownlowia
FAMILY TILIACEAE

Brownlowia tersa
Local name: maragomon
12
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Bruguiera
FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE
Bruguie
ra

Bruguiera cylindrica
Local names: pototan, busain
13
 FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Bruguiera
Bruguie
ra

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Local names: pototan, busain
14
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Bruguiera
FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE
Bruguie
ra

Bruguiera parviflora
Local name: langarai
15
 FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Bruguiera
Bruguie
ra

Bruguiera sexangula
Local name: pototan
16
Camptostemon philippinensis FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Camptostemon philippinensis
FAMILY BOMBACACEAE

Camptostemon philippinensis
Local name: gapas-gapas
17
 FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Ceriops
Cerio
ps

Ceriops decandra
Local name: baras-baras
18
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Ceriops
FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE
Cerio
ps

Ceriops tagal
Local names: tungog, tangal
19
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Excoecaria agallocha

Male flowers
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE
Excoecaria

Leaves with milky sap

agallocha

Female flowers

Excoecaria agallocha
Local names: lipata, buta-buta Fruits
20
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Heritiera littoralis
FAMILY STERCULIACEAE
Heritiera
littoralis

Leaves with light

undersurface

Heritiera littoralis
Local name: dungon Photo by: M. J.H. Lebata

21
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Kandelia candel

Photo by:
FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE

Kandelia candel W. G. Licuanan

Found only in Baler and Casiguran Bay, Aurora
Kandelia

Photo by: W. G. Licuanan

candel

Photo by: N. Duke

22
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Lumnitzera

Lumnitzera littorea
FAMILY COMBRETACEAE
Lumnitze
Local names: tabao, culasi
ra

23
 FAMILY COMBRETACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Lumnitzera
Lumnitze
ra

Lumnitzera racemosa
Local names: tabao, culasi
24
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Nypa fruticans

Nypa fruticans
FAMILY ARECACEAE
Local names: nipa, sasa
fruticans
Nypa

25
 FAMILY MYRTACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Osbornia octodonta

octodonta
Osbornia

Osbornia octodonta
Local names: tawalis, bunot-bunot

26
Pemphis acidula FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Pemphis acidula
FAMILY LYTHRACEAE

Pemphis acidula
Local name: bantigi

27
 FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Rhizophora
Rhizopho
ra

Rhizophora apiculata
Local name: bakhaw lalaki
28
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Rhizophora
FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE
Rhizopho
ra

Rhizophora mucronata
Local name: bakhaw babae

29
 FAMILY RHIZOPHORACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Rhizophora
Rhizopho
ra

Rhizophora stylosa
Local name: bakhaw bato
30
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

FAMILY RUBIACEAE
hydrophyllacea
Scyphiphora

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Local name: nilad
31
 FAMILY SONNERATIACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Sonneratia
Sonnerat
ia

Sonneratia alba
Local name: pagatpat
32
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Sonneratia
FAMILY SONNERATIACEAE
Sonnerat
ia

Sonneratia caseolaris
Local name: pedada
33
 FAMILY SONNERATIACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Sonneratia
Sonnerat
ia

Sonneratia ovata
Local name: pedada

34
 FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Xylocarpus
FAMILY MELIACEAE
Xylocarp
us

Xylocarpus granatum
Local name: tabigi
35
 FAMILY MELIACEAE FIELD GUIDE TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES / Xylocarpus
Xylocarp
us

Xylocarpus moluccensis
Local name: piag-ao

36
 PTFCF’s FOREST AND COMMUNITY REHABILITATION PROGRAM

On November 8, 2013, Super Typhoon Yolanda (International name: Haiyan) hit the Philippines. It was the strongest and
most destructive typhoon the country has experienced in recent history. It destroyed infrastructure, human habitations
and livelihoods. Todate, government authorities continue to validate the total death toll.
Super Typhoon Yolanda also left various ecosystems, such as mangrove and beach forests damaged.
In response to calls for support towards ecosystems rehabilitation, the Philippine Tropical Forest Conservation
Foundation, Inc. (PTFCF) implemented its Forest and Community Rehabilitation Program. This program aspires to support
efforts in the Yolanda-affected provinces of Capiz, Iloilo, Leyte, Eastern Samar and Northern Palawan by providing grants
and technical assistance to people’s organizations (POs) and non-government organizations (NGOs) for ecosystems
assessment, capacity building, actual forest protection and rehabilitation activities, and advocacy campaigns, among
others.
It was observed from assessments and field visits after Yolanda that many organizations are taking part in mangrove
rehabilitation. The unfortunate truth however, is that some of these projects were against the natural growth and
survival of mangroves. This prompted the PTFCF to partner with Zoological Society of London (ZSL)-Philippines and
Foundation for Communication Initiatives, Inc. (FOCI) to implement a strategic communications project that aspires to
disseminate the right information to the right people through proper knowledge management. Part of the project is this
updated and enhanced Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves by J.H. Primavera, PhD.
This field guide is based on the original material, “Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves,” developed with support from the
Pew Fellows Program in Marine Conservation and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, and published by the Zoological
Society of London.
This field guide, together with Community-based Mangrove Rehabilitation Training Manual and posters will be
distributed in Capiz, Iloilo, Eastern Samar, Northern Palawan, and other Yolanda-affected areas.
The Philippine Tropical Forest Conservation Foundation, Inc. (PTFCF)
was established under two bilateral agreements between the
governments of the United States of America and the Republic of the
Philippines under the U.S. Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA).
PTFCF works towards biologically diverse Philippine forests that
are sustainably managed and equitably accessible to responsible
stakeholders by working with non-governmental organizations
and community groups in forest protection, natural resource
management, capacity building, research, livelihood support, coastal
forest resource management, as well as sustainable use of diverse
animals and plants.
From 2005 to 2014, PTFCF was able to support 383 projects, which
effectively improved the management of approximately 1.5 million
hectares of forest lands, restored approximately 4,200 hectares of
forests through the re-introduction of appropriate native tree species,
established over 40 community conserved areas in key biodiversity
areas and critical watersheds, instituted over 60 community-level
sustainable enterprises that provide additional income to community
members, and increased awareness of forest conservation issues
particularly the ecosystem services provided by the forests.
2/F Valderrama Building, 107 Esteban Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City 1223
Phone: +63 2 891-0595; email: admin@ptfcf.org; website: www.ptfcf.org
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL), a charity founded in 1826, is
a world-renowned centre of excellence for conservation science
and applied conservation. ZSL’s mission is to promote and achieve
the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. This is
realized by carrying out field conservation and research in over 50
countries across the globe and through education and awareness
at our two zoos, ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, inspiring
people to take conservation action. We strive to achieve our
mission by:
• Conducting world-leading conservation science
• Implementing effective field conservation projects globally
• Providing decision-makers with the best possible
conservation advice, and
• Building conservation capacity and inspiring people to
connect with the natural world.
The Country Manager, Zoological Society of London-Philippines
48 Burgos St. La Paz, 5000 Iloilo City
Phone: +63 33 330-0929
website: www.zsl.org