CHAPTER 1: BRIEF HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS

 In the ancient times, penal offenses can be traced back in Babylon in 1750 BC where
formalized codes as official guidelines for society was created, known as the Code of
Hammurabi.
 These concept where punishments or retaliation are written in ancient times can also be
found in the Ancient Sumerian Codes, Indian Manama Dharma Astra, the Hermes
Trismegistus of Egypt, and the Mosaic Code.
 During the early modern Europe, philosophers to include Plato began developing the
concept of using punishment to reform offenders instead of simply using it to exact
vengeance.
 Initially, poor people who were unable to pay punishments in early modern Europe was
held in prison indefinitely, for which, it became the reason for set time periods of
imprisonment to be applied.
 Romans used various structures to house prisoners including metal cages, basements of
public building and quarries.
 Around 640 B.C, the Mamertine Prison was established located within a sewer system
beneath ancient Rome, this contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners are
held in subhuman living condition.
 Prisoners were often kept in ergastula.
 Ergastula- a primitive form of prison where inmates were chained or forced to
performed hard labor.
 In the Middle Ages to 17th Century, turning offenders into galley slaves and chaining
them together to row naval on merchant vessels was another form of punishment.
 The right to imprison citizens, legitimized the existence of officials at all levels of
government, from city councils to sovereign kings.
 The Bridewell House of Corrections located in Bridewell Palace in London was a
significant milestone during this period in penal history when it led to the establishment
of other correctional facilities.
 Towards the later part of the 17 th century, these houses of correction were absorbed
into local prison systems managed by the local Justice of the Peace.
 In 18th century modern era, widespread resistance to public execution and torture in
Europe and United States was seen. Public objected to death penalty being imposed
even for petty crimes.
 Many jurors refused to convict defendants when they knew they would be sentenced to
death for committing minor offenses.
 Heads of States were hard-pressed for alternative ways of punishments that would not
picture them as heartless rulers. These rulers saw mass imprisonment, often coupled
with hard labor, as the more suitable form of sanction.
 Modern reformers believed that prisons could be turned into more humane institutions
where prisoners can be taught proper behavior and could still be productive when they
reunite with the rest of society after they have served their term in prison.
 Penal Colonies and Penal Ships were seen as an alternative to death penalty for many
offenses in the British Empire, this is the practice of transporting convicted criminals to
penal colonies to which they usually undertake hard labor.
 Penal colonies were also done in Americas between the 1610s and 1770s and in
Australia between 1788 and 1868.
 Devil’s Island – Lle du Diable, known as the toughest penal colony of all times. From
1852 until its shutdown in 1946, it has become anonymous with cruelty. Convicts were
sent here to do the hard work once done by African slaves. Inmates were crammed 80
bodies to one steel cage and had to fight for food and space.
 When the transporting of criminals was slowly stopped in England at the end of 18 th
century, old sailing vessels were used as places of temporary confinement.
 The first state prisons and correction facilities established in the early 1800s saw the
start of the modern prison system as we know it today.
 Early prison reform was championed by John Howard, a High Sheriff of Bedfordshire,
London. He published The State of Prisons in England and Wales in 1777.
 The said book contained very detailed accounts of the prisons he had visited where he
was particularly disturbed by discovering that some prisoners who had been acquitted
were still detained because they could not pay the jailer’s fees or the amount due those
who owned the prison houses.
 Howard then proposed several reforms through the Penitentiary Act, passed by the
British Parliament in 1779.
 The Penitentiary Act had four basic principle which is as follows:
1. Abolition of jailer’s fees.
2. Regular inspections of prisons
3. Provision of clean facilities
4. Emphasis on reforming inmates
 Howard’s reforms combined discipline and humanitarian philosophy. It also
incorporated religious teachings, as well as productive labor and daily routine.
 Quakers- a religious movement formed after the English Civil War in the mid-1600s
spearheaded prison reforms.
 Panopticon- a design that consisted of a circular structure with an “inspection house” at
the center, from which the manager or staff of the institution were able to watch the
inmates, who were stationed around the perimeter, designed by Jeremy Bentham.
 Panopticon has become the foundation of the modern prison system which was laid in
London. This principle of observation of observation and control became the basis for
the design of the modern prison.
 This thinking appealed to politicians and intellectuals who were hungry for reforms.
 By the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most
serious offenses except for murder.
 In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law in which all convicts, except those meted
the death sentence, would be forced to do public works projects such as building roads,
forts, and mines.
 Unfortunately, it only resulted to disorderly conduct of prisoners and directed sympathy
to the convicts from the citizens who saw that they are maltreated.
 As a solution, reformers such as Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signatory of the American
Declaration of Independence, proposed a compromise that would allow the practice of
force labor, but would not allow the public to witness the abuse inflicted on the
prisoners. The suggestion was to send the prisoners to secluded “houses of repentance”
where they would be subjected to the usual physical pain, hard labor, and solitude but
out of the public eye. As a concession, they will have cleaner facilities and simple food.
 The Auburn system of New York was developed in an attempt to implement a more
rehabilitative process. Prisoners were confined in separate cells and were not allowed to
talk when eating and working together.
 Almost all states adopted it and it became so famous that it attracted visitors to the U.S
to observe how it works.
 One of the visitors was French Historian Alexis de Tocqueville who wrote Democracy in
America.
 The Walnut Street Prison was a pioneering effort in prison reform. It was hailed as a
model of enlightened thinking about criminals. It was designed to provide a severe
environment that left inmates much time for reflection, but it was also designed to be
cleaner and safer than past prisons. It became the first state penitentiary in the US.
 Eastern State Penitentiary set the standard for penal reform, with its massive, castle-like
Gothic architecture designed by British architect John Haviland. It occupied 11 acres and
had a central heating system, running water and flush toilets. A number of big-name
criminals, including Al Capone, served time in there.
 Auburn System- is a penal method were prisoners are kept in solitary confinement at
night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at
Auburn Prison in Auburn N.Y, and was a modification of the Pennsylvania system of
solitary confinement.
 Some significant features of the system include the lockstep (marching in single file) ,
the striped suit, two-foot extensions of the walls between cells, and special seating
arrangements at meals—all designed to ensure strict silence.
 Elmira system- American penal system intended for young felons named after Elmira
Reformatory in New York. It focused on reforming the convict using psychological
methods rather than physical. It includes courses in ethics, religion, vocational training
in various trades and extracurricular activities, such as prison band and various athletic
leagues.
  Significant trends in the development of corrections:
1. Age of Reformation- Replaced corporal punishment, exile, and physical
disfigurement with the penitentiary.
2. Age of Rehabilitation- Assumed that criminal were handicapped persons
suffering from mental or emotional deficiency. Under this, individual therapy
aimed at healing these personal maladjustment became the preferred
system.
3. Age of Reintegration- Society becomes the patient as well as the offender.
Much more emphasis is placed on the pressure exerted on the offender by
the social groups to which he belongs and on the society which regulates his
opportunities.
CHAPTER 2: INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS:

 Institutional Correction is also referred to as penology or penal science.

 Penology is the division of criminology that focuses on the philosophy and practices of
society in its efforts to repress criminal activities. Its root word POENA, is Latin word that
means pain or suffering.
 Correction is defined as the community’s official reaction to a convicted offender,
whether adult or juvenile. It is that branch of the administration of criminal justice,
charged with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of a convicted offender. In the
Philippines, Correctional Institution is a responsibility of the Bureau of Corrections,
under the DOJ.
 Concept of Correction was originally to spare wrongdoers from the cruelty of corporal
and capital punishment.
 The basic purpose of corrections is to keep criminals away from society in which they
had committed offenses. It provides housing and programs for those who have been
convicted of crimes.
 Correction as a process is the re-orientation of the offenders to prevent them from
repeating their delinquent actions without necessarily taking harsh or physical punitive
action, but rather through introduction of individual measures for reformation.
 Basic Legal Doctrines that govern Corrections:
A. Pro Reo- whenever a penal law requires application and the legal system admits two
interpretations—one lenient, and the other strict offender—the one that is lenient
or favorable to the offender shall be applied.
B. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege—there is no crime when there is no law
punishing such crime.
Common Law- uncodified, meaning there is no comprehensive compilation of
legal rules and statutes, but largely based on precedent, meaning, judicial
decisions that have already been made in similar cases.
 Civil Law- codified, in civil law systems, there is a comprehensive, continuous
legal updates on law codes that specify matters capable of being brought before
a court, the applicable procedure, and the appropriate punishment for each
offense.
C. Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea- meaning the act cannot be criminal where
the minds is not criminal. This is true to a felony characterized by dolo (with malice
or deliberate intent), but not a felony resulting from culpa (without criminal intent).
This however is not absolute because it is not applied in culpable felonies or those
that result from negligence, imprudence or lack of foresight.
 Schools of thought on criminal law
o Classical or Juristic Philosophy
Criminal acts are the products of man’s free will, and the purpose of penalty is
retribution. Punishment can be a deterrent for crime, so long as it is
proportional, fits the crime, and is carried out promptly. Penalty is retribution.
o Positivist or Realistic Philosophy
Purpose of penalty is reformation. There is great respect for the human element
and no offender is regarded as a natural-born criminal. As a socially sick person,
he needs rehabilitation, not punishment.
o Eclectic or Mixed Philosophy
This combines both positivist and classical thinking. Crimes that are economic
and social by nature should be dealt with in a positivist manner, thus, the law
should be dealt with in a classical manner; thus, capital punishment is justified.
 Goals of Criminal Justice includes the following:
1. To protect individuals and society
2. To reduce crimes by bringing offenders to justice
3. To ensure the security of the people.
 Basic Components of the Criminal Justice System
1. Legislative- tasked with creating laws defining crimes, determining
sentences, and providing funding for criminal justice agencies.
2. Courts- Handle adjudication or trial processes. Trials are held before a judge
or jury, depending on the seriousness of the crime and other factors.
3. Corrections- Cover probation, parole, jail, prison, and a variety of new
community-based sanctions, such as electronic monitoring and house arrest.
Purposes of correctional agencies are to punish, rehabilitate, and to ensure
public safety.
 Criminal Justice System in the Philippines
o Law Enforcement/Police
Its function is to conduct investigation on the alleged crime committed by a
person; to arrest or detain violators of the penal law or an ordinance; to effect
the warrant issued by the court; and to assist the complainant to file a case.
 o Prosecution
Refers to the evaluation of the findings of the police submitted to their office.
The complaint filed by the victim is received, preliminary investigation is
conducted, and information gathered is filed and submitted to the court.
o Court
Conducts cross-examinations of the witness before the issuance of the warrant.
o Correction
Considered the weakest component of the criminal justice system. Its function is
to reform the convicted offender through the rehabilitation program inside
correction.
o Community
Helps and coordinates the program of the government specifically on the
maintenance of peace and order.

CHAPTER 3: PUNISHMENT

 Punishment is the infliction of some sort of a pain on the offender for violating a law. In
the legal sense, it refers to individual redress, or personal revenge. It is therefore
defined as the system of redress that the state takes against the offending member. It is
a form of disapproval for certain behaviors that involves imposing a penalty.
Punishment is also the infliction or imposition of a penalty as a form of retribution for an
offense.
 Early forms of punishments includes brutal measures using knives, axes, whip,
barnacles, collars, and cuffs.
 Primitive era forms of punishment includes the following:
- Death by hanging, immersing in boiling water, burning or feeding the offenders to
wild animals
- Corporal punishment ( mutilation, disfiguration, flogging, maiming)
- Public humiliation (shaving off of hair and branding)
- Banishment ( banning them from entering their homeland or transporting person to
barren territory)
 Iron Maiden – a box-like device with the front half hinged like a door so that a person
could be placed inside; when the door was shut, protruding spikes both black and front
pierced the body of the victim.
 The Rack- one of the most painful form of Medieval Torture, consists of large
rectangular wooden frame, with a roller at one or both ends. Victim was positioned on
the frame, results to excruciating pain.
  The Scavengers Daughter- A-frame-shaped metal rack to which the head was strapped
to the top point of the A.
 Purposes of Punishments includes the following:
1. Deterrence- discouragement
2. General Deterrence- to convince potential criminals that the punishment
they face will be certain, swift, and severe so that they will be afraid to
commit an offense.
3. Specific Deterrence- involves convincing offenders that the pains of
punishment are greater than the benefits of crime so they will not repeat
their criminal acts
4. Incapacitation- dangerous criminals are kept behind bars, they will not be
able to repeat their illegal activities
5. Retribution- Punishment would depend on the degree of satisfaction to the
aggrieved or offended party would obtain.
6. Restitution- Paying the victims for their loss, the justice system for the costs
of processing their case, and society for any disruption they may have.
7. Rehabilitation- Restoring someone’s health or normal life by training and
therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
8. Recognizance- a bond by which a person undertakes before a court to
observe some conditions, especially to appear when summoned.
9. Atonement or expiation- similar to retribution wherein the penalty is
commensurate with the gravity of the offense based on the norms observed
by members of the society.
10. Protection- regarded as a form of social defense because members of society
would gain protection by putting criminals behind bars.
11. Reformation- operates by attempting to reform and rehabilitate law
violators.
 Classification of penalties includes the following:
Capital Punishment- Death
Afflictive penalties- a. reclusion Perpetua; b.reclusion temporal; c.perpetual or
temporary absolute disqualification; d. perpetual or temporary special
disqualification; e. prison mayor
Correctional penalties- a. prison correctional; b. arresto mayor; c. suspension; d.
destierro
Light Penalties- a. arresto mayor; b. public censure
Penalties common to the 3 preceding classes- a. fine; b. bond to keep the peace
CHAPTER 4: ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT

 To alleviate the problem of overcrowding, more alternatives to incarceration must be

looked into.
  In UK and US, many non-custodial measures or alternative to imprisonment have been
widely used including the following:
1. Absolute and conditional discharge- given for the least serious offenses such as very
minor thefts.
2. Binding Over-holding a person for trial on bond or in jail.
3. Fines- or community service
4. Probation-offenders will be released but under condition to be followed set by the
court under supervision of officers for not less than a year but not nore than three
years.
5. Suspension of sentence of imprisonment- putting prison time on hold provided the
defendant complies with certain obligations.
6. Committal to the care of a fit person- for 17 and below where they will be
committed to the care of a relative until he turn 18.
7. Remission- release on license or parole, reduction of term of prison sentence
8. Community service
9. House arrest, home confinement or home detention.
10. Day reporting centers- required to maintain communication with center staff and
submit random drug and alcohol testing
11. Residential Community Corrections- used as an alternative to sending offender to jail
to determine if they are ready to return to the society.
 Penal Reform International (PRI) – an international, Non-governmental organization
working on penal and criminal justice reform worldwide, introduced a 10-point plan to
reduce prison overcrowding.
1. Informed Public Opinion
2. Improve access to, and coordination within, the criminal justice system
3. Invest in crime prevention and crime reduction
4. Divert minor cases from the criminal justice system
5. Reduce pre-trial detention
6. Develop constructive non-custodial sentences
7. Reduce sentence lengths and ensure consistent sentencing practice
8. Develop special arrangements for youth offenders that keep them out of prison
9. Treat rather than punish drug addicts and mentally disordered offenders
10. Ensure the system is fair to all
 Criminal liability maybe extinguished totally or partially.
 Total extinction of criminal liability means that the entire penalty is extinguished, and
there is no more criminal liability.
 Partial extinction of criminal liability is done by conditional pardon, commutation of
sentence and for good conduct allowances which the culprit may earn while undergoing
preventative imprisonment or serving his sentence.
CHAPTER 5: CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
 Correctional administration refers to the planning and managing of institutional
facilities and programs for housing and rehabilitating prisoners in the public and private
sectors.
 DOJ mentions the basic components of corrections as follows:
a. Safekeeping and rehabilitation of offenders- BuCor ensures that national
prisoners serve their sentence and are rehabilitated while in custody to
prepare them for reintegration.
b. Pardon, parole and probation- The Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) grants
parole to qualified offenders and recommends pardon/ Executive clemency.
c. Victim’s compensation – The government provides monetary compensation
for victim of violent crimes and unjust imprisonment through the Victims
Compensation Program implemented by the Board of Claim (BOC).
 Institutional Framework of the Philippine Correctional System includes three major
agencies such as the DOJ, DILG and DSWD.
 The DOJ supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of Corrections,
administers the parole and probation system through the Parole and Probation
Administration and assist the President in the grant of executive clemency through the
BPP.
 The DILG supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through the
provincial governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively.
 The DSWD supervises the regional rehabilitation centers for youth offenders through
the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.
 Different Models of Correctional Administration:
1. Responsibility Model – responsibility for assuring prescribed behavior lies on
the prisoners themselves and not on the system of administrative control.
2. Custodial Model- Discipline is strictly applied and most aspects of behavior
are regulated.
3. Control Model- puts emphasis on prisoner obedience, work, and education.
4. Rehabilitation Model- security and housekeeping activities are viewed as key
to rehabilitation efforts.
5. Reintegration Model- based on assumption that it is important for the
prisoners to maintain or develop ties with the free society; thus, emphasis is
on the resumption of normal life.
6. Total Institution Model- every minute spent inside the facility must be in
accordance with the rules enforced by the staff.
7. Penitentiary Model- applies two systems, namely, the separate and the
congregate. The separate system uses solitary confinement and manual
labor. The prisoners are separated from one another and from the outside
world. The congregate system allows prisoners to sleep in solitary cells and
work together, but must observe complete silence.
 8. Progressive Model- A more humanitarian model that combines reformatory
and scientific penitentiary as exemplified by the Elmira Reformatory in New
York.

CHAPTER 6: THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS

 The Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) is an agency of the Department of Justice that is

charged with the custody and rehabilitation of national offenders, who have been
sentenced to three years of imprisonment or more.
 BuCor is under the executive branch of the government and under the umbrella of the
Department of Justice headed by the Director of Prisons.
 It was formerly called the “Bureau of Prisons” from 1905 to 1989 and now has its
headquarters in the New Bilibid Prison Preservation in Muntinlupa City.
 The Bureau has a two-fold mission: (1) Maximizing the assets value of the BuCor to
effectively pursue its responsibility in safely securing and transforming national
prisoners through responsive rehabilitation programs managed by professional
correctional officers, and (2) mandating the principal task of rehabilitating national
prisoners.
 BuCor mandates under Section 4 of Republic Act No 10575, it shall be in charge of
safekeeping and instituting reformation programs to national inmates sentenced to
more than three years.
A. Safekeeping of National Inmates- includes decent provision of quarters, food,
water, and clothing in compliance with established UN standards.
B. Reformation of National Inmates- includes the following:
1. Moral and Spiritual Programs
2. Education and training Programs
3. Work and Livelihood Programs
4. Sports and Recreation Programs
5. Health and Welfare Programs
6. Behavior Modification Program, to include therapeutic communities
C. The Reformation Programs – shall be undertaken by professional reformation
personnel consisting of corrections technical officers with ranking system and
salary grades similar to correction officers.
 Corrections Technical Officer- personnel employed in the implementation of
reformation programs and those personnel whose nature of work requires proximate or
direct contact with inmates.
 Correctional Technical Officers include priests, evangelists, pastors, teachers,
instructors, professors, vocational placement officers, librarians, guidance counselors,
physicians, nurses, medical technologists, pharmacists, dentists, therapists,
psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, social workers, engineers, electricians,
 agriculturists, veterinarians, lawyers and similar professional skills relevant to the
implementation of inmate reformation programs.
 In carrying out its mandate, the Bureau does the following tasks:
 Confine persons convicted by the courts to serve a sentence in national prisons
 Keeps prisoners from committing crimes while in custody
 Provide humane treatment by supplying the inmates’ basic needs and
implementing variety of rehabilitation
 Engage in agro-industrial projects for the purpose of developing prison lands and
resources into productive bases or profit centers, developing and employing
inmate manpower skills and labor, providing prisoners with a source of income
and augmenting the Bureau’s yearly appropriations.
 Old Bilibid Prison was located on Oroquieta Street, Manila established in 1847 by
a royal decree formally opened in April 10, 1866.
 San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm was established on August 21, 1870 in
Zamboanga City for Muslim and political prisoners opposed to the rule of Spain.
 Iuhit Penal Settlement now known as Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm was
established in 1904 by Americans in 28, 072 hectares land, was later on
expanded to 40,000 hectares in late 1950s and expanded again to 41,007
hectares by virtue of EO No.67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October
15, 1912.
 Correctional Institution for Women was founded on November 27, 1929 by
virtue of Act No. 3579 as the first and only prison for women in the Philippines.
 Davao Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao opened on January 21, 1932.
 New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa was established in 1935.
 Sablayan Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro was established on September 26,
1954.
 Leyte Regional Prison was established on January 16, 1973.
 Commonwealth Act No. 67 lead to the new prison built in Muntinlupa on a 551
hectares of land.
 Manila City Jail houses over 3,700 inmates known today as the most congested
jail facilities in the country.
 Seven Prison Facilities in the Country are as follow:
1. New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City
2. Correctional Institute for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City
3. Iwahig Penal Colony in Sta. Lucia, Palawan
4. Davao Penal Colony in Davao
5. Sablayan Penal Colony in Occidental Mindoro
6. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga Del Norte
7. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte
 Prisons and penal farms were formerly called penal colonies.
 All 7 prisons and penal farms have medium, minimum, and maximum security facilities,
however only Bilibid Prison and CIW confine death convicts.
 New Bilibid Prison in Manila is the main insular penitentiary designed to house the
prison population of the Philippines.
 It is maintained by BuCor under DOJ.
 It has an initial 551 hectares of land.
 104 hectares of the facility was transferred to a housing project of the DOJ.
 BuCor has its headquarters in the NBP Reservation.
 Prisoners has recreational facilities, educational facilities, and physical security.
 Degrees of Custody Prisoners includes the following:
1. Super Security- intended for a special group of prisoners composed of incorrigibles
and dangerous persons who are difficult to manage for being the source of constant
disturbance in the maximum security institutions.
2. Maximum Security- for habitual troublemakers who may not be as dangerous as the
super security prisoners. They wear orange uniform.
3. Medium Security- prisoners who may be allowed to work outside the institution
under guard escorts. They wear blue uniform.
4. Minimum Security- for prisoners who can already be trusted to report for work
places of work assignment without the presence of guards. They wear brown
uniforms.
5. Detention- for individuals held in custody, prior formal charges. They wear gray
uniforms.
 The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013 or RA 10575 signed by Ninoy Aquino III seeks to
modernize, professionalize and restructure BuCor by upgrading its facilities, increase
personnel and other benefits.
CHAPTER 7: BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP)

 BJMP was created to address the growing concern for jail management and penology
problems.
 It consists of 4 major areas of rehabilitation to include: (1) livelihood projects (2)
educational and vocational training (3) recreation and sports, and (4) religious/spiritual
activities.
 BJMP traces its roots from the defunct Constabulary Jail Bureau.
 Administrative Organization of the BJMP is as follows:
 Regional Office- Headed by Regional Director
 Provincial Office- Headed by Jail Provincial Administrator
 District Jail- Headed by District Jail Warden
 City Jail- Headed by City Jail Warden
 Municipal Jail- Headed by Municipal Jail Warden
 Types of Jail
  Type A – has population of 100 or more
 Type B – 21-99 offenders
 Type C – 20 or less offenders
 Basic Objective of Jails
 Safekeeping and Welfare of Inmates
 Protection of Society by prevention of escapes
 Safety of Jail Personnel
 Safety of the visitors
 Key Control in Jail- maintain a system of key control to include accurate listings of all
keys.
 Procedures in cell search is systematic and orderly.
 Prisoners should not move during the count as precaution.
 Primary Jail Management includes (1) Inmate Behavior, and (2) Inmate Grievances.
 Disciplinary actions to inmates who committed minor offense, less grave offenses and
grave offenses shall be meted.
 Disciplinary actions includes the following:
1. Reprimand
2. Temporary or permanent cancellation of some or all recreational privileges
3. Cancellation of visiting privileges
4. Extra-fatigue duty
5. Close confinement in cell which shall not exceed in 7 days
6. Forfeiture of good conduct time allowance (GCTA)
 STAL- Special Time Allowance for Loyalty
 Inmates shall be automatically screened and evaluated for Good Conduct Time
Allowance (GCTA) and/or Time Allowance for Study Teaching and Mentoring (TASTM).
CHAPTER 8: GLOBAL TRENDS IN CORRECTIONS

 3 major factors have affected corrections worldwide.

1. Unprecedented growth of inmates population
2. Shift in penal philosophy
3. Economy and cost-control
 Fines and community service as alternatives to incarceration are used much more
frequently in selected European countries than in the US.
 Use of electronic monitoring is also increasing across Europe and South America.
 Other developments identified also includes (1) Behavioral treatment programming in
community corrections systems across Europe, and (2) increased use of desistance-
focused community supervision strategies which focuses on process through which
offenders change their lives around , along with the relationships needed to sustain the
changes.
 Another emerging global trend is the privatization of prisons and community corrections
as seen in the UK and Australia.
 While trends and challenges in criminal justice can vary widely between countries, a
number of broad themes may be identified that are worthy of consideration.
 Adopt policies, develop prisons and conduct more research on the effectiveness of
various penal approaches and the exchange of good practice between countries.