intellectual property for the creator or

publisher of the work.

 Based on PD no.78, s. 1972, Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) was established under the
Department of National Defense to
provide environmental protection and
to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure
Ferdinand marcos 1965 – 1986 the safety of the people.
 In 1973, Philippine National Oil
 In the amended 1973 Philippine
Company was created to promote
Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1),
industrial and economic development
he declared that the "advancement of
through effective and efficient use of
science and technology shall have
energy sources (PD no.334, s. 1973).
priority in the national development.”
 In 1976, National Academy of Science
 In 1967, the Department of Education
and Technology (NAST) was established.
was directed to revitalize science
This composed of scientists as a
courses in public high schools.
reservoir of scientific and technological
 In 1968, additional funds were
expertise for the country.
channeled to support projects in
 In 1978, creation of a Task Force on the
applied sciences and science education.
formulation of a national action
 In 1969, a big part of the war damage
program to assess S&T policies and
fund was given to private universities to
programs (EO no. 512, s. 1978).
encourage them to create courses in
 In 1979, invested funds and time in
science and technology and research.
organizations for scientific research,
 In 1970, upgrade of the science
such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council
curricula and teaching equipment.
for Agricultural Research and
 In 1970, establishment of research and
Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute,
development schools, technical
the International Rice Research
institutes, science education centers,
Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry,
and agricultural colleges and vocational
and the Bureau of Forest Products.
high schools
 instituted the Health Sciences Center of
 Philippine Coconut Research Institute
UP system
(PCRI) under NSDB - to modernize the
 Philippine Heart Center (1975)
coconut industry
 Philippine Children's Medical Center
 Philippine Textile Research Institute
(1979)
(PTRI) under NSDB
 Lung Center of the Philippines (1981)
 In 1972, establishment of research and
 National Kidney and Transplant
development schools, technical
Institute (1983)
institutes, science education centers,
and agricultural colleges and vocational Marcos regime completed 20 power plants
high schools
- Agus 2 Hydro Electric Power Plant,
 In 1972, PD Decree No., s. 1972 creation
completed in 1979;
of the National Grains Authority (NGA)
- Agus 4 Hydro Electric Power Plant,
to provide for the development of the
completed in 1985;
rice and corn industry to fully harness it
- Agus 5 Hydro Electric Power Plant,
for the economy of the country.
completed in 1985;
 In 1972, Philippine Council for
- Agus 6 Hydro Electric Power plant,
Agricultural Research (PCAR) under
recommissioned in 1977;
Dept. of Agriculture and Natural
- Agus 7 Hydro Electric Power Plant,
Resources was establishment to
completed in 1982;
support the progressive development of
- Angat Hydro Electric Power Plant,
agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for
completed in 1967;
the nation.
- Bataan Nuclear Power Plant,
 PD no.9, s. 1972 provided support for
completed in 1983;
the promotion of scientific research and
- Calaca Coal Power Plant, completed in
invention., and protection of
1984;
 - Cebu Thermal Power Plant, completed
in 1981;
- Kalayaan Hydro Electric Power Plant,
completed 1982;
- Leyte Geothermal Power Plant,
completed 1977;
- Magat A Hydro Electric Power Plant,
completed in 1984;
- Magat B Hydro Electric Power Plant,
completed in 1984;
- Main Magat Hydro Electric Power
Plant, completed in 1983;
- Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power
Plant, completed in 1979;
- Masiway Hydro Electric Power Plant,
completed in 1980;
- Palinpinon 1 Southern Negros
Geothermal production Field completed
in 1983;
- Pantabangan Hydro Electric Power
Plant, completed in 1977;
- Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant,
completed in 1980; and
- Pulangi Hydro Electric Power Plant,
completed in 1985.
 In 1980, National Committee on
Geological Sciences (NCGS) was created
to advise government and private
entities on matters concerning
development in geological sciences and
search for more energy and mineral
resources (EO no.625, s. 1980).
 1982, reorganization of the National
Science Development Board (NSDB) and
its agencies into a National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA) to provide
direction and coordination of scientific
and technological research and
development.
 In 1972, granting of salary increases to
teachers in the Philippine Science High
School due to their necessity in the
advancement of national science (EO
no.810,1s. 1982)
 In 1986, Mindanao and Visayas
campuses of the Philippine Science High
School was establish to encourage
careers in science and technology and
to be more accessible to the talented
students in the said area.
Corazon Aquino (1986 -1992)
 The National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and Technology,
giving S&T a representation in the
cabinet.
 In 1987, Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) became Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI).
 Advanced Science and Technology
Institute (ASTI) was established (EO
no.128, s. 1987) which focuses on the
field of research and development,
information and communication
technology and microelectronics
 Under the Medium Term of Philippine
Development Plan (PDP) for the years
1987-1992, S&T’s role in economic
recovery and sustained economic
growth was highlighted.
 In the 1990 SONA, Aquino announced
that S&T development shall be one of
the top three priorities of the
government towards an economic
recovery.
 In 1988, Aquino created the Presidential
Task Force for Science and Technology
which came up with the first Science
and Technology Master Plan (STMP).
The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year
2000. But, the Congress did not put
much priority in handling bills related to
science and technology
 Aquino encouraged scientists and
inventors to bring the Philippines to its
former position as second to Japan in
the field of S&T
 Aquino encouraged the private research
sector to form a stronger bond with
public research to help jump-start the
progress in the area of Philippine
Research and Development.
 But, due reorganization of Philippine
bureaucracy (EO no.128), RA no.3850 or
the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act
(1964) ” and Philippine Inventors
Commission was abolished.
 On April 28 1992, President Corazon C.
Aquino signed RA No. 7459, titled “An
Act Providing Incentives to Filipino
Inventors and Expanding the Functions
of the Technology Application and
Promotion Institute, Appropriating
Funds Therefor, and for Other
Purposes”. The law also known as the
“Inventors and Invention Incentives Act
of the Philippines, “codified the
country’s recognition of the important
contribution of the Filipino inventors
and the technologies they developed.
RA 7459 was crafted to give priority to
invention and its utilization and to
provide incentives to investors and
 protect their exclusive right to their
invention. Among the incentives
stipulated in the law include cash
rewards, tax incentives and exemptions,
invention development assistance fund,
and invention guarantee fund.
 RA 6655 or Free Public Secondary
Education Act of 1988, Science for the
Masses Program which aimed to give
free education up to secondary level
and scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos.
 Funding for the S&T sector was tripled
 The Science and Technology Master
Plan was formulated which aimed at the
modernization of the production sector,
upgrading research activities, and
development of infrastructure for
science and technological purposes.
 A Research and Development Plan was
also formulated to examine and
determine which areas of research
needed attention and must given
priority.
Fidel V. Ramos (1993 -1998)
 significant increase in personnel
specializing in the S&T field.
 3,500 scholarships were given to
students taking up S&T-related courses
- Science and Technology Scholarship
Law of 1994 (RA 7687– S&T
SCHOLARSHIP ACT S&T SCHOLARSHIP
ACT)
 Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (RA 8439) → also
known as the “Magna Carta for
Scientists, Engineers, Researchers, and
other S&T Personnel in the
Government.” The bill aims to empower
Filipino scientists, expand the country's
pool of S&T experts, and motivate them
to continue working for the government
 Health care services were promoted
through local programs - "Doctors to
the Barrio Program.
 modernization and update of science
classrooms.
 Science and Technology Agenda for
National Development (STAND)
 The Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines (RA 8290)
 Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the
Department of Energy) → An Act
Creating the Department of Energy,
Rationalizing the Organization and
Functions of Government Agencies
Related to Energy, and for Other
Purposes
 Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis
Act of 1993) → granted emergency
powers to then President Ramos to
respond to the alarming shortage of the
supply of electricity during that period.
This act prescribes the measures that
are necessary and proper to effectively
address the electric power crisis in our
country.
 Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA)
→ was established through the
enactment of RA No. 7796 otherwise
known as the "Technical Education and
Skills Development Act of 1994",
→ aims to encourage the full
participation of and mobilize the
industry, labor, local government units
and technical-vocational institutions in
the skills development of the country's
human resources.
→ The merging of the National
Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC)
of the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE). The Bureau of
Technical and Vocational Education
(BTVE) of the Department of Education,
Culture and Sports (DECS), and The
Apprenticeship Program of the Bureau
of Local Employment (BLE) of the DOLE
gave birth to TESDA.
 In April 1993, FVR signed Proclamation
169 declaring the third week of July as
National Science and Technology Week.
 National Inventors Week
 National Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and Technology
Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA
no. 8749) → to protect and
preserve the environment and
ensure the sustainable
development of the country’s
natural resources
 Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
(RA no. 8792) → which outlaws
computer hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses
emerging from the Internet-driven
New Economy
 launch of a full-scale program based
on cost- effective irrigation
technologies
 Basic health care, basic nutrition,
and useful education
  Speed up the program for
establishing one science high school
in every province
 pushed for the advancement of
industries and schools into the
Internet age
Gloria Macapagal-arroyo (2001-2010)
 dubbed as the "golden age" of science
and technology
 Numerous laws and projects concerning
the environment and science helped
push STI
 strengthening the schools and
Ridrigo Duterte (2016-2022)
education system to focus more in
science, technology and mathematics
 strengthening the schools and
education system to focus more in
science, technology and mathematics
 passage of the Biofuels Act (RA 9367)
 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA
no. 9275) → aims to protect the
country's water bodies from pollution
from land-based sources (industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture
and community/household activities).
 The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
(Republic Act No. 9275) aims to protect
the country's water bodies from
pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial
establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities)
 DOST scholarships for graduate
students ❑ ASTHRD - Accelerated
Science and Technology Human
Resource Development Program
(ASTHRDP) ❑ ERDT
Benigno Aquino (2011 – 2016)
 creating the Department of Information
and Communications Technology (DICT)
→ RA no. 10844 or "An Act Creating the
Department of Information and
Communications Technology “
→ Provide every Filipino access to vital
ICT infostructure and services. Ensure
sustainable growth of Philippine ICT
enabled industries resulting to creation
of more jobs. Establish a One Digitized
Government, One Nation.
 Project NOAH (nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazards) → An accurate,
integrated and responsive disaster
prevention and mitigation system.
 launched the First Filipino
microsatellite, Diwata-1. → provide a
high resolution images of the country
that will be used for monitoring
surfaces and atmospheric
 Automated Guideway Transit (Hybrid
Electric Train) for Philippine National
Railways (PNR)
 Implementation of K-12 Program
 Kindergarten Education Act (RA 10157)
→ compulsory and mandatory formal
education prior to Grade 1.
 RA 10533 -Emphasizing teaching in the
mother tongue
 Number of workers certified for
Technical-Vocation Training increased
 launched of Diwata-2, an improved
version of Diwata 1
 Philippine Space Act (RA 11363) which
establishment of both the Philippine
Space Agency (PhilSA) and the
Philippine Space Development and
Utilization Policy.
 implementation of RA 10931 or the
“Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act” or “Free Tuition Fee Law
 Balik Scientist Law (RA No.11035)
→ With the passage of RA no. 11035, all
Balik Scientists under the short-,
medium-, or long-term engagements
shall be eligible for the general benefits,
incentives, and privileges given to
participants, e.g., round-trip airfare
from foreign country of origin, tax-free
daily allowance, and participation in
grants-inaid research and development
projects of the DOST.
→ Under the long-term program, Balik
Scientists and their spouses can enjoy
multiple entry immigration clearance;
duty-free importation of personal
effects, equipment, and vehicles; and
exemption from securing alien
employment permits.
 Transnational Higher Education Act (RA
No.11448) → encourage, promote, and
accelerate the establishment of
transnational higher education
programs, the internationalization of
higher education in the country, and
the development of the transnational
higher education sector.
 Virology and Vaccine Institute of the
Philippines (VIP) → make the
Philippines become globally-
competitive in the field of Science and
Technology, particularly in virology,
when it comes to detecting, identifying
and responding to viruses that affect
our people and our resources
 

- A scientist from Philippines who co-

discovered the erythromycin in 1949
- Erythromycin is an effective antibiotic
against various respiratory tract,

intestinal infections, and sexually
transmitted diseases.

Gregorio Zara

- Was a filipino scientist best known as

the inventor of the videophone. All told,

he patented 30 devices. His other
inventions ranged from an alcohol-
powered airplane engine to a solar
powered water heater and stove
- The video phone is the first two-way
electronic video communicator in 1955

Diosdado Banatao

Filipino scientist and inventor

Fe Del mundo
- Is an engineer, inventor, entrepreneur,
aviator, and philanthropist from iguig,
Cagayan valley
- Invented the world’s first 16-bit chip in
1972 which he invented while working
at commodore. This led to the
- has pioneering work in pediatrics, she development of GUI, which is the one
had an active medical practice in the that makes the graphics.
Philippines that spanned in eight
decades and founded a major children Angel Alcala
hospital in that country
- Incubator - The bamboo medical
incubator invented in 1945. Del
mundo’s study and devotion in
pediatrics allowed her to invent a
machine that will saved childrens.

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar - Was born on the first of march in 1929.

In 1948 alcala began an undergraduate
degree in biological studies at the
private Silliman university, in
 Dumaguete in the adjoining negros
oriental province
- He is behind the invention of artificial
coral reefs used for fisheries in
southeast asia. In 1977, acala set up the
first artificial reef in the Philippines in
Dumaguete in 1977 when he worked
for the Philippine government as
secretary of environmental of national
resources
Marc loinaz
- A filipino resident of new jersey who
works with lucent technologies. He was
featured in the July 1999 issue of
discover magazine
- The one-chip video camera, that was
invented by loinaz is based on the same
ubiquitous silicon chip found in
microprocessors and memory devices
Dr Jose Rodriguez
- Renowned filipino leprologist and
researcher. Devoted 53 years to the
control of leprosy in the country. Dr.
rodriguez was recipient to many honors
and awards including the 1974 damien
Dutton award
- Dr. Rodriguez had written many
scientific articles on leprosy which have
been published in various journals all
over the world and considered classic in
leprosy research
Benjamin Almeda
- Known for inventing and devising
various food processing machines such
as the rice grinder, coconut grater, and
the meat grinder, earning him the title
of the father of filipino inventor. He is
also known as one of the greatest
filipino inventors because of his
important inventions
- He invented the coconut grater which is
used to grate coconut meat, to produce
niyog. He also invented the meat
grinder, which is used to grind meat to
produce finely minced meat which is
also used in variety of dishes. He also
invented the rice grinder, which is a
machine that grinds grains of rice into
fine powder, also used in many filipino
delicacies
Dr. Juan Salcedo
- Contributed immeasurably to the areas
of biochemistry, nutrition, and
physiology as a scientist. He has
published 265 works and studies in the
Philippine and foreign science journal
- Developed enriched rice, a rice variety
fortified with vitamin B1 that helps
prevent beriberi. This discovery help
reduced the cases of beriberi in the
Philippines and in other countries.
Aisa Mijeno
- Is a professor of engineering at De La
Salle University – lipa in the Philippines
- Mijeno co-founded sustainable
alternative lighting (Salt) lamp along
with his brother. This lamp is a social
lamp that runs on just table salt and
water.
Rolando Dela Cruz
- Is a multi-awarded filipino scientist and
inventor who developed an ingenuous
 formula that could easily remove deeply
grown moles or warts from the skin
without leaving marks or hurting the
patients
- Dela Cruz invented DeBCC, a cream that
can cure basal cell carcimona (BCC), a
common type of skin cancer.
Dr Felix D. Maramba, Sr.
- Is recognized for his important
contributions in the field of a filipino
scientist who developed and utilized
biogas
- Maramba created a coconut oil-fueled
power generator and developed one of
the worlds most profitable biogas
system
Paulo Campos
- Was a filipino physician and educator
dubbed as “the father of nuclear
medicine in the Philippines”. The first
president of the national academy of
science and technology, he was
conferred the rank and title of national
scientist of the Philippines in 1988
- Campos was also known for establishing
the first and best-known radioisotope
laboratory in the country, the first
research laboratory in UP’s Department
of Medicine, and the Thyroid Clinic of
the UP-Philippine General Hospital
(PGH) Medical Center
AGAPITO FLORES - false
- Invention: Fluorescent Lamp A the 1980’s called his sing along system
fluorescent or fluorescent tube, is a
low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-
discharge lamp that uses fluorescence
to produce visible light. An electric
current in the gas excites mercury
vapor, which produces short-wave
ultraviolet light that then causes a
phosphor coating on the inside of the
lamp to glow.
DANIEL DINGEL - false
- Invention: Water Car Daniel started
working on a waterpowered car and
prototype in 1969. His hydrogen reactor
uses electricity from a 12-volt car
battery to transform ordinary tap water
with salt into deuterium oxide or heavy
water.
- Daniel dingel is an engineer who used
to work for NASA
- He claims to have invented a hydrogen
reactor. Which is a device which he
claims to have used to power a water-
fueled car. He developed a car that uses
plain tap water and/or sea water for
fuel. The technology utilizes a mini-
reactor in the car that splits the water
molecule into hydrogen and oxygen,
with hydrogen being burned off as fuel.
The emission released out of the
exhaust is clean pure water vapor or
water-absolutely no pollution, in fact, it
clean the air. He now has 6 cars running
on water, the first car drove out in
1969, over 30 years ago.
EDUARDO SAN JUAN – false
- invention: Lunar Rover/Moon Buggy
Filipinos consider Eduardo as the
inventor of the lunar rover, or more
popularly known as the moon buggy.
The moon buggy was the car used by
Neil Armstrong and other Astronauts
when they first explored the moon in
1969.
ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO
- Invention: Karaoke He developed a sing
along system in 1975 and patented it in
“minus one”, now holds the patent for
the device now commonly known as the
“karaoke machine”
NARCISO MOSUELA
- Invention: Superkalan Superkalan is a
stove that can be powered by any
substance that burns.
ALFREDO M. ANOS
 - Invention: 3 In 1 Firetruck This truck is
special since it serves as a fire truck, a
rescue vehicle, and an ambulance
DR. VIRGILIO MALANG
- Invention: FEMININE HYGIENE is a
general term used to describe personal
care products used by women during
menstruation, vaginal discharge, and
other bodily functions related to the
vulva.
FRANCISCO QUISUMBING
- Invention: QUINK INK an innovative ink
at that time and was further developed
to work with Parker Pens. Aside from
being quick drying, it was also water-
resistant, did not clog the pen opening,
does not blot and will not fade.
PEDRO FLORES – false
- Invention: YOYO A yo-yo is a toy
consisting of an axle connected to two
disks, and a string looped around the
axle. It has some similarities to a
slender spool
DR. RODOLFO AQUINO
- Invetion: Isolated Rice Breeds Dr.
Rodolfo Aquino isolated nine specific
breeds of rice for the International Rice
Research Institute. His discoveries
helped prevent famine in much of Asia,
and were nearly solely responsible for
Thailand and Vietnam becoming the
world’s leading rice producers.
DR. ENRIQUE OSTREA
- Invention: Drug Detection Dr. Enrique
Ostrea developed the method for
detecting drug use by pregnant females
by detecting traces in the baby’s stools.
His method is used by doctors
worldwide in diagnosing drug
dependency in infants.
LEONARDO SALVADOR SARAO, SR -false
- Invention: Jeepney are buses and the
most popular means of public
transportation ubiquitous in the
Philippines. They are known for their
crowded seating and kitsch decorations,
which have become a wide spread
symbol of Philippine culture and art.
RUPERTA DAVID/ALING TENTAY
- invetion: Patis A fish sauce, a byproduct
of making bagoong, used as an
ingredient or condiment in the
Philippines
RUDY LANTANO SR
- Invention: Fuel Products a revolutionary
fuel half-composed of water. The mix
burns faster and emits pollutants, 95
percent less than those released to the
air by traditional fuel products. The
inventor said his invention is a result of
blending new ingredients and additives
with ordinary oil products through
agitation and mixing, which is a very
safe process.
EDGARDO VAZQUEZ
- Invention: Modular Housing System Are
prefabricated buildings or houses that
consist of repeated sections called
modules. "Modular" is a construction
method that involves constructing
sections away from the building site,
then delivering them to the intended
site. Installation of the prefabricated
sections is completed on site.
Prefabricated sections are sometimes
placed using a crane. The modules can
be placed side-by-side, endto-end, or
stacked, allowing a variety of
configurations and styles. After
placement the modules are joined
together using inter-module
connections, also known as inter-
connections
ATOY LLAVE
- Invention: Trike Boat On land it can run
up to 80 kmh. Inventor Atoy Llave told
media that the vehicle has a patent
pending compartmentalized hull which
allows the trike to float like a boat.
RAMON BARBA
- Invention: Flowering in Mango His
techniques proved effective, with 400
trees aged 10–12 years old flowering
within one week to one month of first
being sprayed with potassium
nitrate.His study, titled Induction of
Flowering of the Mango by Chemical
Spray was named best paper by the
Crop Science Society of the Philippines
(CSSP) in 1974.
EULOGIO TIBAY

- Invention: Energized Artificial Leg a
person without a leg can stand, walk,
sit, or kneel with just a push of a lever.
A draw strap connected to the waist
and arms enables the person to walk.
When the person walks, he or she
swings the arms. Strings are attached to
the hands, so when the arms swing
back and forth, the motion creates
tension, which moves the legs forward
and so on.
PAULO C. CAMPOS
- Invetion: Radioisotopes A version of a
chemical element that has an unstable
nucleus and emits radiation during its
decay to a stable form. Radioisotopes
have important uses in medical
diagnosis, treatment, and research
RODOLFO BIESCAS
- Invention: Multi Cooler Fan The cooling
device consumes the same power as a
regular electric fan but produces cooler
air.
GLEN CASTILLO
- Invention: Vaporizer Machine A
vaporizer is a device that produces
steam or that converts liquid medicine
into vapor so that it can be inhaled.
FELIX MARAMBA
- Invention: Coconut oil-fueled power
generator Coconut oil is a widely used
liquid biofuel that is clean, relatively
cheap, easy to extract, non-toxic and
aromatic. It can also be used for
cooking, in spreads, in health food
products and cosmetics, and as a
medication vector. The leftover coconut
meal can be used to make flour,
biscuits, chicken pellets and fish food
while the husks and shells with their
high heating value are an efficient dry
fuel, making the common coconut one
of the most useful nuts around.
RODOLFO BIESCAS.
- Invention: Iron Mate is a device which
automatically shuts off the electrical
flow towards the flat iron when the iron
is rested or not in use without losing the
heat energy. It can save up to 50-53% of
energy consumption and electricity
cost. It is portable and made of fiber
plastic crystals, with the stainless steel
plate and a heat indicator at the rear
side.
DANVIC BRIONES
- Invention: Rescue 72 The R72 PRD Vest
is a personal rescue device that
combines protection (has a flotation
feature in case of typhoons and flash
floods) and organization of the basic
necessities (like food, clothing and
shelter) that can be used in the event of
disasters, natural or manmade. We
called it R72 PRD Vest because the
contents should be good for 72 hours or
3 days because ideally, it takes 3 days
for rescuers to help after a disaster
strikes
JAYME NAVARRO OF BACOLOD
- Invention: Plastic-to-Diesel Converter a
surprising way to convert plastic bags
into fuel. It starts by melting the plastics
and then taking out the polymers to mix
with a catalyst. Pyrolysis will occur soon
after to produce hydrocarbon gases.
After several processes of purification,
the final output will then be
compressed and stored.
JUNIOR DE JESUS
- Invention:Highmax Turbo Power
Simulator A power booster that allows a
car to run faster without adding more
fuel. It “converts atmospheric air into
ozone and hydrogen/nitrous oxide
 before it enters the engine to enhance
fuel burning efficiency.” The result: less
fuel consumption.
MARIA YLAGAN OROSA
- Invention: Banana Catsup a popular
Philippine fruit ketchup condiment
made from mashed banana, sugar,
vinegar, and spices. Its natural color is
brownishyellow, but it is often dyed red
to resemble tomato ketchup. Banana
ketchup was first produced in the
Philippines during World War II, due to
a lack of tomatoes and a comparatively
high production of bananas.
ROBERTO CELIS
- Invention: Hydrogasifier It took 74-year
old Roberto Celis 14 years to develop,
but it was worth it. Using water as
supplemental fuel, his invention, the
“Hydrogasifier,” can be used for any
type of internal combustion engine that
utilizes diesel, gasoline, hybrid, natural
gas, and even bio-fuels.
MAGDALENA VILLARUZ
- Invention: Turtle Power Tiller a set of
blades (called tines) that are mounted
within a wheeled housing and are
powered by either a gasoline engine or
an electric motor.
LEONARDO MEIJA
- Invention: Challenge 21 is an
educational strategy board game for
enhancing mental skills through the
formation of natured-inspired shapes
and patterns with mathematical logic.
JUSTINO ARBOLEDA
- Invention: Interlocking Block/Ecoblock
Eco-friendly construction blocks made
from plastic waste.
ANGELO CASIMIRO
- Invention:Energy-generating shoes A
smart shoe insole that produces enough
electricity when you walk to charge
small USB devices. The gizmo consists of
piezoelectric materials, which, as
Angela explains, can generate an
alternating current voltage when
actuated.
RODOLFO BIESCAS
- Invention: Brickscoal A compressed
block of coal dust or other combustible
biomass material used for fuel and
kindling to start a fire. The term derives
from the French word brique, meaning
brick.
BALISONG
- is a folding pocketknife. Its distinct
features are two handles
counterrotating around the tang such
that, when closed, the blade is
concealed within grooves in the
handles. A balisong typically has the
latch on the handle facing the cutting
edge, and is commonly called the bite
handle.
DR. JOSE RIZAL
- Invention: Sulpakan A cigarette lighter
that used a compressed air mechanism
The State of Science, Technology and
Innovation (STI) in the Philippines
- The State of Science, Technology and
Innovation (STI) in the Philippines
- a key driver of the long-term growth of
an economy.
- Technology adoption allows the
country’s firms and people to benefit
from innovations created in other
countries, and allows it to keep up and
even leap frog obsolete technologies.
This can lead to significant
improvements in the productivity of
firms in agriculture, industry, and
services.
- can lead to the creation of new public
goods and services (or new methods of
delivering public goods and services)
that will help address the needs of
society, especially of the disadvantaged,
including in the areas of health,
education, energy, disaster resiliency,
and climate change adaptation.
Assessment and Challenges
- There is a low level of innovation in the
country brought about by:
1. weaknesses in STI human capital,
2. low research and development
(R&D) expenditures, and
3. weak linkages in the STI ecosystem.
-
- -
- Filipino students lagged behind other
countries in the international
assessment for mathematics and
science for grade 4, the Trends in
International Mathematics and Science
Study 2019 (TIMSS). The Philippines
only scored 297 in mathematics and
249 in science, which are "significantly
lower" than any other participating
country. The country also scored the
lowest among all 58 participating
countries for both tests.
- In the Global Innovation Index (GII)
Report of 2018, the Philippines ranked
73rd among 126 economies in
innovation, garnering a score of 31.56
out of 100.
- GII is an annual ranking of countries by
their capacity for, and success in
innovation.
-
- In the Global Innovation Index (GII)
Report of 2018, the Philippines ranked
73rd among 126 economies in
innovation, garnering a score of 31.56
out of 100. Source:
https://www.globalinnovationindex.org
/gii-2016-report#
- Previous rank of the Philippines:
- 2017: ranked 73th among 127
economies
- 2016: ranked 74th among 128
economies
- 2015: ranked 83rd out of 141
economies
Factors behind the weak performance of the STI
sector:
1. There is lack of public awareness
and interest in STI.
- Many sectors do not recognize,
appreciate, and understand the use of
technology and sciencebased
information in their daily activities.
- Weaknesses in social and professional
cultures (i.e., research culture in
universities, commercialization of
results from public research, and
awareness of intellectual property
rights) in the research community and
the general public persist.
- Technologies are not widely used
among micro, small, and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) and sectors like
agriculture and fisheries.
- Weak links between technology
generators and users, capacity
constraints of users, and inadequate
local government unit support
2. Low Government Spending on STI
- STI monitoring and evaluation of
expenditures on R&D and innovation
activities, as well as support for human
resources development in the various
fields of science and technology (S&T)
indicates low government spending.
- The bulk of R&D spending (60%) comes
from the public sector.
• was used for agricultural and
industrial production and technology,
 protection and improvement of human
health, control and care of the
environment.
• Most of the R&D activities in the
country are concentrated in the
National Capital Region (NCR), Region
IV-A (CALABARZON), and Region III
(Central Luzon).
- Although nominal R&D expenditures
increased by 80 percent to P15.92
billion in 2013, the proportion of R&D
spending to Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) stood at only 0.14 percent.
This is substantially below the 1 percent
benchmark recommended by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
• Low compared to the global average
of 2.04 percent.
• In 2018, Philippine’s spending level is
lower compared to other ASEAN
countries, such Singapore (2.4 percent),
Malaysia (1.3 percent), Thailand (0.5
percent) and Vietnam (0.2 percent).
3. Inadequate S&T Human Resources
Engaged in STI R&D
- As of 2013, the country has a total of
36,517 R&D personnel, of which 26,495
are key researchers (scientific,
technological, and engineering
personnel), and the rest are technicians
and support personnel.
- This means that there are only 270
researchers for every 1 million Filipinos
- This falls short of the UNESCO norm of
380 per million population and the
1,020 researchers per million
population average across developing
economies of East Asia and the Pacific.
- Of the total researchers in the country
from the government, higher
educational institutions (HEIs) and
private non-profit sectors, 14 percent
have PhDs, 38 percent have Master’s
degrees, and 34 percent have Bachelor
of Science (BS) degrees up to post BS
degrees
- The low number of researchers in the
country reflects the propensity of the
educational system to produce
graduates outside of Science,
Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) programs, which
are the disciplines where R&D
flourishes.
4. Difficulty in Increasing Employment
Opportunities and Retaining S&T
Human Capital.
- The supply of STEM graduates exceeds
local demand. (source: USAID-STRIDE
study)
- There is an out-migration and
underemployment of many skilled,
locally-trained scientists and engineers.
- There is shortage in training in fields
that are critical to innovation (i.e.,
information technology).
- Brain drain
5. Absence of a Vibrant Intellectual
Property Culture
- The output of R&D is commonly
measured in terms of patents applied
and granted to Filipino residents.
- Reports show that many universities do
not have the expertise to market their
patent portfolios for commercial use.
▪ Technology generators face persisting
issues in technology ownership.
▪ Researchers are constrained by the
“publish or perish” phenomenon.
- Reports show that many universities do
not have the expertise to market their
patent portfolios for commercial use.
- The country needs to catch up in
research publications since the number
of scientific publications in peer-
reviewed journals per million
population stands at 55, substantially
below that of ASEAN member states
Singapore (10,368), Malaysia (1,484),
Thailand (478), and Vietnam (105).
- These result in a weak technology
transfer system in the country.
6. Weak Linkages Among Players in
the STI Ecosystem
- Innovation actors have weak
cooperation, partnerships, and trust
among them
- Most HEIs perceive collaboration with
companies as outside their core
missions and as potential exploitation of
their products or ideas.
- Firms report that convincing HEIs to
collaborate with them is difficult
because of resentment, suspicion, and
distrust.
- Firms end up with little technical
assistance from the government and
research institutions.
7. Restrictive Regulations that
Hamper the Implementation of
R&D Programs and Projects
- Tedious government procurement
process hampers the immediate
acquisition of equipment and other
materials for research, which in turn
 delays the implementation of R&D
programs and projects
- decrease research productivity,
publication potential, and speed to
market innovations. In addition,
- Government research grants do not
compensate universities for the salary
of faculty members’ research activities.
A practice rarely seen outside the
Philippines.
8. Inadequate STI Infrastructure
- The country does NOT have enough STI
infrastructure such as laboratory
facilities, testing facilities, and R&D
centers. Those that exist need
upgrading.
- The situation contributes to the lack of
absorptive capacity in research
institutions.
- Public institutions failed to provide
young researchers, particularly those
returning from PhD studies abroad with
more advanced research agenda, with
the necessary equipment.
- The Philippines’ leading research
institutions also remain concentrated in
Luzon.
slow down activities that are causing
global warming
- Climate tells us what weather is usually
like in a given place.
- Climate is the average of weather over
time.
Climate Variability
- “Climate variability” refers to changes in
climate from one year to another.
- It can be caused by changes in ocean
conditions far away, which can affect
climate all over the world (for ex: el
Niño)
- Climate variability is natural and occurs
on a regular basis.
Climate Change
- Climate change is the change in climate
over a time period from 10 to 100s of
years.
- Climate change involves both natural
changes and changes caused by people.
Factors that Affect Climate
-

Climate Change

- Weather describes whatever is

happening outdoors in a given place at
a given time.
- It is measured through wind,
temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation.
- Look outside right now. Is it sunny?
Cloudy? Windy? Is it about to rain or
snow? These conditions are considered Main Natural Factors that Affect Climate
weather — something that is happening - The Greenhouse Effect controls our
minute-to-minute, or day-to-day. climate - The Earth is surrounded by a
- Scientists who study weather patterns thin layer of gasses we call greenhouse
are called meteorologists. Predicting gases. These gases are what make up
the weather is an important job our atmosphere.
because it can help people prepare for -
destructive weather that’s coming —
like tornados or hurricanes
- Some areas in the world generally get a
certain amount of rainfall in the
summer, or other places in the world
are usually hot or usually cold. When
you measure a weather pattern over a
period of time to determine the
average, that’s climate.
- Scientists who study climate are called
climatologists. Studying climate is an
important job because it helps to figure
out why weather patterns are changing,
and how we may be able to stop or
 - Main Human Factors that Affect Climate
- run vehicles, and generate electricity for
- The thickness of the atmosphere and
the concentration of its gases influence
the surface temperature on any planet.
The Greenhouse Effect controls our climate
- When energy from the Sun enters the
Earth's atmosphere, about a third of it
is reflected back to space.
- Of the remainder, most is absorbed by
the Earth’s surface. Some also stays in
the atmosphere, absorbed by water
vapor and green house gases.
- This natural Greenhouse Effect is vital
to life as we know it.
- Right now, the average temperature on
the Earth is 15°C. If there was no
greenhouse effect, the average
temperature would be - 18°C (33°C
colder than it is now – too cold for most
living beings).
The Sun
- The amount of energy coming off the
Sun is not constant but keeps changing
- The amount of energy coming off the
Sun is not constant but keeps changing
- Slow changes in the Earth's distance
from the Sun affect the amount of
energy received from the Sun.
- Those variations are believed to be one
of the causes that start ice ages.
- Volcanoes - when a volcano erupts it
throws out large amounts of sulphur
dioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and
ash into the atmosphere
- The climate system is made up of many
components that all affect climate: this
includes ocean currents, atmospheric
circulation, sea ice and land covers
(trees, grass…
Greenhouse Gases
- Human activities send gases (for
example methane, carbon dioxine CO2)
into the atmosphere that enhance the
greenhouse effect.
- Many of the gases come from fossil
fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas to
industries or households.
- When the atmosphere contains too
much of those gases, the whole
atmosphere and the Earth becomes
hotter, like it does in a greenhouse. The
atmosphere holds on to too much heat,
instead of letting it escape into space
The example of CO2
- Today there is about 25% more Carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere than in
1860. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that
people make the most of. The more
CO2 we put into the air, the more the
temperature could rise.
- Two of the biggest sources of CO2 are
burning fossil fuels and cutting down
and burning trees.
- Forests are called « carbon sinks »
because they take CO2 from the air and
store it. When trees are cut down and
burned, the CO2 that is stored in them
is released back into the air. Scientists
believe that every year, 2 to 5 billion
tonnes of CO2 are released into the air
from forests being cut down and
burned.
Aerosols
- Aerosols are tiny solid particles or liquid
droplets that remain suspended in the
atmosphere for a long time
- They originate naturally (for example
from volcanoes) but also as a result of
human activities (industries…). In the
later case, aerosols are considered
pollutants, which cause direct effects on
the Earth’s radiation budget and also
indirectly through changing the
formation and behavior of clouds.
Land Use Change
- There are over 6 billion people on Earth.
Humans continue replacing forests and
natural vegetation with agricultural
lands. More and more people move into
cities, therefore more houses are built.
All this has an impact on climate.
 - For example, it affects the evaporation -
of water and therefore the rain cycle.

What’s the difference?

- GLOBAL WARMING Is the increase of

the Earth’ s average surface
temperature due to a build-up of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
- CLIMATE CHANGE Is the long-term
changes in climate, including average - Global Sea Level Rise
temperature and precipitation. It -
recognizes that, although the average
surface temperature may increase, the
regional or local temperature may
decrease or remain constant.

What does “average” mean?

- Climate is the average weather

conditions over time.
- Global warming refers to an increase in
the Earth’s average temperature.
- This map shows the five-year average
variation of global surface temperatures
from 1884 to 2012. Dark blue indicates
areas cooler than average. Dark red
indicates areas warmer than average.
- -
What proof do we have?
- Temperature & CO2 Data
-
Climate Change in the USA
- Temperatures are rising, especially in
winter.
- Extreme rainfall and flooding events
(24-hr and 7-day) are more frequent.
- Extreme droughts and massive wildfires
are more common
In rural communities, forests and
farmland are impacted, making crops
and food more scarce and expensive for
all.
- Climate change is impacting these
plants and animals
- We can observe this through
phenology, the study of events in
nature. (i.e. observing the date of the
first snowfall, or arrival of migratory
insects and animals. These events are
changing.)
-

- Glaciers are melting - So are ice caps on

both North and South poll. Pictured
example: Portage Glacier, Alaska Why is climate change happening?
- Pollution from coal, natural gas, and oil
- “Warming of the climate system is
unequivocal, human influence on the
climate system is clear …
-