CHAP

CHAP 1
2::VERTICAL
VERTICALSTRESSES
STRESSESDISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTIONIN
INSOIL
SOIL
ECG353 SOIL ENGINEERING : PART 5

WEEK 4 ~ CHAP. 2
VERTICAL STRESSES DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL

TEACHING LECTURER ;
HAIROL ANUAR HARON

Prepared by : HAH, FKA Level 5-49, 07-3818345

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VERTICAL
CHAP 2STRESSES
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STRESSES DISTRIBUTION
INSOIL
IN SOIL IN SOIL

Week 4 :Coverage ~ Empirical analysis of vertical stresses

due to surface load

Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:

i. Analyse stress distribution due to different types of surface

load (i.e: vertical point load, long uniform line load, strip
load (uniform & triangular load) and uniformly loaded
circular area.
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CHAP 2STRESSES
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OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
2.6 Stresses in a Soil Mass due to Applied Surface
Loading
2.6.1 What factors affecting the stress
distribution in soil?

2.7 Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses due to

Surface Applied Load based on Boussinesq’s
Equation
2.7.1 Vertical Point Load
2.7.2 Long Uniform Line Load
2.7.3 Uniform Loaded Circular Area
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2.6 Stresses in a Soil Mass due to Applied Surface

Loading
• In a real condition of the soil (natural), soil is difficult to analyse
because it is non-homogenous, non-isotropy and non-elastic.
• But to easy the analysis and calculation the assumption of soil
behave elastically in isoptropic condition and homogeneous MUST
be made.
• In detailed…

Whitlow, R. – page 185

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2.6 Stresses in a Soil Mass due to Applied Surface

Loads (additional stresses)

Why need to learn?

To know how surface stresses are distributed in the soil and

resulting elastic deformation.

Soil is elastoplastic material, so how to calculate stress?

To do elastic stress analysis on soil, we must assume that

• Soil is linearly elastic material

• Soil mass is homogeneous, isotropic.
• Soil is semi-infinite (elastic half space)

By using this assumptions, we can apply Boussinesq’s

Equation.
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2.6 STRESSES IN A SOIL MASS DUE TO APPLIED

SURFACE LOADING
2.6.1 What factors affecting the stress distribution in
soil?

- Size and shape of foundation (depends on

foundation shape)
- Type of Load distribution
- Contact pressure (position of stress to be
considered)
- Modulus of elasticity (Type of soil will give difference
modulus)
- Rigid boundary (depth that will give effect to soil)
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2.7 Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses Distribution due to Surface

Applied Load based on Boussinesq’s Equation

• Figure shows the

distribution of pressure
form point load (After
Craig, 2001).

~ vertical plane

~ horizontal plane
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2.7 Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses

Distribution due to Surface Applied Load
based on Boussinesq’s Equation
2.7.1 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Vertical Point
Load
Vertical stress increase at a point in a soil mass
due to a point load P on the soil surface is

P
∆σ z = 2 I P
z
where IP is the influence factor given by;

3
IP =
[
2π 1 + ( )
r 2
z
]
5 2

Whitlow, R. – page 187 See table for influence Factors, IP

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2.7.1 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Vertical Point Load

P
∆σ z = 2 I P
z

3
IP =
[
2π 1 + ( )
r 2
z
]
5 2
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Example 1
P1=1200 kN P2=600 kN

3
IP =
r1=2m r2=6m [
2 π 1 + ( rz ) ]
2 5 2

Solution (You can tabulate answer for simplicity)

Load z (m) r (m) r/z Ip P (kN) σz (kN/m2)
P1 2 2 1 0.084 1200 25.32
4
P2 2 6 3 0.001 600 0.225
5
Total vertical stress increment at Point A = Σ 25.545
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Example 2

Calculate the vertical stress in a soil mass at a depth of 4 m vertically

below a point load of 6000 kN. Plot the variation of vertical stress with
a radial distance interval of 2 m ( up to 10 m) at a depth of 4 m.

3
IP =
Solution (You can tabulate answer for simplicity) [
2 π 1 + ( rz ) ]
2 5 2

Load, z r r/z Ip σz
P (kN) (m) (m) (kN/m2)
6000 4m 2 0.5 0.273 102.38
4 1 0.084 31.5
6 1.5 0.025 9.38
8 2 0.0085 3.19
10 2.5 0.0034 1.28
* Do not summarise σz
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2.7 Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses

Distribution due to Surface Applied Load
based on Boussinesq’s Equation
2.7.2 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Long Uniform
Line Load
Q
Q per unit length ∆σ z = IL
z
where IL is the Influence Factor
α
2
z IL = 2
  x 2

π 1 +  
∆σz

  z  
x See table for influence Factors, IL
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2.7.2 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Long Uniform Line Load

Q
∆σ z = IL
z
2
IL = 2
  x 2

π 1 +   
  z  
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IN SOIL IN SOIL

Example 3
TWO (2) parallel line loads of 100 kN/m and 50 kN/m respectively and 2 m apart, act
vertically on a horizontal soil surface. Calculate the vertical stress increase at depth of 2
m directly at the middle points between them.

Q1=100 kN/m Q2=50 kN/m

2
IL = 2
  x 2 
x1=1m x2=1m
π 1 +   
z=2m   z  

Q
Solution (You can tabulate answer for simplicity) ∆σ z = IL
z
Load z (m) x (m) x/z IL Q σz (kN/m2)
(kN/m)
Q1 2 1 0.5 0.4074 100 20.37
Q2 2 1 0.5 0.4074 50 10.185
Total vertical stress at the middle = Σ 30.555
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Example 4
Two bearing walls meet perpendicularly at point A as shown in Figure. Each walls carry
line loads Q1 = 200 kN/m and Q2 = 400 kN/m respectively as shown. Calculate the
increase of vertical stress at point A and B at the depth of 5 m.
2
IL =
Solution (You can tabulate answer for simplicity)
2
  x 2 
π 1 +   
  z   Vertical Stress at Point A;
Q Load (kN/m) z (m) x (m) x/z IL σz (kN/m2)
∆σ z = IL
z 200 5 0 0 0.6366 25.46

400 5 0 0 0.6366 50.93

Total vertical stress at point A = Σ 76.39

30 m
B A

15 m Vertical Stress at Point B;

Load (kN/m) z (m) x (m) x/z IL σz (kN/m2)
200 5 0 0 0.6366 25.46
400 5 15 3 0.0064 0.512
Total vertical stress at point B = Σ 25.98
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INSOIL
IN SOIL IN SOIL

2.7 Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses

Distribution due to Surface Applied Load
based on Boussinesq’s Equation
2.7.3 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Uniformly
Loaded Circular Area
q
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑞𝑞𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶
where Ic is the Influence Factor

3
1 2
𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 1 −
1 + 𝑎𝑎⁄𝑧𝑧 2

See table for influence Factors, IC

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2.7.3 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Uniformly

Loaded Circular Area
1.8.3 Vertical Stress Increase due to a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
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Example 5
A circular area with radius 1.6 m, induced a soil pressure at the surface of 100 kPa.
Calculate the pressure at a depth of 3.2 m directly under the center of the circular area.

Solution (You can tabulate answer for simplicity)

z r a q σz
z/a r/a A B Ic (A+B)
(m) (m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

3.2 0 1.6 2 0 0.106 0.179 0.285 100 28.5

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END OF WEEK 4

W5
CHAPTER 2

(sub-topic 2.7.4)
Empirical Analysis of Vertical Stresses Distribution due to
Uniformly Loaded Rectangle Area using Boussinesq’s
Equation and Fadum’s Isobar Chart approach.