LESSON I

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Based Competencies:
1. Implementing social functions,
structures text, and linguistic
elements of the text verbal and
transactional interactions writing that
involves action giving and asking for
information regarding suggestions
and opinion, accordingly with the
context of its use. (Pay attention to
the language element should, have to,
need to, must)
2. Comprehend meaning contextually
related to social functions, text
structures, and linguistic elements of
oral and written analytical exposition
texts, related to actual issues
3. Arrange written analytical exposition
texts, related to actual issues, taking
into account social functions, text
structures, and linguistic elements,
correctly and in context

A. Apperceptions
Have you ever given a recommendation or a suggestion?
When did you do it?
Why do you think you should do it?
What did you suggest or offer?
How did you feel when you did it?

B. Listening Section
Activity 1 Listen the conversation carefully. Then discuss the conversation you listened!
Aldy : “I’m terrible in English and I should do something about it. What should I do?
Andi : “Why don’t you try englishpage.com? It’s a fantastic site to learn English.”
Aldy : “I’ve heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?”
Andi : “You should start with the lesson. Then, try the activities.”
Aldy : “OK. Thanks for your advice”

Activity 2 Based on the conversation you have listened you can know
1. What is Aldy problem?
2. Does Andi have the solution for Aldy’s problem?
3. What’s Andi suggestion to solve Aldy’s problem?
4. Does Aldy accept Andi’s suggestion?
5. What does Aldy say to accept Andi’s suggestion?

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C. Some Expressions to Ask/ Give Suggestions and Opinion
Activity 3 Read and understand the materials
The expression to ask opinion The expression to ask suggestion
What do you think of______? Will give me some suggestion, please?
How do you feel about_____? Do you have any suggestion for me?
What’s your opinion of ____? Would you mind giving me your
Do you have any opinion on ____? suggestion?
what’s your view?
The expressions to give suggestion: The Expressions to give opinion
You should + V1 In my opinion___
You had better + V1 I believe____
I advise you to + V1 I think ____
I suggest you to + V1 I suppose this____
I strongly advise you to …… My view of the matter is____
You can + V1 In my view____
As far as I’m concerned,______
I feel_____
According to me______

Activity 4 Read the conversation below, the identify the expressions of asking/ gicing
suggestion and opinion!
Azky : Dear friends, I have a serious problem now. But I haven't found the solution yet. I'm
confused. Can you help me?
Nisa : Tell us what it is!
Azky : Yeah. Next month I must stop my studies because my father retired three months
ago. So, he cannot pay my school fees.
Laila : Take it easy. It's not a serious problem.
Azky : What? How can I solve the problem?
Laila : Okay. I reckon you ask for a letter from the authority saying that your family can't
afford the school fees. Then you submit the letter to your school or to the parents'
representative.
Nisa : In my opinion you can also request scholarship. I think you are the best.
Azky : Thanks a lot for the suggestions. I'll try to do that.

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 Laila : Good luck.
The expression of asking suggestion: _____________________________________________
The expression of giving suggestion: _____________________________________________
The expression of giving opinion: ________________________________________________

D. Speaking Section
Activity 5 Read aloud the conversation below with your partner!

Helmi : Retno, what do you think is the best action to reduce global warming?
Retno : I think everyone should start changing their way of life.
Helmi : What do you mean?
Retno : Well, we have to start to do what we can, to help reduce global warming.
Helmi : What do you suggest that we should do?
Retno : Well, there are lots of things that we can do. We should start saving electricity,
start recycling things, start using public transport means, buying and consuming as
much as we need only, etc. Basically, just save anything that we can.
Helmi : Wow! You know a lot of things about reducing global warming. Where did you learn
all of that from?
Retno : Well, I read newspapers, magazines, and also search for information in the internet.
Actually, I want to inform what I’ve learned to everyone so that everybody can start
helping to save our mother nature.
Helmi : You’re so awesome. How about if you write it in our school magazine next month?
Retno : That’s a great idea. I’ll do that.
Helmi : OK, I’ve got to go now.
Retno : Bye.

Activity 6 wark in pairs, make dialog using the expression of asking/giving suggestion and
opinion based on one of the situations below. Then practice it with your partner
in front of your class!

1. Your friend has problem in Math lesson. He/she can not understand about
aljabar materials.
2. Your friend has problem. His/her mother is sick. But he/she is confused where
he/she will take the mother to get treatment, because he/she doesn’t have any
money and the vehicle to take the mother to hospital.

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E. Analytical Exposition
Activity 6 In small groups, study the following information. Then, choose one of the things
that you can do to reduce global warming from the following poster and write a
short argument why you should do that action.

Everybody should change their way of life to reduce global warming. There are
several things that we can do. One of them is by buying and consuming fresh local
groceries as much as possible. It of course includes local vegetables, fruits, bread,
etc. Local groceries don’t need much transportation to get it into the market. It of
course means, the amount of carbon dioxide produced is less than the groceries
from another region. Therefore, by buying local groceries we are helping reduce
the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Consuming fresh groceries instead of
frozen ones are healthier for us. Furthermore, fresh food or groceries means no
requirements for it to be freeze up. It means that no electricity is needed and saving
energy means reducing carbon dioxide and money. So, from now on we should
consume fresh local groceries to reduce global warming.

Activity 7 Read and understand the material

Analytical exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s opinion on phenomena/
issue happening around him/ her. It presents opinions or arguments and supports it with
reasons.
The purpose of the analytical exposition is to persuade the readers that be the issue is
an important matter.

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 Example:
Thesis The coconut tree is a very important plant in my country. Coconut tree
plantations are important sources of revenue, food, and shelter.
Argument 1 Our country earns a lot of money from the export of coconut tree products
such as copra, coconuts, coconut oils, and coconut milk. This has been the
main source of our foreign exchange for over a century. In fact, many of
the coconut plantations were planted by various colonial powers and now,
since independence, are run by our own citizens.
Argument 2 We not only export the food product of the coconut tree; we eat them
ourselves too. The coconut is the basis of much our national cuisine. We
are famous for our curries made rich by coconut milk. We also use the oil
to fry our food as well as to add shine to our skin and hair.
Argument 3 We use the fronds of the coconut tree to provide ourselves with shelter.
The walls and the roofs of many houses are covered with coconut fronds.
The breezes pass through the fronds and cool the interior, but the heavy
rain, which fall daily, do not enter.
reiteration The coconut tree is very versatile and useful plant. It is a tree that has
served our country well.

The generic structure of analytical exposition:

1. Thesis
Position : It introduces topic and indicates writer’s opinion.
Preview : It outlines the main argument to be presented.
2. Argument
Point : It restates main arguments outlined in preview.
Elaboration : It develops and support each point/ argument.
3. Reiteration/ conclusion : It restates writer’s position.

The common grammatical patterns in exposition include:

• general nouns, e.g. Ears, zoos;
• abstract nouns, e.g. Policy, government;
• technical words, e.g. Species of animals;
• relating verbs, e.g. It is important …;
• action verbs, e.g. We must save …;

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 • thinking verbs, e.g. Many people believe …;
• modal verbs, e.g. We must preserve …;
• modal adverbs, e.g. Certainly we must try …;
• connectives, e.g. Firstly, secondly …;
• evaluative language, e.g. important, significant, valuable.

F. Reading Comprehension
Activity 8 Read the following article and find the meanings of the following words based
on the context. Then, answer the questions.

Vehicle manufacturers should take some responsibility for the serious air pollution in
the city by planting five trees for every motor vehicle they produce, environment experts said.
Zulfan A Rambe, operational director o f I n d o n e s i a n Hazardous Materials and
Waste Research (IHWaR) Foundation told a discussion in commemoration of World Tree Day
on Nov. 21 trees must be planted to balance for the pollution the city vehicles are responsible
for.
We will propose to the city administration to oblige the automotive manufacturers to
plant five trees for each motor vehicle they produce.
“The administration should make regulations about corporate responsibilities to deal
with the pollution problem.”
Environmental technology expert Eddy Soentjahyo said motor vehicle emission has
contributed up to 70 percent of air pollution in the city, which has more than 5.5 million motor
vehicles.
Experts have said open green spaces one alternative solution to deal with air pollution,
because it reduces carbon emission by absorbing pollutants and reload source of oxygen to
clean the air.

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 They said trees can improve drainage by preventing soil erosion and absorbing
rainwater. “The automotive industry also has the responsibility to provide green areas as the
solution of pollution problem,” Eddy said. M a n u f a c t u r e r s should join together to buy
land in the city where trees could be planted, he said.
Eddy also suggested property developers consider making green areas on rooftops to
absorb the sun heat.
Daud Silalahi from the University of Padjajaran in Bandung keeps losing its open green
space due to residential and industrial developments.
Some 9 percent of Jakarta’s city area is made up of “open green space”, said city
administration, but the 2007 Law on Spatial Planning stipulates a city should provide at least
30 percent of its total size for open green space.
“What I (am) concerned (for) the most is that we have the law without implementation
procedures,” Daun said.
The Jakarta Post, Saturday, December 1, 2007 Picture: http://www.joekaz.net Questions
1. What is proposed by Zulfan A Rambe?
2. To whom is the proposal proposed?
3. How should the proposal be followed up?
4. Why is the proposal proposed?
5. How can we reduce air pollution?
6. What do Eddy Soentjahyo and Daud Silalahi suggest?

Activity 9 Read aloud the text then decide in which paragraph you can find the following
information.
The Importance of Rainforests
Rainforests are one of the most complicated environments on Earth. They are
recognised worldwide as containing the richest source of plants and animals and
are believed to contain nearly three-quarters of all the varieties of life on Earth. This
is remarkable because rainforests cover only about six per cent of the Earth's land
surface.
Rainforest are the oldest major ecosystem, having survived climate changes
for more than one million years. They provide habitats for more species of plants,
animals, insects and birds than any other environment found on our planet.
Scientists estimate that between 60 and 90 per cent of all species of life are to be
found in rain forests. Unfortunately, the widespread destruction of many of the

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world's rainforests has caused a significant decline in the number of plant and
animal species on Earth.
Rainforests influence both our local and global climates. For example,
between 50 and 80 per cent of the moisture in the air above rainforests comes from
the rainforest's trees. If large areas of these lush rainforests are cleared, the
average rainfall in the area will drop. Eventually, the area's climate will get hotter
and drier. This process could convert rainforests into a sparse grassland or desert.
Rainforests are also able to absorb over 90 per cent of the rainfall in their
leaves and mosses. By doing this, they are able to slow down water run-off by
gradually releasing the water over time into streams and rivers. This helps to
control soil erosion and flooding.
Rainforests are vital to the Earth in helping to recycle carbon and oxygen.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the gas put into the air globally by humans, mainly by the
burning of fossil fuels (for example in cars and factories). Rainforests are able to
remove carbon dioxide from the air and return oxygen in its place. This is why our
global rainforests are often called the Earth's ‘lungs'.
Rainforests are major producers of the Earth's oxygen. In fact, scientists
believe that nearly 50 per cent of the Earth's oxygen is produced by rainforest in
the Amazon region alone. Nearly 40 per cent of the world's carbon is contained in
the trees of the rainforests. As rainforests are cut down and burned, carbon dioxide
is released into the Earth's atmosphere. Eventually, as this gas builds up the
atmosphere, leading to what scientists call the enhanced greenhouse effect.
To sum up, the role of the rainforest is essential for human life. It creates
equilibrium in our environment and its resources are significant for human beings
survival.
Taken from SOSE: Studies of Society and Environment, 2000

1. The economic purposes rainforests are used for.

2. The percentage of the world's food supplies which originate in rainforests
areas.
3. Fruits originating from in rainforests.
4. Activities that people do in rainforests.
5. Sickness and diseases which are treated with medicines from the rainforests.
6. Industrial products that originate from the rainforests.
7. Daily products which are produced from plants growing in rain forest areas.

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 8. The area of rainforests which are being destroyed each year for economic
purposes.

Activity 10 Choose T if the statement is true and F if it is false according to the text in the
activity 9. Do it in pairs.

1. T – F Rainforests are unimportant to our life on Earth.

2. T – F The economic resources which rainforests provide vary.
3. T – F Many rainforest-rich countries are facing a situation in which it is very
difficult to preserve their rainforests.
4. T – F The economic resources provided by the world's rainforests are
extremely small.
5. T – F Less than 50 per cent of the world's food supplies originate in
rainforest areas.
6. T – F Rainforests are becoming more and more unpopular places for people
to visit.
7. T – F Governments pass laws restricting activities in the forests due to the
overuse of rainforests for tourist activities.
8. T – F More than 40 per cent of all medicines sold in pharmacies originate
from rainforests.
9. T – F More than 200,000 square kilometres of rainforests are being
destroyed each year for economic purposes.
10. T – F There needs to be a balance between the way we are currently using
our rainforests and the future availability of these resources.
G. Grammar (Work in Group)
Activity 11 Study the following words/phrases. Then match the following statements with
the best argument or solution. Remember to link them with the suitable words
or phrases. The first one has been done for you

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 1. Global warming is getting worse. Therefore, we have to start reducing carbon
production.
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

H. Writing Section
Activity 12 Write a short text showing that you are in favour of or against the following
statement. You may base your arguments on the articles you read in the
internet, newspapers, magazines, textbooks, or any other sources.
1. Traditional light bulbs should be banned.
2. All plastic materials have to be recycled.
3. Electronic appliances should be unplugged when not in use.
4. Power plants should stop using fossil fuels

Activity 13 Answer the following questions. You may base your arguments on the articles
you read in the internet, newspapers, magazines, textbooks, or any other
sources
1. In your opinion, what causes global warming?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. How do you think global warming can be stopped or reduced?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Should every one participates in handling the problem?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. How can we make other people see and start their act to reduce global
warming?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. When do you think, we should start to take actions to fight against global
warming?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Activity 14 The following text consists of five paragraphs, but they are not in correct order.
Arrange them into a good text.
1. The global average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose 0.74 ±
0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase

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 in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very
likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas
concentrations via the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as
solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming
effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from
1950 onward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least
thirty scientific societies and academies of science including all of the
national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While
individual scientists have voiced disagreement with some findings of the
IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change
agree with the IPCC's main conclusions.
2. Increasing global temperature will cause sea levels to rise, and is expected
to increase the intensity of extreme weather events and to change the
amount and pattern of precipitation. Other effects of global warming
include changes in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species
extinction and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
3. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected
continuation.
4. Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming
expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary
from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have
signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide
regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future
warming or to adapt to its expected consequences.
5. Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average
global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to
11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. The range of values results from
the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well
as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus
on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to
continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels

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 are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large
heat capacity of the oceans.
Taken from en.wikipedia.org

Activity 15 Rewrite the following sentences in their correct order.

1. This is called global warming.
2. Many scientists believe that gases in the air are causing the Earth's climate
to gradually become warmer.
3. If climate becomes so warm that a great deal of ice near the north and south
poles melts and more water goes into the oceans, many areas along the coast
may be flooded.
4. These gases let the rays of the sun pass through the planet, but they hold in
the heat that comes up from the sun-warmed Earth-in much the same way
as the glass of a greenhouse holds in the warmth of the sun.
5. In Earth's atmosphere there are tiny amounts of gases called greenhouse
gases
Activity 16 Write an analytical exposition about other environment issues in your own
words.

I. Competency Test
Activity 17 Choose the correct answer!
1. Arum : What do you think is the effective way to reduce global warming?
Della : ... planting trees is one of the effective ways to reduce global warming.
a. I don’t know c. I’m not sure e. Are you certain that
b. How do you see d. In my opinion
2. Aspani : ... We help reduce global warming?
Rini : I think we can help reduce global warming through saving energy and
recycling.
a. What do c. Why should
b. How can d. When can e. Where should
3. Wahyu and Udin are sharing their opinion on a recent education issue.
Wahyu : Do you agree that education must be affordable for the poor?
Udin : Absolutely ………………..
a. I deny b. I don’t think so c. I try to do so d. I don't care it e. I agree

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4. Alvin : Sony, what should I do to get the high score in English?
Sony : ..........................
a. You have to spend the time for playing. d. You must have much money
b. You have to play with me. e. You may go with me.
c. You have to study hard and seriously.
5. Nasri : I have toothache. It so makes me sick.
Asma : I’m so sorry to hear that. ...............
Nasri : Yeah, tha’s good iedea.
a. You should go to dentist d. You should eat ice cream
b. You must go to the surgeon e. You should go to hospital.
c. You should drink a cup of coffee.
6. Bagus and Naina, two staff members at a real estate company, are talking about their
latest project building a five-star hotel.

Bagus : ___________the plan to build a new five-star hotel in that area.

Naina : But don't you think that it will give us a lot ofmoney?
Bagus : I don’t care. What I care about is the poor people living around that area.
Their houses will be destroyed.
a. I am afraid of c. I don't think e. I disagree
b. I believe d. I agree
7. Adi : Hi, Lutfi. I have not finished my mathematic home work. I forgot it. Oh my God,
what should I do?
Lutfi : don't be affraid, you ______ it tonight. I will helo you to do it.
Adi : thanks in advanced, Lutfi.
Lutfi : don't mention it.

a. Can do c. Did e. Don't

b. Can't do d. Didn't

8. Dudi : I am not good in English.

Friyan: ______
a. I should practice English every day
b. Why don't you take an English course and practise it every day?
c. Do you like English?
d. I must take an English course

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 e. You must sleep early.

9. Mother : Ali, where are you? Get up my dear. It's Monday morning.

Ali : I'm here mom, in my bedroom.

Mother : Don't you go to school?
Ali : Mom, I have got headache.
Mother : Let me check. Yo have got high temperature. _______
Ali : Okay, Mom.
a. You should go to market
b. You have got toothache.
c. You should stay at home.
d. Don't you go to school?
e. It's Monday morning

Text 1 no 10 - 13

There is no best way to deal with pests in agriculture. Pesticides which are commonly
used may cause many problems. I think combining different management operations is the
most effective way to control pests.
Firstly, the chemicals in the pesticides may build up as residues in the environment
and in the soil which absorbs the chemicals. This reduces the quality of farm product.
Secondly, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides. This means that newer
and stronger ones have to be developed.
Lastly, some pesticides affect non target plants and animals such as fish and bees. This
affects the ecology and environment as well.
So, understanding of ecology of an area helps a lot in pest control. Pesticides should
be chosen and applied carefully so that they don’t affect the ecological balance and
environment.
Therefore, integrated pest management is a safe and more effective option to fight pest
in agriculture and livestock.

10. Which of the following is not directly affected by pesticides used?

a. Plants c. Ecology e. Animals.
b. Environment. d. Human Beings

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11. What can you say about paragraph two and four?
A. The fourth paragraph supports the idea stated in paragraph two.
B. Both paragraphs talk about the disadvantages of using pesticides.
C. Both paragraphs talk about how pesticides affect the quality of farm products.
D. The statement in paragraph is contrary to the statement in paragraph four.
E. The second paragraph talks about the effects of using pesticides on animals
mentioned in paragraph four.
12. One of the disadvantages of using chemical pesticides is …
A. killing fish and bees.
B. increasing crops productivity.
C. creating balanced ecosystem.
D. causing the pests to become inactive
E. helping reduce pollutants in the environment.
13. Secondly, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides. (Paragraph 3). The word
resistant in the sentence above means …
A. weak
B. fragile
C. damage
D. unaffected
E. unbalanced

Text 2 no 14 – 18

As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other
accidents. Firstly, cars, as we all know contribute the most of pollution in the world. Cars emit
a deadly gas causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and trigger of asthma. Some of
these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit
pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate in your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

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14. What type of the text above?
A. Narrative.
B. Report.
C. Analytical.
D. Explanation.
E. Description.
15. What one of the diseases caused by pollution?
A. HIV / AIDS
B. Bronchitis
C. Liver
D. Fever
E. Cholera
16. What is the purpose of the text?
A. to persuade reader about the Cars Should Be Banned in The City
B. to explain the characteristics the Cars Should Be Banned in The City
C. to inform readers about Cars Should Be Banned in The City
D. to describe Cars Should Be Banned in The City
E. to entertain readers about Cars Should Be Banned in The City
17. The following sentences are true, except …
A. the cars contribute the most of pollution in the world.
B. the cars are very noisy.
C. the cars can also cause many deaths and other road accidents.
D. the car cans accelerate the transport.
E. the cars today are our roads biggest killers.
18. What the title text above?
A. Cars should be banned in the city
B. Cars cause pollution.
C. Car giant killer street.
D. Car facilitate transportation.
E. Cars cause noise of the city.
Text 3 no 19 – 21
I strongly believe that mobile phones are necessary. My reasons for this belief are that
these phones are convenient for business people who travel a lot, and they are handy for
emergencies.

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 To begin with, mobile phones are necessary in the case of emergencies. For instance,
if you fall down a set of stairs in a building and are badly injured and can’t reach a pay phone,
it is handy to have one to use. Or, if your car breaks down in the middle of the night in a strange
neighborhood, it would be dangerous to leave it in search of a public phone booth.
My other main reason is that mobile phones are convenient for business people. For
example, if you are out of the state or even overseas and you have to contact a client to do
some important work, it is useful to have one to use. By using a mobile phone, important
information can be received. People can’t stay in an office all day waiting for their phone to
ring. Some people have to go and do jobs or they will go out of business. You can even send
faxes or messages and use the internet with your mobile.
In conclusion, I believe that mobile phones have now become a necessary part of
everyday life. Instant communication will ensure that information can be passed on with a
simple press of a button. Whether this is to do with business or personal information or
emergencies, it goes to show that they are necessary in the new millennium.
19. How many reasons are used to support the writer’s opinion?
A. One reason
B. Two reasons
C. Three reasons
D. Four reasons
E. Five reasons
20. Why are mobile phones very convenient for business people?
A. They can contact clients
B. They can do some important works
C. They can receive some important information
D. They can send some data and surf Internet
E. They can run business by staying in and out office
21. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. The advantages cellular phones during the emergencies
B. The solution to do when your car breaks down
C. The danger to leave a mobile phone in the car
D. The differences of a mobile phone and a pay phone
E. The necessary equipment among neighbours

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Text 4 no 22 – 24
Everybody should change their way of life to reduce global warming. There are several things
that we can do. One of them is by buying and consuming fresh local groceries as much as
possible. It of course includes local vegetables, fruits, bread, etc. Local groceries don’t need
much transportation to get it into the market. It of course means, the amount of carbon
dioxide produced is less than the groceries from another region. Therefore, by buying local
groceries we are helping reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Consuming fresh
groceries instead of frozen ones are healthier for us. Furthermore, fresh food or groceries
means no requirements for it to be freeze up. It means that no electricity is needed and saving
energy means reducing carbon dioxide and money. So, from now on we should consume fresh
local groceries to reduce global warming.

22. The text gives us information about …. …

A. The ways to minimize global warning
B. The ways to increase global warning
C. The effects of global warning
D. The importance of consuming local groceries
E. The importance of knowing global warning
23. To reduce the global warming, we should ….
A. Buy import product
B. Buy expensive clothes
C. Consume frozen foods
D. Consume fresh foods
E. Not use electricity efficiently
24. We are helping reduce the amount of global warming” (Paragraph 2) The reduce
word can be replaced by ….
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Improve
D. Add
E. Maximize

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Text 5 no 25 – 27
The use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives in food has been serious problem for
three reasons. Firstly, formalin is not for human beings, but it is for biological specimens and
experiments. Formalin in Biology is a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water which is usually
used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens. Thus, it is not for food preservatives.
Of course, when it is used for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to human’s body.
The second reason is that there is no tight control from the government. This condition makes
the people’s health is really in a threat. When the control is weak and the use formalin was
spread wide all over the Indonesian regions, and these days it has really happened, the citizen’s
bodies will be badly contaminated with the poisons. Fish or food traders still sell their products
which contain formalin and dangerous preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive
system absorbs the substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?
Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion that the use of formalin and other
preservatives is really a serious problem if it is not resolved immediately.
25. Why is formalin dangerous for human`s body?
A. It is not food preservatives
B. It is a disinfectant for human beings
C. It is used to preserve biological specimens
D. It is 10% solution of formaldehyde in water
E. It is controlled flighty from the government
26. The main idea of paragraph two is ….
A. The human`s bodies will be harmful after consuming the formalin
B. The government has not controlled the use of formalin firmly
C. The weak control of using formalin is not threatening the human
D. The human`s bodies will be harmful after consuming the formalin
E. The use of formalin is known all over the regions
27. Based on the facts above, the writer suggest that … .
A. People have to avoid consuming formalin in their food
B. The use of formal decyne is necessary to control the food
C. People should add 100% solution of formaldehyde in water
D. The food preservative is required to make the food delicious
E. Food seller is supposed to pour formalin for vegetables and food products

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Text 6 no 28 – 30

I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so?
Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as
Science, technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc. written in either book, magazine, newspaper,
etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something
happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books,
newspaper or magazine on the entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc.
To make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about
Irian Jaya we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.
From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information
and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.
28. Why is reading very important in our life? Because…..
A. By reading, we can get a lot of friends, relatives, experience, etc.
B. By reading, we can get little knowledge but a lot of entertainment.
C. By reading, we are always relaxed.
D. By reading, we are always happy.
E. By reading we can get a lot of knowledge, news, information and entertainment
29. If we want to get knowledge, what should we do?
A. buy a lot of books
B. borrow a lot of books
C. look for newspaper and magazine
D. sell and buy many expensive books
E. Read a lot of books and other printed materials.
30. What does the text tell us about?
A. The description of reading
B. The function of reading
C. The importance of reading
D. The disadvantages of reading
E. The purpose of reading

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 LESSON II
PASSIVE VOICES

Based competencies:
1. implementing social functions,
structures text, and linguistic elements
of the text verbal and transactional
interactions writing that involves action
giving and asking for information related
to circumstances/actions/ unnecessary
activities/events name the culprit in
scientific text, according to the context
its use. (Notice the elements language
passive voice)
2. compose interaction text oral and
written transactions involves giving and
request related information
situation/action/activity/ events
without mentioning actors in scientific
texts, with respect to function social,
text structure, and elements correct and
contextual language

A. Passive Voices in Present and Present Future Forms

Pattern: S + auxiliary verb + past participle

Auxiliary verb could be primary verb be (is, are, am, be, been, being) or combination
of primary (is/are/am being, has/have been) and primary and modal auxiliary verb
(will be, will have been).
The combination auxiliary is used in passive voice in tenses.
Subject in active sentence becomes object in passive sentence.
Object in active sentence becomes subject in passive sentence.
Example:
Active voice Passive voice
 She writes some letters.  Some letters are written by her.
 Mira is writing some letters.  Some letters are being written by Mira
 Mira has written some letters.  Some letters have been written by Mira.
 Mira will write some letters  Some letters will be written by Mira
tonight. tonight.

Passive voice is only used in transitive sentence.

Example:
Active voice: She usually sleeps late at night.
Passive voice: the sentence above cannot be changed into passive voice form
because sleep is intransitive verb.

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The following is the table of forming passive form.
Present Active voice Passive voice
S + Verb 1/s/es + O S + is/am/are + Verb3
Simple
1. The students clean the classroom. 1. The classroom is cleaned by the students.
2. Ari cleans the classroom. 2. The classroom is cleaned by Ari.
S + is/am/are + Verb-ing + O S + is/am/are + being + Verb3

Continuous 1. The students are cleaning the 1. The classroom is being cleaned by the
classroom. students.
2. Ari is cleaning the classroom. 2. The classroom is being cleaned by Ari.
S + has/have + Verb 3 + O S + has/have + been + Verb 3

Perfect 1. The students have cleaned the 1. The classroom has been cleaned by the
classroom. students.
2. Ari has cleaned the classroom. 2. The classroom has been cleaned by Ari.
S + has/have been + Verb ing + O S + has/have + been being + Verb 3

Perfect 1. The students have been cleaning the 1. The classroom has been being cleaned by
continuous classroom. the students.
2. Ari has been cleaning the classroom. 2. The classroom has been being cleaned by
Ari.
Future Active voice Passive voice
S + will + Verb 1 + O S + will + be + Verb 3
Simple
1. The students will clean the classroom 1. The classroom will be cleaned by the
tomorrow. students tomorrow.
S + will + be + Verb ing + O S + will + be being + Verb 3
Continuous
1. The students will be cleaning tomorrow 1. The classroom will be being cleaned by
morning. students tomorrow morning.
S + will + have + Verb 3 + O S + will + have been + Verb 3
Perfect
1. The students will have cleaned the 1. The classroom will have been cleaned by
classroom at 8 o’clock tomorrow. the students at 8 o’clock tomorrow.
S + will + have + been + Verb ing + O S + will + have + been being + Verb 3
Perfect
continuous 1. The students will have been cleaning 1. The classroom will have been being cleaned
the classroom at 8 o’clock tomorrow. by the students at 8 o’clock tomorrow.

Activity 1 Complete these passive voices using correct form! (Work in pairs)
1. “A well-known architect is designing our new office.”
The passive form of the above sentence is “our new office __________by a well-known
architect”
a. Designs c. be designing e. designed
b. is designed d. is being designed
2. “The stewardess is now serving coffee to the passengers.”
The passive form of the above sentence is “Coffee _________to the passengers now.”
a. Is serving c. are serving e. served
b. Is being served d. is served

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3. “Have they taken the injured boy to the hospital?”
The passive form of the above sentence is “___ the injured boy _____to the hospital?”
a. Will – take c. has – been taken e. has – taken
b. Have – taken d. have – been taken
4. “Titi always sweeps her room every day.”
The passive form of the above sentence is “her room __ always ____every day.”
a. is – swept c. is – sweeping e. has – swept
b. are – swept d. have - swept
5. The matter _____tomorrow.
a. Wil discuss c. will be discussing e. will be discussed
b. Will have discuss d. will have been discussing

Activity 2 Arrange these jumbled words into correct sentences! (Work in pairs)
1. Soon – car – will – bought – this – be =__________________________________________
2. Things – are – many – this – in – house – said =___________________________________
3. The cat – eaten – all the fish – has – been – by =___________________________________
4. By – now – school – him – that – led – is =________________________________________
5. Given – I – by – some money – am – my mother=__________________________________

Activity 3 Change these active voices into passive voices! (Work in pairs)
1. Hijar will hold the English debate competition next month.
=________________________________________________________________________
2. The students of MA Daarul Uluum always obey the rules of the institution.
=________________________________________________________________________
3. The headmaster has given the appreciation to the achiever students.
=________________________________________________________________________
4. The students of grade 11 science 2 are doing the Math exam.
=________________________________________________________________________
5. The headmaster has been opening the meeting.
=________________________________________________________________________

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B. Passive Voices in Past and Past future Forms
The following is the table of forming passive form.
Past Active voice Passive voice
S + Verb 2 + O S + was/were + Verb3
Simple
The students cleaned the classroom. The classroom was cleaned by the students.
S + was/were + Verb-ing + O S + was/were + being + Verb3

Continuous 1. The students were cleaning the 1. The classroom was being cleaned by the
classroom. students.
2. Ari was cleaning the classroom. 2. The classroom was being cleaned by Ari.
S + had + Verb 3 + O S + had + been + Verb 3

Perfect 1. The students had cleaned the 1. The classroom had been cleaned by the
classroom. students.
2. Ari had cleaned the classroom. 2. The classroom had been cleaned by Ari.
S + had been + Verb ing + O S + had + been being + Verb 3

Perfect The students had been cleaning the The classroom had been being cleaned by the
continuous classroom. students.
Past Future Active voice Passive voice
S + would + Verb 1 + O S + would + be + Verb 3
Simple
The students would clean the classroom The classroom would be cleaned by the
yesterday. students yesterday.
S + would + be + Verb ing + O S + would + be being + Verb 3
Continuous
The students would be cleaning yesterday The classroom would be being cleaned by
morning. students yesterday morning.
S + would + have + Verb 3 + O S + would + have been + Verb 3
Perfect
The students would have cleaned the The classroom would have been cleaned by the
classroom at 8 o’clock yesterday. students at 8 o’clock yesterday.
S + would + have + been + Verb ing + O S + will + have + been being + Verb 3
Perfect
continuous The students would have been cleaning the The classroom would have been being cleaned
classroom at 8 o’clock yesterday. by the students at 8 o’clock yestrday.

Activity 4 Complete these passive voices using correct form! (Work in pairs)
1. “Some workers were loading the containers into the van”
The passive form of the above sentence is “The containers ____ into the van”
a. Were loaded c. were loading e. loaded
b. Were being loaded d. are loaded
2. “Setiawan _____the choice between two posts”
a. Is offering c. offered e. offers
b. Was offered d. has been offering
3. “How long did he have to undergo the radiation treatments?”
“For a month. They _____until he was dismissed from the hospital.”
a. Gave daily c. were given daily e. give daily
b. Are giving daily d. is giving daily

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4. “When did the accident happen?”
“When the goods _____from the truck”
a. Were unloading c. being unloading e. unloading
b. Unloaded d. were being unloaded
5. “After the house _________white, it looked beautiful”
a. Has painted c. painting e. painted
b. Had been painted d. had been painting

Activity 5 Arrange these jumbled words into correct sentences! (Work in pairs)
1. Had – in 1870 – this – built – mosque – been
=_______________________________________________________________________
2. Had – before – the author – died – was – the book – published
=_______________________________________________________________________
3. I – phoned – by – was – yesterday -my mother
=_______________________________________________________________________
4. Your brother – by – yesterday – this problem – solved – was.
=_______________________________________________________________________
5. Caused – an electrical fault – by – was – the last night fire.
=_______________________________________________________________________

Activity 6 Change these active voices into passive voices! (Work in pairs)
1. My mother cooked special menu for our dinner last night.
=_______________________________________________________________________
2. My Father was repairing my motorcycle last afternoon.
=_______________________________________________________________________
3. My friends had done the report last night.
=_______________________________________________________________________
4. Yesterday we would finish the English project.
=_______________________________________________________________________
5. My brother had been watering the plants in the garden at 4 p.m. yesterday.
=_______________________________________________________________________

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C. Competency Test
Activity 6 Choose the correct answer
1. “They built a new high stone wall around the garden.” It means______________
A. They built a new garden D. The garden was made of stone walls
B. The garden wall was made of stone E. The wall was made of high stones
C. There were high stones
2. “What is going to happen to the children who have become orphans due to the tsunami
disaster?”
“Don’t worry, they _________________”
A. Will take care of D. will be taken care of
B. Will have been taken care of E. will be taking care of
C. Will have taken care of
3. Azzam :” Can I borrow your car?”
Raziq :” I’m sorry, it _______”
A. Repairs C. is repairing E. is being repaired
B. Repaired D. has repaired
4. “I’d like to book three standard rooms for next week, please.”
“I’m sorry, Sir, our hotel _______until the end of the month.”
A. It is fully booked D. to be fully booked
B. Booking it fully. E. is fully booked.
C. We book it fully.
5. “Why aren’t you driving your own car?”
“It _______”
A. Has sold C. has been selling E. has to be sold
B. Has to sell D. has been sold
6. “Last night a thief broke into my brother’s house.”
“Really? What ___________from the house?”
A. He took C. was being taken E. was taken
B. It was taken D. was taking
7. “Have you delivered the package to the customers?”
“Not yet, some_____”
A. Are still being wrapped D. have been wrapped
B. Would be wrapped E. will have been wrapped
C. Were wrapped

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8. “I want the red dress displayed in the window yesterday.”
“I’m sorry, it _____________”
A. Had been selling D. has sold
B. Has to sell E. has been sold
C. Had to sell
9. The baby will _____ by our neighbor while we are away.
A. Be looking after C. be looked after E. looking after
B. Look after D. looked after
10. Because of the heavy rains, the city _____for several days.
A. Flooded C. is flooding E. was flooded
B. Is flooded D. has been flooding
11. All company employees _______12 days of sick leave a year.
A. Are now allowed C. was now allowed E. is now allowed
B. Were now allowed D. are now allowing
12. Since August 2003, more than 10 million livestock ______ and the H5N1 virus has
crossed the species barrier resulting in the least 135 confirmed human cases with 110
deaths.
A. Has been affected C. has being affected E. have being affected
B. Has been affecting D. have been affected
13. Seven people _____in collision between a bus, a car, and a truck on Jalan Sultan at 10:35
p.m. last night.
A. Are killed C. was killed E. were killed
B. Is killed D. had killed
14. Suitable young men and women ___________to apply for places on the one month
training course on hotel work organized by the Hongkong Institute of Hotel
Management.
A. Invites C. were invited E. are invites
B. Are invited D. are inviting
15. Forty-two passengers ______and two were missing after two boats carrying Thai and
foreign tourist in the popular island beach party, police said Sunday.
A. Are injured C. was injuring E. was injured
B. Were injured D. were injured

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16. The two most frequent causes of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease and multiple small
strokes, but it ______by depression, drug intoxication, alcohol abuse, head trauma, and
advanced stages of AIDS
A. Can also cause C. can also causes E. can also be causes
B. Can also be causing D. Can also be caused
17. We _____in doing a course here today.
A. Is interested C. are interested E. does interested
B. Was interested D. were interested
18. At the moment the old building ____to make space for a parking lot.
A. Demolishing C. be demolished E. to demolished
B. Being demolishing D. are being demolished
19. “Are we about to have dinner?”
“Yes, it ________ in the dining room.”
A. Is serving C. is being served E. being served
B. Serves D. served
20. “Is the new edition of this book already available?”
“Not yet, ______.”
A. It is printing C. it was printed E. It has been printed
B. It has printed D. it is being printed.

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 LESSON III
SIMPLE PAST & PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Based Competence:
1. implementing social functions, structures text, and linguistic elements of the text verbal and
transactional interactions writing that involves action giving and asking for information
related to circumstances/actions/ activities/events done/happened in the past which refers
to the time of occurrence and finally, according to context of use. (Pay attention to the
language element simple past tense vs present perfect tense)

A. Simple Past Tense

Activity 1 Discuss the material below

The functions of simple past tense:

1. to talk about an action that occurred with a certain duration of time in the past. The
preposition “for” can be used to express the time period for an event.
Samples:
 Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago.
 Did he come on time yesterday?
 I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.
2. to talk about past customs. The subordinate conjunction “when” is usually used in this
situation.
Samples:
 I often did exercises in the gym when I lived in Bandung.
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  When I was a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study.
3. To show that there is an action of short duration (simple past tense) that occurs when an
action of long duration (past continuous tense) is in progress.
Sample:
 I was reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud.
4. To show that an action (simple past tense) immediately follows the action that has been
completed (past perfect tense).
Sample:
 I had already finished my breakfast when he picked me up.
5. The simple past tense is used in conditional sentences type 2.
Sample:
 If she studied hard, she would be pass.
 I would buy a sport car if I had much money.
Activity 2 Do the exercise below tot your partner

1. He _____the letter this morning.

a. Send b. Post c. Posted d. Posting e. Sending

2. I ______to the National Park Ujung Kulon __________.

a. Go – last holiday c. Went – every Sunday e. Going – every day
b. Went – last holiday d. Gone – next holiday

3. My sister ______some flowers _________.

a. Watered – last afternoon c. Water – last afternoon
b. Watering – every day d. Waters – last afternoon
c. watering – last afternoon

4. My brother ______sick yesterday. He _________the doctor.

a. Were – visits c. Was – visiting e. Was – visited
b. Was – visit d. Was – visits

5. My mother _____ in the kitchen last afternoon. She _______ some food for the dinner.
a. Was – cooking c. Was – cook e. Were – cooked
b. Was – cooks d. Was – cooked

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B. Present Perfect Tense
Activity 3 Discuss the material below

the functions of present perfect tense:

1. To declare an activity, an action that has just occurred so that the result or result of the
action can still be seen until the time it is discussed.
Sample:
 “I have opened the door”

2. To Express an action or event that was completed at an indefinite time in the past, but
the time when the event occurred is not important. The most important thing was the
result of his actions now.
Sample:
 “She has locked the door and now I can’t open it.”
3. To declare an action or event that has occurred but the time of occurrence of the event
has not expired. At the time of speaking the time or day is still included in the month in
question, so it's not finished yet.
Sample:
 “She has written two novels this month.”
4. Declares a repeated action at an unspecified time before now. In general, this sentence
form is often followed by words: before, already, ever, never, again.
Sample:
 “You have never been here.”
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 5. To declare an activity, action or event that has occurred in the past and is still happening
in the present and in the future. Usually, it is marked with a description of the
time “since”.
Sample:
 “Grandmother has been here since yesterday.”
6. To indicates actions that have been completed in a short time. In general, the words are
often used: at last, finally, just.
Sample:
 “You have just met me.”
7. To indicates an action that has been done several times (repetition occurs) and is usually
marked with the adverb once, twice, three times, four times, and so on.
Sample:
 “They have joined the national competition three times.”
8. To indicates actions that have been completed within a certain duration. In general, the
preposition “for”.
Sample:
 “She has lived her for ten years.”

Activity 4 Do the exercise below with your partner

1. In recent years, some health practitioners ________ to apply the terms well and wellness
only to those people who are actively striving to maintain and to improve their health.
A. Begin C. have begun E. who began
B. Began D. are beginning
2. “Do you often go to restaurants?”
“No, It ______ quite a long time since I went to a restaurant with my friends.”
A. Has been C. is being E. had been
B. Would be D. was
3. “Where is Tanti?”
“I don’t know. In fact, I ______ any of our friends since I arrived.”
A. Did not see C. have not seen E. do not see
B. Was not seeing D. had not seen
4. “You look so unhappy, Anton. What’s the matter?”
“My father ______ his job”
A. Has just lost C. losing E. is losing

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 B. Has been losing D. loses
5. Andi :”I didn’t see your sister. Where is she?”
Roni :”She’s studying in Australia.”
Andi:” Oh, how long has she been there?”
Roni :”__________”
A. Last year C. Since last year E. By next year.
B. A year ago D. Yesterday

C. Competency test
1. “Is no one living with your grandmother in the house?”
“No, and she ______anyone do anything for her for years.”
A. Never had C. has never had E. will never have
B. Does not have D. never has
2. When Angela was young, she _______ three times.
A. Changes C. will change E. will have change
B. Changed D. had change
3. When the bus broke down in the middle of the desert, we ______ that we would have to
finish the journey to our destination on foot.
A. Were telling C. have told E. had told
B. Were told D. have been told
4. Professor Furnham concluded that it was not advertising that ____children, but
irresponsible parenting.
A. Harmed C. had harmed E. has been harming
B. Is harming D. was harming
5. Azwar :” Was there any trouble at the demonstration?”
Bambang :” Yes, about 20 people _____ arrested.”
A. Are being C. will be E. are
B. Have been D. were
6. Windy has stayed with us since her father________
A. Sends abroad by his company. D. is sent abroad by his company.
B. Sent abroad by his company E. to be sent abroad by his company
C. Was sent abroad by his company.
7. “When did you realize you had lost your purse?”
“When I _____money to pay the bus fare”

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 A. Was needing C. had needed E. am needing
B. Needed D. have needed
8. “Since when hasn’t she been feeling well?”
“Since she ______from Singapore.”
A. Returned C. had returned E. has been returning
B. Has returned D. has returned
9. My daughter _____ a lot of photographs of Borobudur when she went there on her last
vacation.
A. Has taken C. has been taking E. took
B. Would take D. had taken
10. We stopped the car and _____ out.
a. Get C. got E. is getting
b. Gets D. gotten
11. You drove right past me when I ______ for the bus.
A. Were waiting C. are waiting E. is waiting
B. Am waiting D. was waiting
12. Those people ______ at the hotel since Friday.
A. Had being C. had been E. have been
B. Have being D. has been
13. I ________ really tired for a whole week now.
A. Have felt C. has felt E. was felt
B. Had felt D. am felt
14. _________a holiday this year?
A. Has you had C. have you had E. had you had
B. Are you had D. were you had
15. You _______your project yet, I suppose.
A. Hadn’t done C. hasn’t done E. won’t done
B. Aren’t done D. haven’t done
16. I might go to Brazil next time. ________ there?
A. Has you ever been C. Have you ever been E. are you ever been
B. Had you ever been D. were you ever been
17. Our visitors ______. They are sitting in the garden.
A. Were arrived C. has arrived E. have arrived.
B. Have been arrived D. had arrived

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18. “Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.”
“Perhaps somebody ____it.”
A. Takes C. is taking E. would take
B. Has taken D. had taken

19. The Prime Minister _______Luton University. He spoke to students there earlier today.
A. Has visiting C. had visited E. visited
B. Have visited D. has visited
20. The girls ______ to the cinema. They won’t be back until ten o’clock.
A. Is gone C. has gone E. had gone
B. Was gone D. have gone

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