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UFAZ-L1-Physics-Fluid Mechanics 1

Correction Tutorial 2 : Dynamics of real fluids

Notions needed from Magistral Lecture :
ρLv
— Reynolds number : Re = η : Re < 2000 laminar flow ; Re > 2500 turbulent flow.
πd4 ∆P
— Poiseuille relation for pressure drop : Qv = 128ηL .

— Dracy-Weissbach relation and Fanning factor, Moody diagram, pressure loss due to accidents

Viscosity
Exercise 1 : Units conversion

1) The dynamic viscosity is η in Poiseuille (Pl) (1 Pl= 1Pa.s) It can be in Poise (P) ( 1 P=0.1 Pl). The ki-
nematic viscosity is ν = ηρ in m2 .s−1 . The Stokes (St) is a unit of kinematic viscosity that is 1 St= 1 cm2 /s = 10−4
ρoil
m2 /s. 80 P (or 8 Pl) for an oil with density d = ρwater = 0.80 gives ν = ηρ = 0.01 m2 /s =100 St.
2) 16.0 Stokes with a density of 0.964 gives η = 1.54 Pl.

Exercise 2 : Ball drop viscometer

1) Between the 2nd and the 3rd mark and between the 3rd and the 4th marks the time propagation is the
same so that the system reached the steady state regime with a limit velocity v∞ = ∆L/∆t = 0.04 m/s
(∆L = 40cm).
We calculate v∞ by assuming a free fall (→
−
g = g→
−
ez )with a viscous friction force including an Archimedes force :

d→
−v −
→
m = m→
−
g + Πa − 6πηr→ −
v (1)
dt
−→
By projection onto Oz axis with m = ρs V and Πa = −ρfluid V →
−
g we obtain the first order differential equation
dv v gV m
+ = (ρs − ρfluid ) with τ = (2)
dt τ m 6πηr

whose particular solution is v ≡ v∞ = τ m

gV
(ρs − ρflui ) and the general solution v gen (t) = A exp − τt whose A has to


be determined with initial conditions. Total solution is v(t) = v∞ + v gen (t) and with initial velocity equal to zero we
get A = −v∞
 t

v(t) = v∞ 1 − e− τ

We deduce the velocity with the help of v∞ that is the limit velocity in the steady state regime (that does not depends
explicitely on time) with V = 34 πr3 .

gV gV
v∞ = (ρs − ρfluid ) ⇒ η = (ρs − ρfluid )
6πηr 6πv∞ r

with v∞=0.04 m/s , r = 0.004 m ρfluid = 1250 kg/m3 , ρs = 7800 kg/m3 we find η = 5.71 Pl. Remark by neglecting
the Archimedes force we find η = 6.79 Pl which gives a relative error of 19 %.

2) Re = ρLv
η = 1250×0.004××0.04
5.7 = 0.07 with L = 2r, so Re < 2000 laminar flow and stockes formula is va-
lid.
3) With m = ρV ≈ r3 we have v∞ ≈ r2 and so v is divided by 4 if r is divided by two.
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Hydraulic diameter and flow regime

Exercise 3 : Diameter calculation
ρLv
1) We need Re = η > 2500 for turbulent regime. ρ/η ≈ 106 for water, L = d and we calculate v with the

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volumic flow Qv = vS = vπ d2 . for d = dmax , with Qv = 30 L/min (change units) the condition Re = ρLvη > 2500
gives dmax < 25cm.
2) With ρ = 1150 kg/m3 and a dynamic viscosity η = 1.45 × 10−3 Pl, we have ρ/η = 7.93 × 105 instead of 106
and the modified Reynold number is with 2019 > 2000 so the flow is a bit above the laminar regime but non in the
turbulent one.

Exercise 4 : Non cylindric pipe

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4×Section π( d
2) 1 dπ
1) According to the Magistral lecture ( :-) ), the hydraulic diameter is dh = wet perimeter =4 2 πd
= π+2 when
2 +d
the section is a half circle. With d = 4.0 cm we get dh = 2.44 cm.
2000×2×10−3
2) Laminar flow if Re = ρLv
η < 2000 so with L = dh it gives v < 0.024×1022 = 0.16 m/s and Qv = vS = 1 × 10−4
m3 .s−1 with S = 6.28 × 10−4 m2 .
ρLv 2500×2×10−3
Turbulent flow if Re = η > 2500 so with L = dh it gives v > 0.024×1022 = 0.2 m/s and Qv = vS = 1.26 × 10−4
m3 .s−1 .

Drip system
Exercise 5

1) Assuming laminar flow we can use directly Poiseuille relation

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for pressure drop : Qv = πd ∆P
128ηL See Magistral Lecture Pressure
drop page 9. This relation will be demonstrated in the second
semester. You can learnt it by hearth. It will be probably given in the
exam if needed.
2) We look which value of L is needed to get Qv = 50 µ
L/min= 50 × 10−9 = 5 × 10−8 m3 /s. With d = 0.5 mm= 5 × 10−4 m,
h = 15 cm= 0.15 m, ∆P = ρgh, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and η = 10−3 Pl.

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πd4 ∆P 3.14 × 5 × 10−4 × 1000 × 9.8 × 0.15
L= = = 0.045 = 4.5 cm.
128ηQv 128 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−8

We check we are in laminar regime in the pipe progagation by calculating Re = ρLv η < 2000 with v = QSV
2
and S = π d2


we find v = 0.25 m/s. The characteristic length L here is the diameter of the pipe and
ρLv 1000×5×10−4 ×0.25
Re = η → 10−3 = 125 < 2000. ok !
3) The flow rate is Qv = 5 × 10−8 m3 /s so to loose 1 mm of height in the big tank, that corresponds to a volume

2 −5
V =π D 2 × 0.001 = 3.14 × 10−5 m3 we need ∆t = QVv = 3.14×10
5×10−8 = 628 s ≈ 10, 5 min.

Regular pressure drops in a horizontal straight pipe

Exercise 6

1) We calculate Reynolds number Re = ρLv η and we determine v with Qv /S, characteristic length is taken to
L = D where D is diameter and S = π(D/2) , don’t forget to put Qv in m3 /s. We obtain Re = 1.76 × 105 >> 2500.
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We have a turbulent flow.

2) We use the Darcy-Weissbach formula See Magistral Lecture Pressure drop page 18, 20.
2v 2 ρLf
∆P = ∆Pload = (3)
d
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f is the Fanning factor See Magistral Lecture Pressure drop page 21, 22. We determine it using the Moody
diagram below. For Re ≈ 1.8105 we find f = 0.004 using smooth pipe (tubes lisses on graphics) :

2×(1.76)2 ×1000×100×0.004
Calculation give : We have v = Qv /S = 50/3600/(π × (0.05)2 ) = 1.76m/s and ∆P = 0.1 =
24.7 × 103 Pa.
3) PA = ∆P + Patm =.

Regular and singular pressure losses with the Belanger relations

Exercise 7

see hand writing page