MODULE-1 INTRODUCTION 1. Define air pollution. Explain primary and secondary air pollutants. (2) “Air pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such asidust, fumes) gas) mist, odour smoke) OF Vapour, in quantities, with characteristics, and of durations such as to be Inhouse oT, o: which unreasonably interfere withthe comfortable enjoyment fle and property’ “Air Pollution is the pollution is the presence’ of undesirable material init, in quantities large enough toproduce harmfuletfeet. Primary Pollutants: > primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly from the sources. > Typical pollutants are particulate matter such as\ashy smoke) aust, fumes|ahd Mis inorganic spses such as $O2, HS, nie oxide, ammonia, CO, CO2, hydrogen fluoride, olefinic ard aromatihiyro‘carbons and also radio tarbon and also radloactive components; Of the large number of primary pollutants into the present in sufficient — concentration to be of immediate concer, > These are major types particulate mater, sulphur doxie, oxides of nitrogen hydrocarbons. > COIs generally not considered because of itsinereased global concentration, its influence on the global climate patterns of great concer, Secondary Pollutants: > Secondary pollutants are those formed in thelatmosphere|by chemical reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric constituents > Pollutants such as S03, NO2 Peron acetyl nitrate (PAN) ozone, aldehydes; Ketones and various SUlphiaté and nitrate Salts are included in this category. > Secondary pollutants are formed from the/ehermi¢al and photol/chemicallreaction In the atmosphere > The reaction mechanisms are influenced by concentration of reactants at pollutants, the amount of moisture contents, degree of photo activation, meteorological forces and local photography, 2. Explain the sources and consequence of air pollutants for the following. 1) Sulphur-di-oxide This is one of the|principaliconstituents of air pollutants. The main|SOUFCE of $02 is the ‘Combustion [OF fuels, especially Coal, its concentration in the atmosphere depends upon the sulphur Content of the fuellused for heating and power generation) The sulphur content of fuels varies from less than 1% for good quality anthracite to over 4% for bituiiinouis Coal! During the smelting of many ores lke zinc, copper and lead, sulphur dioxide is evolved in stack concentrations, ‘of S=10% (S02); But this can be'fecovered in the form of Sulphiurieacid Among the miscellaneous operations releasing sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere are sulphuuric/acid plants and paper, ‘manufacturing plants, The quantities are usually low and therefore easily amenable to control measures. The open burming/of refuse and flunicipaliincinerators also contribute'some amount of sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere. ii) Ozonezone is formed in the atmosphere through chemical EaCtiOns between pollutants emitted ‘om vehicles factories an other industrial sources, fossil fuels, combustion, consumer products, vaporation of paints, and many other sources. ‘The hole in the ozone layer is{eaUsed by aif pollutants. Chemicals used as refrigerants, such as ¢hlorofuorocarbons"(CRCs), contain chlorine atoms. Releasing chlorine atoms into the atmosphere destroys ozone, Dust Dust is made up of sblidpaftieléS predominantly larger than those found in colloids and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases. They do not tend to flocculate/except under electrostatic forces: they also dovnot fuse but settle under the influence of gravity. Dust produced bythe crushing, grinding of organic and inorganic materials. iv) Fumes ‘These are Solidparticles generated byicondensation from/the|gaseous'state, generally after \Volatilization! from imelted’/SUBStahe®s, and often accompanied by a chemical reaction such as ‘oxidation, Furnes flocculate and sometimes coalesce Vehicle emissions, fuel ols and natural gosto heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fuel power pants, and fumes from chemical production are the primary sourees of human-made se pollution Enumerate the effects of the air pollution on human health and vegetation. ‘On human health: 1) Eye irritation 2) Throat and Nose irittion 3)lnritation of the respiratory tract 4) Bases like H2S)/NH3 cause odour nuisance even at low/concentrations, 5) Increase in mortality rate and morbidity rate. 6) A variety of particulates particularly pallens)initiatesasthmatieattacs, 7) Chronic pulmonary diseases lke bronchitis and asthma are aggregates by a high concentration of $02, NO2, particulate matter and PCS. 8)/CO\combinies with the fiaemoglobin in the blood and consequently iNFEASES/SHESS on those suffering from CARDIOVASCUUAR and PULBONARY DISEASES! 9) Hydrogen Fldoridg causes disease of the!bone [FIUOrosis] and mottling OF teeth. 10) Carcinogeni¢ agents cause cancer 41) Dust particles cause respiratory dISGaSeS| Diseases lke SINCOSIS)/@SbEStOSIS/EE. result from specific crusts 12) Cerainheavy metals ite lead may enterthe’body through the longs and cause poisoning. ‘On vegetatio Pollution has been long known to have adverse effects on plants. At first is only Stilphur ‘loxide that was considered aidangerOUs'pollutant. Now with the advent of various pesticides and ‘new industrial processes the range of harmful pollutants has multiplied tremendously. KINDS OF INJURY TO PLANTS 1) ACUTE INJURY: it results from shirt time exposures to relativelyihigh concentrations, such as {TIgRRCURUNMSTHFUMAIESLONTEONGIEIONS. The effects are noted within FEWINOURS to FEWEAYS| and may/result invisible markings on the|leaves due to(Collapse and death of cells. Ths leads to ‘arEOtie patterns i.e, areas of dead tissues.. Defi 2) CHRONICINJURY: It results from long-term lowsevellexposure and usually cause§ ChIOrosis\(Or)| leaf abscission. 3) GROWTHOR YIELD RETARDATION: Hare the injuryis in the form of an effect on growth without visible markings [invisible injuries). Usually, a/suppression of growth or yieldoccurs,, /ersion. Briefly explain the different types of inversion with the aid of neat sketch and also explain the causes and effects of inversion of atmosphere. (1) ‘An inversion represents allayerof the'atmosphere in which the\temperature gets warmet the higher you'gO. A variety of conditions can cause inversions, but most common if/AFizom@ is the Pight-ime inversion. This is when a layeroficooleralriitrappedineat the’ ground|by allayer of warm airabove the surface. ‘Types of Inversion: version is produ ck 2) Conditions:Advectional Valley inversion in intermontane valley metimes, of the lower eee a sloping, + Here, thi i idly and cools down/at/a) lower cold layers get y. + The sloping surface undemeath makes them move towards the bottom where the cold layer settles down as a zone of low temperature while the upper layers are relatively warmer. + This condition, opposite to:normall vertical: distribution of temperature, is known as|Temperature Inversion. oldie Warm ayer dry adiabatic rate of 10°C/km. In certain cases, particular level where the air diverges horizont air.Convectional currents set up in the phenomena of cause a thorough mixing of the atmosphere in turbulent layers. However, the turbulent or convective mixing is limited to a certain height beyond which it does not and cannot penetrate. = In the process of vertical mixing (convection) the air carried upward is cooled adiabatically. Similarly the air brought downwards heated at the same adiabatic rate. The mixing of warm and cool air produces frictional eddies which causes instability or turbulence. = After a prolonged mixing in the atmosphere, the air at the maximum height of turbulent penetration becomes colder than what it was before, and that at the bottom of the turbulence layer will be warmer than what it originally was. ‘The transition from this cold upper part of the turbulence zone to the air above with its temperature unaffected by adiabatic cooling comprises a temperature inversion. = In certain situations, turbulence in association with heat from the ground leads to the formation of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. = Turbulence inversion may occur at a low level or it may form at very high altitudes. In case the inversion has formed at lower levels, smoke, dust particles and other pollutants are carried up to the inversion where they spread beneath the inversion layer and form distinct smoke or haze lines in clear weather. weialaL oeaele ns inversion + When the , then the warm front rises up and being/heavier the!cold front)sinks;down. It results in formation of Frontal Inversion. + It has considerable ‘slopé), whereas other inversions are nearly” |. It often takes place in the temperate Zone and causes ecyclonic’conditions which result in the precipitation in different!) forms. + A frOntallinversiontisTUnStablé and isidestroyel as the Weather “changes. ae© caus Three common causes of temperature inversions inthe lower atmosphere are > radiation fom the earth's surface; > subsidence (sinking at associated with high pressure systems) > frontalsysters. + effects: Temperature inversion determines the precipitation, forms of clouds, and also causes frost due to condensation of warmair cue toits cooling > [USEBSIRICIESSNEIAEIEEEIIEDUe to inversion of temperature, air pollutants such as ‘Gust particles and smoke do not disperse on the surface. > SSODSMEONERIENNE causes the stablity ofthe atmosphere that stopsthe downward and upward movement of ar [ESRI Convection clouds cannot move high upwards so there sess rainfall and no showers, So, i causes ajproblem for agricultural productivity. >)RSINERMISIBINR: Fog is formed due to the situation of warm aif'aboveland/cold/air below,) and hence visibly I duced which causes sturbance in transportation. 5. Write a short note on photo-chemical smog. And also, factors affecting on photo-chemical » Photochemical smog is formed due tolphatochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons andinitrogen) oxides: > The substances that react with fItrOBEROXIAES to form Oxida;its|(the final product of photochemical smog) are tracetydrocarbons (from incompletecombustion) and the hydroxy radical. > The necessary ingredients'for photochemical smog formation/are (1) nitrogen"oxides, (2) sunlight, and (3) hydrocarbons. > Photochemical smog formation proceeds through asequence of reactions, all involving free) "radical mechanism. > Free radicals are generated by photoldssociationofinitrogenWloxide, 2 process that generates ozone and oxygen atoms. > Onyeeniatomsiresct with wateritoQforminyaroxyliradials| which in turn react with hydrocarbons to form hydrocarbon radials > Oxidation of hydrocarbons by the hydroxy radial leads to the formation of aldehydes. > The aldehydes are oxidized further to form aldehyde peroxides and aldehyde phenoxyacds. These final substancesiare the compounds that aresoinitatng to'sensitive biological tissues and gauseimostofthethesthiproblems associates with photochemical smog: Factors that effect on photochemical smog: > local topography - low lying areas. > climate - high air pressure areas. > population density - number of vehicles. > fossil fuel use.6. Define air pollution and briefly explain the various sources pf air pollution. (2) “Air Pollution isthe pollution is the presence/of undesirable material iain Quantities large enough to produce harmful effects”. ‘There are four main types of air pollution sources: + Mobile sources’ such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains + Stationary sources - such as power plants, ol refineries, industrial facilities, and factories + reaisoutces — such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces, + Rijtural sources — such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes 1. Based on Origin: Natural and Manmade ‘+ While man-made air pollution does present health hazards, natural sources of air pollution can be equally dangerous at times. These sources include dust picked up by Wind erosion, the emission of ethane by IVestockyaiid smoke from wilfiresiV6leanicerUptions are perhaps the largest single source of air pollution, natural or man-made, that humans have ever dealt with, These can produce clouds of abrasive volcanic ash and other harmful substances such as chlorine and sulphur. 2. Based on Position: Stationary/and Mobile + The sources of ar pollution may be classified as stationary point sources (generally industrial in origin), diffuse or area sources and mobile sources (mainly cars and trucks). 3. Based on Axis of Release! Horizontallaxis (Roadways traffic) Vertical Axis\release (Industral stacks) 4. Based on Intensity/frequency\Vof release: ContinUoUs\/release (Industrial Stacks) Instantanieous release (Roadways traffic) 5. Stationary Sources: + The stationary industrial sources are usually classified by process type or sub-type. Thus an oil refining plant also includes large industrial boilers as a sub-type. Small and medium scale plants such as garment or food processing plants may include industrial bollers, a common source of air pollution. The quality and type of fuel used for energy production are important determinants of the air pollution potential ofa plant. Each type of plant or activity generally emits more than one pollutant, and the pollutant emission rate depends on the fuel type and quality, the design of the plant (and whether fitted with air pollution control devices or not), and the actvity rate or output of the plant. Point source (power plant stacks) > Area source (forest fires, open burning) > Line Source (highway vehicle exhausts) Mobile Sources: Refer mainly to emissions from caf FUCKS) MinibUSES afd BUSES; The fuel source may be petrol or diesel, and emissions include exhaust emissions. Vehicle (mobile) source emissions depend on a number of factors, including vehicle’ size) fuel type) speed and VEnICle ‘echriology. Totallvehicle emissions depend on the Wehicle|population/on the road ata given time! 7. Explain the subsidence inversion and radiation inversion in detail. Radiation inversion This type of inversion occurs at night, when the earth) loses heat by radiation and cools the airin contact with >» Itoccurs when the vertical movement ofair is stopped until the sun warms the lower al, next morning > Fogformsinthis type of inversion ifarismoist and temperaturesbelow theldeW point> Its common in winter tolongernights oi frequenty Geers nWaleVAFEBS because of ‘the restriction of horizontal air movement by surrounding high ground, may frequently have such inversions. 0 Pca envionment) inset Solar radiation yd Long wave fe fadaton ath 2500 “a spine ‘oetre i 3 ‘8 Bo = Figure 42: The mechani for he formation ofa sface radiation laveson Layer BC the reno erin ler. ence inversion >This ypeofinverson occurs at modest alttudes'and remains forseveral days! > tis cased due to sinking fair nigh pressure areas surroundedby low pressure area > As the asin itis compresse and gets heats to form a warm dense layer hat prevents upward movement of contaminants > Inversion height varies from ground layéfito a height of 1600. o At inversion height of 200) 1m, extreme pollution occurs. raation and subsidence inversion occur simultaneous, the phenomenon Is called "éoubleinvesion” 0000 2 ‘Actual (environment) lapse ale More subsidence, ‘Subsidence inversion, 000 r Less subsidence Figure 43: A temperature aude graph pica of subsidence iverson8. Whatare the effects of photo chemical smog? Harmful effects of photochemical smog 1) 1ecorrodesmetas, stones, rubber and painted surface 2} It causes serious health problems to senior citizens, chiliren and people with heart and lung problems which lead to emphysema, bronchitis, asthma; 3) It causes pneumonia inflammation of pulmonary tissues, atigue, heart palpitations; remature, aging of lungs and death. 4) People with pre-existing health problems (such/as respiratory diseases) are sensitive to ozone. Children, the elderly and people with poor lung function carry @ far greater risk Of developing respiratory illness from photochemical smog than healthy adults. 5) Photochemical smog is capable of inflicting itreversible damage on the lungs/and hearty 6) Even short-term exposure'to pliotochemical smog tends to havellll effects on both the young and theelderly: 7) It causes painful inritation of the respiratory system, reduced lung function and difficulty Breathing; this is more evident while exercising or working outdoors '8) High levels of smog also trigger asthma attacks because the smog causes increased 'Sensitivit ‘to allergens) which are triggers for asthma. {9} Photochemical smog has devastating effects on the environment. 10) The collection of chemicals found in photochemical smog causes problems for plantsiand ‘animal life. 11) Some plants such as tobaecopitomatolandispinach are high vesponsive to OB0ne, so photochemical smog can decimate these sensitive crops, trees and other vegetation. 9.__Discuss the effect of following pollutants on human and vegetatior (carbon monoxide (on Humans: > Upon entering the bloodstream, carbon monoxide inhibits the body's ability to carry Oxygen to ‘organs and tissues. Haemoglobin is usually responsible for binding to oxygen molecules and carrying ther through the human body, > However, the bond carbon monoxide forms with haemoglobinjs 245 times'stronger than the bond usually formed by oxygen. } Carbon monoxide therefore stays Mich JOgEt bound to the haemoglobin, locking the limited amount of possible 'dacking sites" for oxygen; lesding\to 2n undersupply of the’ ody with, oxygen. > As such extremely high concentrations can cause death, Infants the elderly, and those with ear and respiratory. diseases are particulary susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning (on vegetation: > Carbon monoxide affetts)the amount of eFSBHHOUSE|GASES when it is efittedlinto the atmosphere > This change in atmosphere is linked to Clinate/change and globallWarming) as land and sea temperature increases changing to ecosystems, increasing storm activity, and causing other extreme weather events.oxides ofritrogen (on humans: > Breathing ar witha high concentration of NO; cn irate airways in the human respiratory system, > Such e¥osutes over shortipetiods can aggravate respiratory @seases,particulery asthma) leading to respiratory symptoms {suchas coughing, wheezing or dificult breathing), hospital sximltsions and vss te emergency fooms, > Longer exposures to elevated concentrations of NO: may contribute to the development of asthma and potentially increase susceptibility to respiratory infections, > People with asthma, as wel as children andthe elderly are generally at greater risk forthe health effects of NO. PyINOsalong with other NO, reacts with other chemicals n the air to form bathiparticulate matter and QHON. Both ofthese are also harmfulWhen inhaled due to effects onthe Fesplratony system, > Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause damage to the human respiratory tract and increase a person’ vulnerability to, and the severity of, respiratory infections nd asthma, > Long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic lung disease. > Irmay also affect the senses, for example, by reducing’a person's ability to'smell an odour) (on vegetation: > Noandother NOxinteratwithwateroxygenandatherchemicalsin the atmosphere oform acid rain. Aca ean harms sensitive ecosystems such as lakes and forests. > The hitrate!partiles that result from NOX make the alr hazy and difficult'to/See though This affects the many national parks that we visitforthe Views > NOx the atmosphere contributes tojnutrient pollution in coastal waters) > High levels of nitrogen dioxide are also hiatmful to vegetation—damaging foliage, decreasing growth or Feduicing crop yields. > Nitrogen dioxide cn fade and eliscolou furnishings nd fabrics, reduce visibly, ané react with surfaces, (iii) sulphur dioxide (on humans > silphur dioxide affects the respiratory system orticulariy lung funtion) and can itt the eves. > Sulphur dowide itatesthe respiratory tractand increases theiskof tractinfectios. causes coughing, mucus seretionand aggravates conditions such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, Sulphur dioxide can cause respiratory problems such a bronchitis, and can iritate your nose, throat and lungs. > Itmay cause coughing) wheezing) phlegrh and asthitialattacks. The effects are worse when you > Sulphur dioxide has been inked toardiovascular disease. (On vegetation: ‘When SulphUrdioxide combines with Waterand ir, it forms sulfurie acid, w' main component of acid ain, Acid rain ea: > cause deforestation > acidity waterwaysto the detriment of aquatic ite isthe> corrode building materials and paints. > Lichens are god bioindcatrs of polation as they do not like to grow where there i sulphur dioxide in the ai (iv) Hydrocarbons ‘On humans: > If someone accidentally erinks/a hydrocarbon’ product and enters the lungs, breathing problems can develop. Serious injury or » Hydrocarbons are illiquid. Many are ot harmful unless the oly quid gets into ungs, > When a hydrocarbon gets into’the'stomach, it usually passes through the body with little more than burpingland an episode of diarrhoea, > However, ifitienters the lungs, it can cause a pREUMONIEIKE condition) irreversible, permanent lng damage; and even death. > Some hydrocarbons can cause ater effects, Incl or damage to the kidneys or ver, > Examples of products that contain dangerous hydrocarbons include some solvents used in paints and dry cleaning and household cleaning chemicals. On vegetation: > Methane and ¢hlorofluorocarbons|are/twol|hydrocarbons|that can drastically alter the atmosphere. Methane oxidizes int carbon dioxide (CO2)jinereasing th'amountof CO2in the atmosphere and adding tthe greenhouse effect and global warming > Aldehydes are toxic chemicals that result from the combustion of hydrocarbons, such as burning car fuel and plywood, They've been shown to inhibit photosynthesis in plants, cause eye and lung ieitations and even possibly cause cancer, > Massive oilspils are an obvious source of damage to human health and/ecosytemsExpesure to large amounts of el may inhibit respratorysuncton in animal and humans Animals that ingest the ol can als be posoned, > Oil is not only detrimental in large/spill; small emissions from automotive leaks and other sources can have cumulative effects that can damage the environment in devastating ways. 10. Discuss in brief units and measurements of air pollutants. Air pollutants are measured in various units. Find out about the units and how to convert them s0 you can compare our data with data from other sources. Concentration values are the primary measurements of parameters obtained from air quality ‘monitoring stations. Concentrations are reported as: + particles (as PMu, PMz«) ~ micrograms per cubic metre (ug/m’) + _NEPH or visibility — while commonly written as bsp’ NEPH is reported in units of 10 m:, This means that a NEPH value of 1.5 should be read as 1.5x10+m*.On multiplying by 100 you can convert this number to the widely used unit for visibility known as inverse megametres (Mint), + gases — parts per million (ppm) for CO and parts per hundred million (pphm) for others. Gaseous concentration values are reported referenced to a temperature of 0°C and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kilopascals. This conversion table will allow you to compare data in the DPE air quality monitoring reports with those from otherAir pollution is (broadly) measured in two different ways, passively or actively. Passive measurement: > Passive devices are relatively Simiple and 1OW=C0st. > They work by Soakingiup or passively collecting a sample of the ambient aifgWhich then has to be analysed in a laboratory. > One of the most commion forms of passive measurement is the diffusion tbe, which _ looks similar to a laboratory test tube and is fastened to something like a lamp post to absorb one or more specific pollutant gases of interest. ‘After a period of time, the tube is taken down and sent toa laboratory for analysis. Deposit gauges, one of the oldest forms of pollution measurement, are another type of passive device. > They are lange funiels that eollect soot or other particulateand drain'them into ‘sampling bottles, which, again have to be analysed in a laboratory. Active measurement: > Active measurement devices are|moreautomatedcomplexand Sophisticated hough not always more sensitive or reliable > They use fis to suck in the ar, filteritnd either analyse it automaticallythere and then or collect and store it for later analysis in a laboratory. 2 Active sensors use either physical or chemical methods. > Chemical methods change the sample in some way, through a chemical reaction, and ‘measure that Mostautomatedairsquality sensors are examples of active ‘measurement. 11. Explain effects of air pollutants on plants. There are many harmful effects of Air Pollation on Pants; they can have dect poisonous impacts, or by implication by changing Sl pH followed by solubilization of toxie\sals of metals) IRETAIUMAITUM,. The particulate issues have 2 HEYaAVEMEGHAMAITRECE| The effects of Air Polltion on Plants in points by the major Air pollutants are explained as follows: oxone: Crone is significant greenhouse gas ands useful for fe on earth It prevents ultabilet bears from going through. Be that as it may, when ozone i most valuable when itis high up in the climate, On the ground, ocone can cane a ton of medical problems for people, for example, breathing issues, clog, throat asturbance and soon, Effects of Ar Pollution on Pants lead to loss, of capacity forthe plant cel This is thought to infiuence the procedure of photosynthesis Sulphur Dioxide: Plants)getpresented to sulphur dioxide through the a€id|AOWhpOUF The quick impacts show themselves as EiSOIGUFatOnaS'an effect OT APOIUMOMOMTIERYES. Is kewise known to hinder photosynthesis by disturbing specific mechanisms required for photosynthesis. Besides, sulphur lone can influence the opening of Ue StOnTata BAG AUOULERCESSWETOSSOTWALET. Be that as it may, the impact of introduction to sulphur dioxide changes as per the plaft'Speciesiand the degree of exposure, Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen dioxie is framed from the ignition of non‘renewable’energy sources and discharges from fefiningyoil. This\gas\is harmful, which is considered one of the significant effects of Air Pollution on Plants; in high amounts, stunts plant development,12, Defin (i) Fogel isthermist in which the iuld Is Water and is sufilentiy dense to obstruct vision FOR, ‘efeFS|to/Vvisible"@erOSOIS|in which the dispersed [phase|Is\liquid; Formation by condensation is {sualy implied, n meteorology, it refers to dispersion of water o ce in the atmosphere near the earth's surface reducing viblity less thanvhalf lometre. In natralfog the sie/of the particles) ranges from 40-1. (i) iss is made up of liquid ropletsgeneraly'smalle|than/Z0W! which are formed by Condensation inthe" atmosphereor releesed from Industrial operation. Mist refers to 2 low concentration dispersion of quid particles of large size. In meteorology, it means @ light dispersion of minute water droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Natural mist particles formed from water vapour and the atmosphere are rather large, ranging from 500-40j site. The particles may coalesce: (iii) Smoke: It contains fire particles of the'size ranging from/0,01/to\L|um, whichican\be liquid at Solid and are formed by combustion at chemical processes, smoke may have diferent colours depending on nature of materials burned. Smoke consist of finely vided particles produced by, incomplete combustion. it consists predominantly of carbon particles and other combustible ‘materials. Generally the sie ofthe particles i les than 3 (i) Soot: Soot is the common term for a type of paticle pollution called PM 2.5—paticulate