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    CHAPTER 5 5.1 Weight of Material (Dead Load) Chapter S Construction Material CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ‘The dead loads consist of the weight of the structure considered, including additional ‘materials for construction or other utility services. The following unit weights of construction materials are in principle used in computing the dead loaded. In case that the actual unit weight of materials is evident, their unit weight is to be used. Material Reinforced Concrete (Thick Structure) Unit Weight [n'y ein | 235 | 33.04 Prestressed Concrete Plain/Mass Concrete ‘Reinforced Concrete (Thin Structure) | _ —250___| “Asphalt Conerete Pavement 2.30. Cement z 317 ‘Structural Steet : 735 Cast Iron : [138] ‘Water 1.00 Unit weight of soil shall be determined by result of laboratory tests, but if there is no data available at hand, the following standards of unit weight may be used. ; Wet (ia ] Samar (aim) Type ofSoil [Tose — | Compacied [Loose] Compacted | Sand or gavel 18 20 09 io Peron [Sandy soll Tir 8 08 09 | Clayey sail i ig 06 08 Sand or gravel 26 1.0, aankmen PSiéy soil 19 og Embankment [Si ve Back Fill 05 52 Property of Construction Materials S21 Concrete (1) Classification Concrete is classified according to its compressive strength (28° day, oy.) maximum. size of aggregates and application as shown in the following table: 1-51 Chapter 5 Construction Material 28-day (ou) | Max. Size Compressive Strength _| Aggrezate | Application pa) | (kgGem"y | (om), Peace Presivessed concrsie pile Geady a om = ___| made produc) _| Presiessed concrete for girder en on ridge, Prestressed concrete ple. as Prestressed concrete for slab i lisa deck of bridge, precast concrete - B (280) RC bridge gider _| a General use, rentoreed concrete members with thickness more (eae) than 20 om is FAL General use, reinforced concrete coins | 7295 ns 25 | members with thickness less than20em. 175 40 | Plain concrete for structure cwcasy | 125 25 [Phin conerteforevelng Note: 1 MPa 10:2 kglfem’, (MPa : mega pascal) 1 kgem® — =0.098 MPa @) Modulus of Blasticity (Young's Modulus) oO ‘Young’s Modulus of conerete to be used in calculation of the statically in determinate force or elastic deformation of a reinforced concrete structure and those for design calculation of presetressed concrete members are given in the table below. Ee = Poisons a (ktm) ratio [Ka 215,000 02 PKs —248,000 02. c 235,000 02 K=350 295,000 K=400 310,000 K=300 330,000 where, ou = compressive strength of conerete at relevant age (kgtem?) Ec. 2 elasticity of concrete (kgffem) ) Bs ‘modulus of elasticity of steel (=2,100,000 kgGlem’) n= ratio of Young’s modulus. v Poisson's ratio Ratio of Young's modulus n to be used in calculation of stress of reinforced concrete members is 15 (n= 2,100,000 / 140,000, Ee value is assumed to be 140,000 kgffenr). 5.2.2 @ @® Chopler $ Construction Mater Structural Steel Material of Steel Penstock Materials used for stec! penstock shall be those listed in table below. Materials other than those in the able below may be used provided that a sufficient study be made Rolled steel for general sinucture WS G3ION(H9H)_] Rolled steel for welded structure fas G 310601995) | _| Carbon steel tubes for general structural purposes JIS G3444(1988) Carbon steel pipes for ordinary piping JIS G 3452(1988) | Catbon stcet pipes for are welded piping | ISG 3457/1988) | Carbon steel pipes for pressure service IS G 3454(1988) Carbon ste! castings BIS G 51011991) Carbon steel forging for general use IS. G 32011988) ‘Material of Hydraulic Gate, Valve and Trash Racks ‘The materials used for a hydraulic gate shall be equivalent or superior to those listed in the table below. This Article is applicable to the materials used for high pressure valves and trash racks. Materials other than in the table below may be used provided that a sufficient study be mado, Material of Hydraulic Gate, Valve and Trash Racks (1/2) Name pe Symbot Place used Rolie steel for general ‘S400 Tea, guide feat suppor, statuses 4863101 | S490 anchorage, hoist base, bol SMEO0A@B or C) SNIASOA(B or C) : Rolladsted for weied | ws grieg | SA9O¥AID) es is ea spn SMs20B(C) . - SM570 . ‘Sic bas for concrete R035 reinforcement [2891 | 30295 spsas, fetes eae Hotroledatmaspheris 'SMA4O0(B or ©) lke ain Leaf, guide, teat support, ‘costesion resisting steel | JISG3114 | SMA490(B oF C) foc welded structures | ~_| sMas7o eee Cold finished ca 5. | Sadaloystattan | 2503123 ‘Carbon stel tubes for Major diameter of gear 4S. G3201 | SFS90A SESSOA _| sexe et pany staf, bunnion hub lange ‘Carbon siel tubes for Teal, protective pipe, ‘general structure uisG244s | stK290S7K400 | handsail, shal for load | purpose BY tansmission Carbon sts pipes oe [ys Gasp | sap Tow pressure oil hydraulic | ontinary piping Carbon ste pipes for eames ie ji igh pressure il hydraulic uiscuuss | STO? pipe, feel & dainage pip, presuesere ost | Tidalcodader Steins att pipes | 15 Gots9 | SUSHBETE Let mete Sah 1-53 Chapter $ Consiruction Material Wire rope Carbon see! for ‘machine structural used ype HS G3525 Bi wits) 6Fi29) W536) ais Gtosi | $3 S400 825C S306 waasonssion shaft, anchor, SASC. bolt Nickel chromium steels asGn0 SNC2CSNCEI 02 | SNcE36 ‘Cheomium molybdenum JIS 4105 _ | SCMA3S SCMEO ‘SCMA30SCHA32 | Gear, shaft, bott Hy see oe ot semaas SUS304 SUSI is [sumeaamioen | soon {suse We an nt, Pot ae || sussanyigay | pistonstem Sea piate and ting pate Hot rlledstaintss tcl SUSIO4 SUSBI6 ve, | loveliest aisonon | Sisinasusita | Ealestend gute wed of 17__ | Cold tolled stainless i303 | SUS304 SUS3I6 17 | set sheets and plates _] 5695 | susaos sussto Ht cold stainless Sea plate and siding plato 18. | steel sips __ [ 95.64806 | SUSI04 SUS316 | For teat and guid, ead ofa SOSI0H SUERTE] ele cil wy, [esses som [ses _ [statins POET | sustto susezoi2 7" {C3EDSCHO |Last, casing, leaf cuppon, 20, | Corbonsteetcasting —[ISGSI01 | Sc450 sc480__— | gear, roller, pats for bist, G1. | Steteastnastor Tyg qaion | SCWHIOSCWAEO | Hydauic tnd, sheave, welded ne Sewssoscwe20 | drum SCMniB SCM High toste tenth SeMua0 SCMnSB. casbon tec as SCMnCe2B 22, | sndiowalloystesl | JISGSIN1 | SCMinCe3B Main whet large gsr éstngs for structural SEMnCB. puposes SCCaB SccsA sis SeNceMa0 2, [suinarsedeasigs [sos [SEES [awning a TS GSOT_| F200 FCISD —— | Pats Forbes sheave sane 418 65502 | FCD4SOFCDS00 | Piston, sheave Conner snd conn: ccasonr C2680" | siding = 26, | alloy sheets plates, suip ] JS U100 Siding plate tly sheets, on | camo c2soue High stengih bras an,_| Hiahs isHston | HBC 2. isis | BC2BC3 BCs a | nisnia | PBCAPBCIB 2, assists [ten 30. gsusiid | atnce aincs 31 uisusiis | Lace uses Sliding pate, bushings SSWRIT Or) cee 32, | wheels forraitway | JIS E5402 | $S\V-Q1S(25 0r38) | Mein whest ‘cling stock SSW-QIRQR 03K) | Fe (Chapter 5 Construction Moteriot Itis standardized that steel types should be selected in relation (o plate thickness as given below: “Thickness (mm) ‘SMA90A. 'SM4908 523° Reinforcing Steel Bar Reinforcing steel bars shall be U-24 or U-30 (SH, 02932-80) and conform to SII 0136 (Standard Industei Indonesia) as shown below. Round Bars Code No. Diameter (mm)_| Cross Sectional Area (om’) [ Unit Weight (kgm) 6 0322 Os 0.395 % 099) $10, se o6t7 | 312 0.888 $B z [a Joi M nay 16 16 138 18% “18 2.00 919, 19 | $207 20 pa gaz | 2 2.98 | 25 385 os 28 48 Note * : The size is subject to order. Deformed Bars Diameter (am)_| Cross Sectional Avea (em) [ Unit Weight (kgiim) 10 0617 0.888, 1.040 6310 7.990 Note * : The size is subject to order. Steel bars with the standard length of 6 m and 12 m are available 1-55 e ‘Chapter 5 Construction Moteriat 5.24 a) ® eg Tendon ‘Tensite Strength of Wire, Strand and Bar Bee Maximum Tensile Material Type Strength (6 p) [mn (igen) | [— 30 10 Wire 5.0 17,340 70 17,340 Wire Super 93 r 60_| | Sirand 127 18,768 152 17,850 7 Wice Regular | 12.7 1,683 | 17,850 230 fa [i016 | 290 [_n.016 Sf 320 i016 38.0 Tole Yield Strength of Tendon ‘The yield strength of tendon (6 py) are determined by test result or assumed as follows: + for wire used in the as-drawn condition £0.75 opy (kgffent?) ~ for tess relieved wire 0.85 opy (kgffent) = forall grade of strand and bar tendons 0.85 opy (kgffem’) Modulus Elasticity ‘The following modulus elasticity of tendon (Ep) is used for structural calculation. +. for stress-relieved wire: 200 x 10? MPa or 2.1 x 10° kgffem* - for stress-relieved steel strand + 195 x 10? MPa or 1.9 x 10° kgf/em? = for cold worked high tensile alloy steel bar: 170 x 10" MPa or 1.7x 10° kgfem? Source : Structural Concrete Design Section 6 1-56 Chopter 5 Consruction Material Steel Support for Tunnet (1) Strength of Wire Mesh seat (Unit: Nim’ Diemeter of wire (D) 100x100 mm 150x150 mm 6.0, 306 | : 319 [5.0 mm pe ees ee] aon 70.4 6 3.2mm. i 38 _ (2) Mechanical Properties of Rock Bolt Whole Surface Anchoring Type and Expanded Steel Pipe Type Srenol Pat ogi Type Symbol] Diameter [Yield Point [~~ Break “| Yield Point | Break | Lesa cen | (aN) | Load (kN) SaaS} Sioa S30 ane a 88 br sips Tne] ss Brtomed Set sons tas | ims | 2m ‘Whole Serewed S. A Weisser | Somes [wai wa | G) Properties of Stee! used for Support Gross [Unit of Moment] Section] Miata Kame site "| section} Mass forinentif Modus] m tre founty 4 ie Pte cel | Peestin (am) Gem’) [s/o] (om | Cem | om | li-tooxtGoxess “| ars5-) Tea] sve) 75.6) 190 Hi-ta5xi2506.5%9 | 30.00 | 220] 839] 194] 150 Hi-ts0nusoxts10 | 39.65 | 31.1] se20} ato) 200 11 Shope Steel} $$ 400 J4-1754175x7. 511 IH-200x200n812 t-250<250%9x14 2900). 331] 340] 4720) 472] azo) 10709] : H-sonsiooetonts | 2020) eee I-21 rio] 22s} seo] a5]. smogsen Shape Steel] SAt 490) AN lww-20 sro | 290} sax] sr] so U-Shape Steet] S$ 100 |L-90x90<7 wee} 9.9] 8a} rio] iso) a ob 6.82 “iza} SP \sw9.10.2 tra] 89 Js 01.6150 ais} ol ; god MASS ano] reo) see Stest Boe STK 40015 139.546.0 0.2] ol. \s2t6.n8-2 a] 0] \s207.40.3 no] 450 af fea 1a} 539 Steet Bor {8b 295]p16x3+D1I0 | 60 | zal. staf 262) ~ 1-57 c ) Chopier § Construction Material 5.3 Allowable Stress 5.3.1 Concrete Allowable compressive stress and allowable shear stress of each type of concrete are shown in the following table, (Q) Reinforced Concrete ‘Class of Concrete Type of Conete Ka BO KR HiPa | Rafe [MPa [een | MPa | tare Comnpesivesuengih : MS Seana) 125 205 | 2 | asi | 250 350 Coupeesion | 388 | Go| 735 [7 | zai | a0" Tension 6s | o@ | 7 | on | 72 | Normal | Compression @ | 738 | 75 | 784 | 80 |___Swesed__ [Tension me Kc sheareausod | Sitoustear | gs4 ] 55 | oo | os | 066 | 67 Stearns | ences | 066 | torsion uw fuss | oe fou | os Shear caused | wihout shear | by seinforcement 72] ome fs, | 0m | 88 combination Fm shear ottentingend | itacenea | 176 | 18 | 196 | 20. | 206 | 21 Note: 1 Mpa = 102 kee? Uigien? = 0.098 MPa 2) Plain Concrete Class of Concrete ‘Type of Strength es Ks MPa] katie? | MPa kate” Compressive svengih : ee vas fos foams fons | Nomat [eompression [3.64 a [aa B Now Dearing sof faa fs ressed Tension [ 029) 3 Allowable bond stresses of concrete are given in the following table for reinforcement not greater than 32 mm in diameter. Chass of Concrete Kind of Bar KAS 225 250, [Mpa | ketem? | Mra | kstiem? | MPa | ksQem? oso [6 [om [ 7s | om | as Deformed Bar | ie [12 | tar | is | aro | 173 5.3.2 Prestressed Concrete Chapter 5 Construction Material Allowable stresses of concrete, namely compressive stross, tensile siress, shear stress, shear stress and diagonal stress are presented in the following table: Allowable compressive stress of concrete (kgt/em?) Kind of Stress Compressive Strength | io [400 [00 immediately | Flewure extreme [_190_| 210 after ‘compressive fiber ste 180. 200_| pre-stessing_| (3) Axial compressive stress 145_|_ 160 Flexure extreme (@) for rectangular section 150 [170 Others compressive fiber stess _[(3)for Tor box secti 40 [160 © Axial compressive stress -t uo | 135 Allowable tensile stress of concrete (kgUem* 5 Compressive Strength Kind of Steess 50 a0 os ; ima ()imimediately afer pre-siessing fo as 8 Cacome _ [2)Frincipal foads excluding live load and impact o [0 fo Kenai fiber | Peineipal load and @)for oor stab orjorteF] —g | 9 | o siress particular toad to be pre-fabricated segment Z Separded 0s principal load _| (4) Others | as | 18 G) Ania tensite stress ojo to Allowable shear stress and allowable/diagonal tensile stress of concrete (kgt/cin’) : Compressive Kind of Strength 00 | 00: (Gi) Shear sess 45_[ 55 Diagonal | (2) When considering only shear force or torsional moment | 8 | 10 tensite | (3) When considering shear force and torsional moment ela bts sites wltaneously 53.3. Reinforcing Steet Bar Allowable stresses of reinforcing stee! bars arc as follows: | Steel Grade, Kind of Stress [CSI10-24 or HS SR-24_T_SIFU-30 o JIS SD 30 (MPa)_ | (kgtiem') | (MPa) | (kgvem*) Allowable [ Aboye ground elevation [13725 | 1,400 | 176.47 [1,800 tensile stress_| Below ground elevation | 13725 | 1.400 | 156.86 | 1,600 Allowable compressive stress, 137.25 1,400] 176.47_| 1,800 Where, U24,U30 SR-24, $030 Yield Steength $D.30 or U30 Indonesian Industrial Standard of steel bars with yield strength ‘of 2,400 and 3,000 keen respectively. Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) SR240rU-24 $22,400 kgliem? SD-300rU30 8% 3,000 kgdem? Chapter 5 Construction Material 53.4 Structural Steel Steel Peustock <0} @ Allowable stresses used for design calculation shall be less than those listed in the table below. As for a joint made of the material concemed, its efficiency shall be taken into consideration, Allowable stresses of the materials not specified in the table below shall be decided after taking account the properties of the materials concemed. Allowable Stress of Material fact Tensite | Compressive Kinds (thickness: mm) | _datem) | (ellen See oe fee Ratatat | sseop | stm | 1300 sitnaio | 1150 Say fsaeerie 580 ‘SMAL00 A6 Garmenertansy | 1350 a 3,000, ‘Axial corapeessive stcess | 7e20 :1,350 as: i800 Uris: 23000 Eacpossestonl | paid: saad: weiae: ore 1380-8104 -20 1300 = Hage 15 2000-14104 44) Tettng tensor | spay eae? eae smanb(em) 110000 110000 1100000 iesotzymin af] eat) AS00010) 18001000) ofmenbersn) Coupessvernccrtie| 1359 | 1,800 2,000 Bega giles | 1,800 2,000 oenetsestatares) “ypxesa3so | 092 | ane: 1800 vom:2000 | 09. ieders empressive site Kare. tho | exanio: mKeie27 the (oe qress section ae) | 1339-r4KUY-5) | Te] 1300 TRIN -8) 2,000-22¢KU-7) | Tet Awswosssectonl "| pia say Awiace? | stess | ay Say AwAce? Bot Say AwAced | stress aerotuedpisecen) | edsc Keith Keith ‘Ae: roneios area o conipesive ange fea) Titans beeen Exess of ceapresive Danger) bewidiof eomprenine Mawaceo) therkingtedte | 435 fed 2.000 [stern fre 300 1,050 [iso Steel Casting and Stee! Forging (unit: kgtfem?) Stress SCAS0 SEAOA “Asia tere stcess 7350 7350 Axial compressive siress 1350 1,350 Bending sess 1350 1350 Shearing stress 800 800 Bearing stess 1,900, 1,900 ‘Note : Axial compressive stress is not considered to be buckling, 1-61 Chapter 5 Construction Material () Control Gate and Guard Valve (High pressure hydraul Structural Steel gate in full-time use) (unit: keffem*) $5400 SADT a ps sMa90 smaso | Thickness 40 [>40 | ‘Thickness 40 $40 7 fom mm nm. Thickness 40 | um ‘ReaiieanTestaw (Fev net sectiooabaresy_| 15050 ace | 8 ‘Axilecompeesve sues | U0: 105 1400 350 Geygossetoal | ato rr a F2 stptengnor | £238 620-2 1309-20819) at) svembaren | 9000600 $3000,000 300.000 estadisofgymtionet | 16,7004V0) Ks0001000 as0010t0) fre orth grosses ofmembersen) |crmnenestiosits| os | 1,400 1,550 1,050 100 1,550 oeverseicostxey Jron:i00 10% Vurea:san JO Luwimsnsio | Re ‘pide’ compressve ties times times side oni: the | sacausso: the | aaccinar the (tor gross ection sre) | 7,050 -9(KHb-9) | eM | 1400 tacKLe-s) | He | 1,550-16¢KUb-7)_ | Felt ‘ees sectonl ot Say AwiAcer | less | Ry Say AwiAce? | sles srexof ee plato (em) Kebwit Kawi Res gions estionst ace om cemeesive tage (oa 2 Gitance Between xedpoinis of @ cmpresive Morgen) bi anthofeomptesive Mange(en) K-(1#AWI2A9) Wie dell Bxolto eae 1,050 “J 1,400 | 1.550 ‘Shaving free 600 800. 300 Steel Casting and Steel Forging, (unit: kgffem*) ‘Sires C ‘SC450 ‘SFa4OA ‘Axial tensite sress 7,050 1,050 ‘Axial compressive stress 1,050 41050 Bending stress 1050 1050 Shearing stress 600 600 Bearing sttess 1,500 1,500 Note : Axial compressive stress is not considered to be buckling, Qo Chopter $ Construction Material © Structural Steel (unit: kg@em?) Sor Maso SMAd90 Stress ‘Thickness 40 [40] Thickness 40 [S40] ‘Thickness 40 | >40 mim sum om ___|_ mm mm om | “Aaa ane es oon [120 1,800 ‘Aca exapressive sues | Wa: 1200 Wena: 1500 Eecgorenctnel | n0aion sate: evs: ae) 1200-75ale-20) 1,600.1. 20 13) 100 1330-19) Ttackinglenanor | 53a sare eee: rnembatea) | 19000 ‘oe00.00 to.c00,.000 detent | A600) 45,9001) A S001) ‘ston ofmenberfea) Comoesvestee | 1.200 1,600 1.800 ‘Bending Suess gider's | 1,200 1,600 10 tewilside 092 0.95 Genesco ce) | ygnc: 1200 | gimes | 9K: 1,600 were: 1800 | tines Biker scompresive fin . Side snap: Be | excimo: wy | wx: i oc goss sectional era) | 200-4geuo-9 | A | 1600 t6u-8) 1800-19481 -7) Awrgrsssectceal | Bun Say AWAce? | SUS} ue ay awiAcce | HES | ut Say AwAce? | stesS aesotwedpateen) | edwe Reba Kel wih fo! assem a compestive Range (en) TUitnce between fixed poatsof compressive Rangeten) be'sidh ofeaaptesive Aangs(en) Ke(L¥AW/@AS) When diy fied to Woy diet 4200 1,600 1,800 700, 7,050 (unit: Kyte Suess SC45O SFaaOA ‘Asal tensile stress 1,200 1,200 Axial compressive stress 1200 17200 Bending stress 1,200 1200 Shearing sess 700 700 Bearing stess 1,700 1,700, Note : Axial compressive stress is not considered to be buckling, (@) The allowable stresses of materials not specified above shall be determined based on the above provisions. (©) When other stress in addition to axial stress exists, the combined stress shall be determined from the following formula, and the stress should be within the allowable value, Chapter § Construction Material Where, c, + combined stress (keffem") o stress (tension taken as positive) (kgiem") © + axial stress square to o,(tension taken as positive) (kgem’) 1 + shearing stress (kgm?) Allowable value for combined stress -Nomal condition 1.5.6, ~During earthquake :0.96, Where, ©, : allowable stress (kgf/cm?) 6, + yield stress (kglem’) (2) Deflection by Gate Leafand Trash Racks. ‘The deflection of a span used for gate leaf ,trash racks, and hoist flame shall be less than the value shown in the table below, Type Deflection of Span Note Take Ga Tata (tbe ep vo pee ‘High pressure hydraulic gate ‘Control Gate eal Gund Gate ‘Trash Racks. Hoist flame 12,000 @) Safety Factor of Gate Hoist “The safety factor of a gate hoist calculated from the rated torque of the prime mover shall be more than those listed in the table below, arid the stress calculated from the ‘maximum torque shall be less than 90% of the yield point of the material used. ‘Materials not specified in the table below shall be corresponding to this Table. Chapter 5 Construction Motertal 7 Safely tor Seeeeet EEE “Fension | Compression | Shearing — | Rolled sce for general staacures & welded | 5 5 87 Structures (SS, SM) Carbon ste forging for general used (SE) 5 5 87 Carbon steel for machine structural use (S-C)] —$ 5 87 Stainless stool castings (SUS) 5 5 87 Gray icon castings (FC) 10 35 ” Spheroidal-graptite iron castings (ECD) 7 25 2 Bionve castings (RC) 8 3 10 Wire rope ence 3 (or statis operating foadsy lite ink cha 65 (forsale operating loads) (Trash Rack Bars Generally trash rack bars are instalted parallel t0 the stream lines and are spaced approximately 60mim to 150nun apart. The width of the bar is generally less than 12 times its thickness but approximately a minimum of 50mm. In order to prevent the trash rack bars fiom buckling horizontally, the supporting space is generally taken as less than 70 times the thickness. The allowable stress when horizontal buckling is considered can be determined from the following, formula 0, = 0.6-0,(1.23 ~ 0.0153-L/), Where, ©, : allowance bent ig, stress of the bar (kgi/em*) ©, + yield stress (kee?) L_ + horizontal supporting space (cm) {thickness of the bar (em) ‘The flow velocity passing through the trash rack is generally 0.6 mis to 1.0 mis but {he mean velocity through the trash rack of atalrace or an intake at a pumped storage Power station sometimes reaches 3 to 4 mvs. (5) Increase in Allowable Stress during an Earthquake ‘The allowable siress, when the effects of an earthquake are considered, may be increased by 50 9 above the value in the previous Article, but this shall not apply to steel for pre-siressed concrete, 1-65 Chapter 6 Siructural Design CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 6.1 Conerete Structure 6.1.1 Loading Condition to be considered 8 ‘The safety of the concrete structure should be verified through detaited structural calculations, ‘The combination of loads needed for the structural calculation is given hereunder. Structure facing Reservoir Water Case] Condiion of Reservoir — Gornbination of Loads Salt weight Eaath pressure with eathquak (100%) : Hydrostatic pressure 1 | Normal Water Surface | Sa Fispressure (100%) Inet force dring sistic motion (100%) | Upli pressure Self weight aah pressure with cathquak (50%) 2 | Surcharge Water Surface Haein pressure (30%) Inet force daring seismic motion (50%) Upiit pressure ‘Self weight auth presse Hydrostatic pressure pin pressure Self weight Inet fore dring seismic motion (50%) 3 | Maximum Water Surface 4 | Empty Reservoir Structure with Gate Leaf [ease Condition T ‘Combination of Loads Self weight including equipment Basth pressure 1 | Normal Condition ydrostati pressure Uplit pressure Opzzating force Self weigh ineloding equipraeat auth pressure with earthquake (100%) oft Hydrostatic pressure thquake Condition | HS irda pees (100%) Inet force during seismic motion (100 %) UpliN pressure Common Structure Case Condition T Combination of Loads ‘Saf weight Eauth pressure Hiydosttc pressure Uplih presse Self cight Earth pressure with eathquake (100%) ; Hydrostatic pressure 2 | Earthquake Condition | }Peaynane pressure (100%) {nena Fore ding seistie motion (100%) L Uplift pressure 1 | Nomnal Condition Chopter 6 Siructural Design 61.2 Loads Self Weight Self weight for analyzing the safety of a structure shall be determined based on unit weights of the materials. Self weight will be calculated by following equation: G=Wwyv Where, Gs self weight () W : weight of concrete per unit volume (1m?) Vs volume (m’) Earth Beessure (1) Eauth pressure under the Normal Condition (a) The earth pressure acting on movable walls is calculated by the following Coulomb's formulas: @ Sandy Soil p= Kayht Kag Pr=Kpy-h + Kpg Clayey Soil = Ka-y-h~2c-¥Ka +Ka-q (p, 20) pp Ka-y-h+2c-JKp +Kp-q 2 jer cos? ($-0) cos? 0-cos(0 says ee cos? 0 -cos(0-+8)+ [- ees} +8) cos(0 — ‘aT (b) | The earth pressure acting on fixed walls is calculated by the following formula: peo Ks (rh q) 1-67 Chopler 6 Sructural Design Where, : active earth pressure (f/m?) Pp! passive earth pressure (tfim*) P, : steady earth pressure (tf/m*) y+ unit weight of soil (t0in') + coefficient of active earth pressure 2 coefficient of passive earth pressure coefficient of steady earth pressure (0.5) earth depth to acting point of earth pressure p,, pp and p, (m) soil cohesion (thn?) © 4 + intemal friction angle of soil (degree) q ¢ Surcharge in normal condition (tm?) 8: angle between wall backside surface and vertical plane (degree) @: angle between ground surface and horizontal plane (degree) 3. = fiiction angle of soil (o concrete (degrec) (= 2/3 4) (2) Earth pressure under the Earthquake Condition Horizontal earth pressure due to earthquake is calculated by the Mononobe-Okabe’s formula based in the Coulomb's theory considering seismic factor: Pae= Kea-y-h-2C+¥Kea-+Kea-q’ Ppe= Kep-y+h-+2C-fKep +Kep-q! cos? (>- Oo Kea = - aay, (oat is 60809 cos” 0-cos(0-4+09 +8): 1+ sox(040, r8)-eos(0~e) 1-68 Chapter 6 Structural Design 25 Kap 0D) 4 oan) tra [ai 0809 +cos? 0 -cos(0~ Oy +8): [i soul Where, Kea : coofficient of active earth pressure Kep : coefficient of passive earth pressure q' : surcharge in seismic case (tffm’) : angle expressed below (degree) Kh I-Kv tan 0p = Where, Ky__: seismic coefficient in vertical direction Kh_ : seismic coefficient in horizontal direction ‘The others are defined in normal condition. Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrost determined using the following equation ic pressure acts perpendicularly on the surface of the structure and its value will bo P=Wyh Where, Ps hydrostatic pressure (tim?) W, : unit weight of water (1.0 tf!m’) hs depth of water (m) Hydrodynamic Force due to Earthquake Hydrodynamic pressure at any depth of impounded water acting on a concrete structure during an earthquake shall be considered. Ita ig, on wall structure facing impounded water ‘on one side only is calculated based on the following Westergaard formula: pd=0.875-K-W-h? Hh. Where, pd : hydrodynamic pressure caused by casthquake (tf/m’) K_: seismic coefficient 1-69 3 Chapter 6 Structural Design Ws unit weight of water (1.0 10m’) hh: water depth from reservoir water surface to the point (mn) 11: water depth from reservoir water surface to foundation (m) In the above formula, the total hydrodynamic pressure Pa, and the height of the acting point above the foundation Hd are expressed as follows: Hd=041 Where, Pd: total hydrodynamic pressure (tf) Hd; hydrodynamic force acting depth from the bottom (rn) For inertial force during seismic motion, the value of self weight of the structure multipli by seismic coefficient is applied and treated to act horizontally, The force ean be calculated as follows: Where, 1 inertial foree during seismic motion (tf) G_: self weight of structure (t) kK: seismic coefticient Uplift Pressure Uplift pressure should be considered for the design of structure, which are fully or partially submerged. It acting on the bottom of a structure is assumed to act as a load nonmal to the plane of contact of the dam and foundation. ‘The distribution of the uplift pressure for the 1-70 Chapter 6 Structural Design ‘case where an appropriate foundation treatment has been made, takes values as shown in the table below at the position of the upstream toe, at the drainage hole and at the downstecam. toe: ~—UphiR Pressure | Drainage Hole “At Position of Drainage _ | Downstream Toe Value of dvstream side pressure added by vale Drainage hole ; | eteaterthan 15 of Downsteeam side is present | UPsreamside pressure | itference of pressure pressure between upstream and | ctl a downsieeam side Value of downstream ade pressure added by value Drainage hote | greaterthan 1/3 of Downstream side isabsemt | difference of pressure pressure between upstream and downstream side Operating Force “The operating load shall be calculated in combination with the weight of the gate leaf and ‘weight of ballast, fiction force of wheel rotation, rubber seal fristion foree, buoyancy of gate Teaf, bearing plate friction force and so on, ‘The details are described in Clause 6.2 Steel ‘Structure. GAS Structural Stability ‘The conerete structures with rock foundation should be safe against shear and overturning. It is.a usual practice to determine the cross sectional area for a two-dimensional design process based on the assumption that the structure consists of a number of cantilevered beams which are independent of each other. The requited conditions of the structural safety are described hereinafter. (1) Conditions for Safety against Shear Regarding shear safety, an evaluation should be made using Henny’s formula for the contact plaie of the rock foundation wit SF H Where, SF : safety factor 1-71 QO Chapter 6 Siruetrol Design 2) Overturning {otal shearing force acting in the shear plane per unit width (Am) {otal normal force acting on the shear plane per unit width (tf) shear strength of rock foundation (ifm?) length of shear plane (m) coefticient of internal fiiction of rock foundation ‘When the location of the resulting force of a load is within the central one-third point, tensile stress in the vertical ditcotion is not produced at the upstream face of the structure, ‘The following formula is used for the stability evaluation. e e-¥ 2 Vv Where, b: Me vi: ce: width of base (m) total moment at point A per unit width ((E-nv/m) total normal force acting on the shear plane per unit width (Win) eccentricity (m) we be wl (3) _ Bearing Capacity of Foundation ‘The maximum principal stress in the foundation must be kept within allowable rock bearing capacity, which derived from the following: Chapter 6 Structural Design qi): maximum principal stress (1im%/m) % : minimum principal stress (tffm’/m) V total nommal force acting on the shear plane per unit width (tf/m) bv: width of base (m) ©: eccentricity (m) (4) ~ Required Conditions ‘The following conditions shall be satisfied in stability calculations: ‘Structure facing Reservoir Water structural Stability Cue | Conon ofRenmot | tathamte [A saar |g aa | 1 | Noma Water Surfice | 10096 SFe4 2 | Surcharge Water Surface | 50% sted 3 | stxinum Water suite | 0% seat ee ? ~~ Stuctue with Gate Leat Sinuctural Stabiiy 7 “Against Against Shear | Ast Case Condition Earthquake 1 | Nosmat Condition 0% SFEs 2 | Easthquake Condition 100% SF212 ‘Common Structure Structural Sta Case Condition Earthquake [Wo ‘Against Asainst Sheet | Qvertuming 1. | Normal Condition 0% SP21s 2 _| Barthquoke Condition 100% sr212 1-73 Chapter 6 Structurol Design 6.1.4 Details in Design Reinforcement (1) Minimum Concrete Cover @ @) Protective cover for steel reinforcement shall not be less than the followin, = Common concrete footing and slab £100 mm = Concrete structure (Wall thickness less than 30 cm): 50mm Bar Spacing ‘The minimum space of the reinforcing stect bars shall satisfy the following requirements, ~ Four (4) cm of net spacing or wider ~ Fourthirds (4/3) of the maximum size of the coarse aggregate or wider, and. ‘The maximum space of the bar arrangement for slab shall be, = Two times of the slab thickness but 30 cm intervals in space or narrower for the section where the maximum bending moment occurs, and = Three times of the slab thickness but 40 cm intervals or narrower in space for the other section. Lap Splice and Embedding Length For tensile bar, the length of lap splice and embedding shall be the length obtained from the following formuta or thirty times of the bar diameter or longer. with hook popeEE a Hel withouthook 9: 0 L = Where, Lz length of fap joint (em) + diameter of reinforcing bar (om) Gq + allowable tensile stress of bar (kgl/cm’) ta: allowable bond stress of concrete (kgffem*) 1-74 @ 6) © Chapter 6 Structurol Design ‘When deformed bars are use, the joints may be without hook. For compressive bar, tho length of the lap splice and embedding shall be cighty percents (80%) of the length obtained from above formula or twenty (20) times of the bar diameter or longer. Hook and Bend of Reinforcement ‘The hooks of reinforcements shall be specified as below. @ The hook of round bar shall be 180 degree bend, (0) The hook of deformed bar shall be 180 degree bend, 90 degree bend or 135 degree bend, (©) The hook of reinforcement shall be extended from the end of bend beyond the following length, () 180degree bend Four (4) times the diameter of the reinforcement or Get, whichever is greater. Gi) 90 degree bend ‘Twelve (12) times the diameter ofthe reinforcement, Gil) 135 degree bend Six (6) times the diameter of reinforcement or 6 cm, whichever is greater. Anchorage of Reinforcements, ‘The ends of reinforcement shall be anchored sufficiently in concrete by any method specified below. However, round bar use as tension reinforcement shall be anchored by hook, (@) _ The reinforcements are buried in concrete and anchored by bond between the reinforcements and concreie, (b) ‘The reinforcements are buried in concrete and are anchored by ineans of hook. (©) The reinforcement are anchored mechanically by means of anchor plate. Minimum reinforcement requirement for crack control and temperature and shrinkage FFor erack control small bars at close spacing are provided. In general the maximum bar spacing shall be not greater than 300 mm, The following bar spacing will be adopted. 1-75 we Chapier 6 Structural Design Joints aw @® @) (a) When the steel bars of D10 or 6 9 are used, spacing distance = 12.5 cm, (b) When the steel bars of D13 or 6 13 are used, spacing distance = 25.0 om. Construction Joint Construction joints shall provided where necessary for the practical placement of concrete. Reinforcement shall be continuously through the construction joints. As a rule, the location and tho structural details of these joints need not be shown in the design drawing but be shown in the construction drawings. The location of these joints is to be determined from the type and the scate of structures or the construction conditions, Expansion Joint Expansion joints are used to prevent cracks caused by the expansion of the concrete. In generally, they are used for the structure, which is exposed to the ground surface at is usually filled the portion where the shape of structures varies. The void of the with a rubber or elastic filler Contraction Joint Contract contraction of concrete. The location and structural details of these joints shall be is are used to prevent the development of cracks caused by shown in the design drawing. The location of these joints shall be detennined from. the type of structure, conditions of foundation and construction. Usually, the intervals of these joints for the toad and river structures are as follows: = Compressibility foundation (earth) 2 100~15.0m 10.0 morless = Non-Compressibility foundation (rock): 15.0~20.0m 15.0 morless 1-16 Chapter 6 Structural Design 62 Steel Structure 6.21 General ‘This chapter set out design criteria for steel civil structure, Detail design of structure should be delivered to manufacture as maker and should be approved by an expert 622 Penstock Load to be considered ‘An embedded pipes shall be so designed as to be safe against internal pressure , temperature charge , extemal pressure. Combination of Loads The loads in the previous Axticle shall be taken into consideration with the following combination, For embedded pipes, (1) With water fully filled in the pipe: intemal pressure, temperature charge (2) When the pipe is empiy 2 extemal pressure ‘Design Condition tor Pressure Lining Part ‘The pressure lining part shall be designed against the loads in accordance with the following conditions: With water fully filled in the pipe Q)_ Cireumferential stress, longitudinal stress, perpendicular stress to a pipe axis and resultant stress shall be less than allowable stresses of the materials used. In case that a local bending stress (secondary stress) of a pipe shell is added, it shall be pennissi le to increase the allowable stress up to 1.35 es, (2) The resuttant stress shall be calculated from the following formula: w= eto; 2e, 030) Where og : resultant stress (kgi/m?) 1: ciccumferential stress (tension to be positive) (ket?) 7 Chopier 6 Siructural Design 6, + longitudinal stress (tension to be positive) (kgf/n’) 1 perpendicutar shearing stress to pipe axis (kg) During water filling in.the pipe ‘The circuinferentiat stress shall not exceed 1.5 times the allowable stress of the material used, ieee Buckling shall not take place by external pressure equivalent to 1.5 times the design external pressure, Stress to be Considered As for the design, the following stress for embedded pipes shall be catculated respectively: (1) With water fully filled in the pipe (@) _ Ciroumferential stress + Tensile stress duc to internal pressure. (b) Longitudinal stress ~ Local bending stress duc to the restraint of the pipe shell displacement by means of a stiffener, ete. - Temperature stress. = Stress due to Poisson’s effet. (2) When the pipe is empty + Stress due to extemal pressure and critical buckling pressure For calculation the stresses listed in this Article , formulae commonly used are shown below. Nomenclatures in the formula are shown in cach paragraph, but plate thickness, corrosion allowance, diameter and radius and longitudinal length are defined as illustrated below, Dimension used for calculation should all be the nominal dimensions when Where, Do: Do’: D Di: Dm: to La L Corrosion Allowance Chopier 6 Simacural Design vanufactured, intemal diameter (cin) extemal diameter (em) internal diameter subtracting 1/2 the corrosion allowance from the intemal surface of the pipe shell = Do + (em) extemal diameter subtracting 1/2 the corrosion allowance from the extemal surface of the pipe shell = Do’- (em) diameter to the center of plate thickness~2rq (cm) radius to the center of plate thickness (cm) shell thickness (cm) shell thickness excluding corrosion allowance ~ to- (em) allowance thickness for corrosion and wear (om) pipe length fiom anchor block to expansion joint (cm) Jength of pier span (em) interval of stiffeners (em) For thickness of plates used for a pressure lining past, an allowance of more than 1.5mm shall ‘be provided against corrosion and wear. The corrosion allowance may be reduced provided an appropriate measure be taken against corrosion and wear in particular. Minimum Shell Thickness Minimum shell thickness used for the pressure fining part shall be more than those determined from the following formula if stiffeners are not used. The minimum shell thickness shall not be less than 6mm even if the pipe diameter is small and stiffeners arc used. = (D+800)400 1-79 Chapter 6 Structural Design Where, t+ shell thickness including corrosion allowance (mm) D_ : internal diameter of pipe (mm) 62.3 Hydraulic Gate, High Pressure Valve and Trash Rack Loads to be sonsidered In designing a hydraulic gate, consideration shall be given to the following loads and effects: weight of the gate, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, gate opening force, dynamic pressure during earthquake, inertial force during earthquake, wind load, effects of temperature charges. (1). Hydrostatic pressure Po = Woho Where, P_: _ hydrostatie pressure at a given point on the contact fece (itm?) Wo : weight of water per unit voluine (1.0 tin’) ho: head from water level just upstream of a gate plus the wave height to any point on the contact face (m) 2) Wave height by wind hy = 0,00086-V"-F° Where, nv: total wavo height (one third maximum wave) (in) V_: wind velocity (average of 10minutes)(im/s) F ; distance to opposite bank (m) (3) | Wave height by earthquake he = EE 2n Where, he: one half wave height (m) k : seismic intensity of design + seismic period (3) & + acceleration of gravity (9:8 m/s!) 1-80 Chopter 6 Structural Design H_ = water depth from reservoir water level to foundation ground (m) Dynamic pressure during earthquake Pd=C-Wok-H C= C2 {Wi - Wit) + fa/-2-h7H) | Where, Pd: dynamic pressure (tf!) Wo: unit weight of water (ttm) Kk: seismic intensity of design H__: water depth from reservoir water level to foundation ground (m) (wave height by wind and carthquake not inchided) hk: water depth ftom reservoir water level to a given point (m) Cm : value of C when EPd becomes maximum 2Pd = oeCmi2-wokH sec 0 hd= Bh Where, ZPd: total dynamic pressure (tf) hd: height from the foundation ground to the working point of the total dynamic pressure (im) GB : they can be obtained fiom the following graphs. on [0 Inclined angles of an wpsieam dam face toa verieatine, "| tT A ott 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Cm @-Cm Curve 1-81 Chopter 6 Siructurel Design ©) © 6 eee 043 wa EE oat a | 1a A i” oat Lo 0.40 08 Ke 039 06 0.38 04 +] 037 02 036 oo + 03s 00 0.1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 h SELES H o-h/H Curve and B-h/H Curve Inertia force during earthquake An inertia force during carthquake acting on the gate leaf should be the value ‘obtained by multiplying the weight ofthe gate leaf by the seismic intensity. This force acts horizontally. ‘The seismic for design of a hydraulic gate installed on top of'a dam should be a seismic intensity of the dam different from the above value, The seismic intensity for design upward and downward is not normally considered, but if this directional earthquake foree is considered to greatly influence the stability of a hydraulic gate it should be included in the study. Wind load ‘A wind load is assumed to act on a clear projected area, and can be obtained by ‘multiplying the following value by shape factors. For a vertical projected area 300(kgUem") Where shape factor is: + flat shape trussed shape the windward... trussed shape the leeward .. ‘oylindrical shape (single) . 1-82 Chapter 6 Siructural Design (7) Esfeet by temperature change “Effect by temperature change” means shrinkage and expansion of the gate leaf due fo the temperature change in conjunction with the condition when the gate was installed. When the gate leat is restrained, the leaf, roller bearing, guide and concrete arg adversary affected, and thus consideration should be given to the temperature change by providing a clearance forthe gate guides and guide rollers. Combination of Loads ‘The load in the previous Article shall be considered in combination with the following: (Q) Normally: own weight, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, wind load, effect by temperature change, and gate operating force. @) During earthquake: own weight, hydraulic pressure, buoyancy, dynamic. pressure during earthquake, and inertia force during earthquake, Operating Load ‘The operating load shall be calculated in combination with the following items so as to be prepared for all imaginable operating conditions. “The operating load should be calculation in appropriate combination with the above items. It is desirable for the allowance of the closing force to be more than 25% of the total resistance force. When there is a Jack of closing force, it is recommended that ballast be added to the gate leaf, (1) Weight of the gate leaf and weight of ballast (2) Friction force of wheel rotation Fixed wheel gate: Fw= (14 ~ pd2(D2)P Where, Fw : — fiictional force of the wheel rotation (tf) P : total hydraulic pressure during gate operation (tf) sy: coefficient of rolling ftiction of the wheel (0.lem) Chopter 6 Sirtural Design J 1 coefficient of sliding friction of pin d+ diameter of the wheel pin (em) D_ : wheel diameter (em) (3) Rubber seal friction force Fr py(qtP-b) 21 Where, Fr: fictional force of the mibber seal (tf) Jt coefficient of sliding friction between metal and rubber qa: ial pressure force of rubber (1m) +: mean hydraulic pressure working on the rubber (ifm?) 2 clear width of rubber subject to pressure (im) DL: total sliding length of the rubber (in) (@ Buoyancy Fb=Wo-V a Where, Fb: buoyancy (tf) Wo : — water unit volume weight (im) V_: water volume displaced by the gate leaf (m') (5) Bearing plate friction force (for slide gate) Fs = uP Where, Fs: ftictional force of the bearing plate (tf) + coefficient of sliding friction between metal and metal ‘ : ct P: total hydraulic pressure during gate operation (tf) Corrosion Allowance As for a member of a hydraulic gate either to be submerged or to be worm, more than the valves shall be added to the calculated plate thickness. Chapter 6 Structural Design _— Unit) a __Alvays used water Not always used water of ; : Other main water | Skinalete | Skin plate | renbers ‘One face “| Both face ‘One face | Both face [Both face [Fresh water 10. 20 os 10 10 [Sea water 15. 3.0, ee 10) fthere is a fear of abrasion, this value should be added to the corrosion allowance. Rigidity, Minimum Plate Thickness and Slenderness Ratio of Gate Leaf (1) Each part of the gate leaf shall be placed in the position required and shall be provided with enough rigidity. (2) The minimum steel thickness of primary members used for a gate leaf shall be more than 6mm for steel plates and more than Smm for steel shapes and shall include a corrosion allowance, @)__ Theslenderness ratio shall be less than the valve shown below: Members Slendemess Rati we Main member 120 Compressive ender | Sentry member 0 a Main member 7200 font aenh Secondary member 240 Rolling fiiction of the wheel Sliding friction ofthe pin Q) Plain bearing Q)_ roller bearing 3. Sliding friction between robber and stainless plate Q) Wat Q@ Dy Sliding friction between metal and meal ‘Mechanical Efficiency of Fach Part of the Gate Moist ‘The mechanical efficiency of each part of the gate hoist shall be in accordance with those values listed in the table below: a Chopier 6 Sirictural Design er sheave (roller bearing) Drm Spur gear and bevel gear Per set open (bearing inclusive) Per set oil bath (bearing inclusive) Skin Plate “The bending stress gencrated in'a flat plate by hydraulic pressure shall be calculated from the following formula: 6 1/00ka*pi(t— Where, o stress (kgfem?) factor in table below bl | o 2 short side of a rectangle (em) o | o 2 long side of a rectangle (cm) y 2 hydraulic pressure (kgtem?) ws ee rae plate thickness (crn) & : _ comosion allowances (cm) k value ‘The short side (a) and the long side (b) of a block usually mean the distance between weld Jincs in case of welded structure, If a skin plate is welded to a girder as a mono-structure, it is penmissible to have the plate work together with its effective width. 624 a @ @B) 63 6.3.1 Chapter 6 Structural Design Details in Design ‘Seal (Water pump) ‘The material use for water stop should be with durable material. This seal/water stop will be attached to gate frame by the strong steel plate, so as the water pressure on the seal/water stop is acting. At the comer of the gate the vertical and horizontal scal should be vulcanized to obtained a good joint. Anchorage ‘The steel structure that is set up on the concrete should be anchorage sufficiently in concrete, The anchors will be made from steel ace buried in concrete and are anchored by means of hook or anchor plate. The gate frame and stop-log ‘The steel fiame for gate and stop-log with arm of fiame for gate should be designed 50 rigid in order to fulfil a condition of making,, transporting and erecting, Tunnel Rock Classification and Steet Support The shape of the cross section of the diversion tunnel will be designed as standard lorseshoe with 2 r. The structural lining of diversion tunnel consisting of permanent supports and concrete lining, either acting separately or in combination. Steel supports aro made of stect ribs, steel lagging, steel lines plate, shoterete, reinforcement sheet, rock bolts, or without chain link fabric or a combination of these. ‘The choice of one or a combination of these materials should depend upon geologic condition, groundwater levels, and economic factors. ‘The guidelines for excavation and support of rock tunnels in accordance with the rock ‘mass classification standard issued by Japan Society of Civil Engineers and estimated Of rock load will be used to determine a materials and loading condition for steel supports. The tables, which explain i standardized selection of support categories, working efficiency of shoterete and working efficiency of rock bolt, are given as follows Chapter 6 Structural Design [eae auemonmal | 2 ops omnis) | : =I “pounssy wryy 290 UOA® Yond Ave 2) Aygo paras oq ura pe sautop uBty ion 3 03 908 04 #1 FIBOT um O4Oy| {Toa opis souriowes| | “aomjans Ywoddns| cape on Be ‘ posnwo uorrasouonoe oj 5 91942 ‘aun mowseu ong 992 943 jor . 04) ¢ “Oy ~ 07 94 HEU Supsotoo7 “eogmade 3) 4q voxsag yoo | spsoummadéy | 209) poy 00% TeRENISIO uaipued reaer0s0 () 3D Bae w/a. da) Auden oan B05 (1) (JOSH prepuerg uorjeoyisse[g ssa Oo Chapter 6 Structural Design Standardized Selection of Support Categories etasiteain fret nase ating ek an cosine ajo Ise sport my at basil frre ony Fae satan |foreninairg oat} Jesus cutig fou seen ts Jicrerua fecommentado place iat Jssiton) fiver roe aniouirieg estos lvgeceompetene 5 adn seve lace fn andthe ie eds ivertn rig bostercoageene o eat consrinaet fee finer sock pial JEaty cosue oftining, si whee ee, iste oo (Rates foctioninn at fx ton er some wari fot Working Efficiency of Shoterete Working Eficiency of Shoterete Concept Sketch fect of support by bonding power with rock mass, shear resistanco 1 [Using bonding poxer of shoterete and rock mass, let the ground to form Jerch near inner surfece of tunnel wall. fect of internal pressure, effect of losing ring {Supporting rock mass by rolatvely thick shotcrete which act as one solid 2. |momber of consequence, working eflcieney of support will demonstrate further. [This is vory effective ot sof rock and soll ground, JDistrbution effect oF extemal force [Act as conveying earth pressure toward steel support or rackbolt. Reinforcing effect of week zone |Achieve effect by filing dents of rock mass, and bonding across weak zones, 4 favoid concentration of forces and reinforeing weak zone (Covering effect Because of tunnel surface be covered soon after excavation, it will prevent 5 [inner wall from weathering, control groundsater inflow, and prevent wash out of fine partictes from rock mass, 1-89 Chapter 6 Structural Desig Working Efficiency of Rock Bolt Working Fiiciency of Rock Bolt Concept Sketch} 1 Fastening effect (Suspending effect) i Falling rocks which is loosened by blasting operation, etc. are fastened into ‘sound rock trass so that they would not fall and this is the most principal effect, ‘Building up beam effect Rock mass made of bedding strata sround the tunnel has tendency of working as a built-up beam. Hoxever where those joints are fastened by tockbolts, it enables to deliver shear stress at joints, and it will produce such effect of working as composite bear. internal pressure effect Rockbolts produce internal pressure toward the tunnel wal as strong as tensile force applied to them. 4. Building up arch effect. rock mass around the tunnel lds up orch in the rock mass by rockbolting 5 Improvement of rock mass offoct increases residual strength even the rock mass has already yielded. 6.3.2 Low 1g Condition fo be considered “Tho loading system is as follows: (1) Extemal loads ‘the external load consists of the rock surrounding tho excavated tunnel, groundwater pressure and grouting pressure. The external loads will be resisted by permanent steel supports such as shotercto, steel ribs and rock bolts (2) Internal loads ‘The concrete lining where in adequate cover unstable supporting rock prevails should withstand the high intemal hydrostatic load, 1-90 Chapter 6 Siructural Design 633 Structural Stability Stability of shoterete, steel ribs and concrete lining aro checked for cross sectional and loading con ions as follows: (1) Shoterete Where, Q : Allowable bearing capacity (Ym") aac? Maximum bearing capacity (Vim?) Quen calentated by the following formula: Qua ALT Where, t+ thickness of shoterete (m) L_: the width of shoterete element (= 1 m) T+ _ allowable shearing strength of shotcrete (Win?) SF : safety factor (= 2) 2) Steet Ribs. Where, o : fing tension on the steel rib (kg/em?) P-: Theexisting normal force F : ‘The cross sectional area of steel rib M_ : Theexisting bending moment W_ : Thewithstand moment of the steel sib Allowable tensile strength 1-91 Chapter 6 Structural Design @) Concrete fining Stabilit 'y of conerete lining is checked for cross sectional direction and loading conditions as follows: ~ Pressure condition with uniform internal radial load. = Non pressure condition with triangular internal radial toad Analysis of these shapes for different loading will be carried out by using the Beggs deformeter coefficient, USBR (1968), US Army Corps Engineer (1978) and ASCE (1989) 64 Earth Work (2) Slope of embankment (excluding dam) ‘The gradient of fill slopes are determined based on the filling materials and height of fills as shown in the following table Filling Materia) Slope Bxcavated rock tas ath (Common Material) Te ts ‘arth (spoil bank) 1s 3.000 5.0 Where, 1: N- means 1 vertical to N horizontal (@) Excavation Open cut excavation is basically made with the cut slopes mentioned below. forms Material ‘Temporary cut | Width | Interval AFT sei 7 a (oy | em) Hard cock 10131003, 75 Weathered rock [ios fos. 73 | 1:05 uptosm 15 Common Materat U:10015 |p scyer San is Where, 1: means 1 vertical toN horizontal 65 Road ‘The design of the access road is made according to the standard specification for geometric design of rural highway No. 13/1970, Directorate Generals of Bina Marga 1-92 Chopter 6 Sirucrurot Design 6.5.1 Geometric Design (1) Basic Design Criteria ‘Average traffic inten S00

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