O-Level Chemistry Jan 2023 batch

Chapter: 7,8 & 9( Mark scheme)

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) (i) M1 (electrostatic) attraction between 2
bonding/shared pair of electrons and

M2 (both) nuclei of atoms (in the bond)

No M2 if reference to just
OR one nucleus

M1 bonding /shared pair of electrons

M2 attracted to (both) nuclei of atoms

(in the bond)
No M2 if reference to just
one nucleus

(ii) M1 two shared pairs of electrons ALLOW any combination of 2

between two carbon atoms dots and crosses.

M2 rest of molecule correct

M2 dep on M1

(b) (i) M1 intermolecular forces (of attraction) ALLOW weak intermolecular 2

Clip /(attractive) forces between molecules bonds /weak bonds
together are weak between molecules

IGNORE less energy

M2 little (heat/thermal) energy required
to overcome these forces ALLOW bonds for forces if
intermolecular mentioned
or implied in M1

0 marks if implied that

covalent bonds break

(ii) (in B) stronger forces (of attraction) ALLOW bonds for forces if 1
(between molecules than in A) intermolecular mentioned
in (i)

ALLOW molecules of B are

larger than those of A
 ALLOW the relative formula
mass of B is greater than
that of A

(iii) M1 58/[(2x12) + (5x1)] or 58/29 (= 2) 2

M2 C4H10
Correct answer alone scores
2 marks

(c) M1 giant (covalent structure) REJECT giant bond 2

EITHER

M2 many/ strong (covalent) bonds need

to be broken

OR

M3 large amount of (heat/thermal) No M2 or M3 if reference to

energy needed to break the bonds intermolecular forces

Total for Question 1= 11 marks

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

2 a i delocalised electrons / sea of Ignore free electrons 1

electrons
move / flow (through
structure) / mobile (when
voltage/potential difference
applied)
M2 needs mention of electrons,
e.g. "electrons move/flow" scores
M2 but not M1
Ignore references to carrying
charge/current
No penalty for references to
aluminium atoms or ions / nuclei /
protons, but any mention of these
moving = 0/2

ii layers/sheets/planes/rows 1
AND
(positive) Reject
ions/atoms/particles molecules/protons/electrons/nuclei

slide (over each other) Allow 1

slip/flow/shift/roll/move/OWTTE in
place of slide
Do not award M2 if no mention of
layers or equivalent
Do not award M2 if
protons/electrons/nuclei
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

2 b NITROGEN
(simple) molecular structure Accept (nitrogen/N2/small/discrete) molecules 1

intermolecular forces (of Accept intermolecular bonds 1

attraction) Reference to intermolecular also scores M1
/ forces between molecules

weak / easily overcome 1

/need little energy to
overcome
If any reference to breaking covalent bonds or
any other type of bonding, only M1 can be
awarded

SILICA
giant (structure) Accept macromolecular 1
Ignore lattice

covalent (bonds) Covalent can be anywhere in answer 1

bonds strong / hard to break 1

/need a lot of energy to break
If any reference to breaking intermolecular
forces or any other type of bonding, only M4
can be awarded
Any five for 1 mark each
Total 9
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a i M1 H—O—H with both bonds represented by 2 Accept 2 dots, 2 crosses or 1 of each 1
shared electrons Atoms do not have to be labelled
with H or O
If wrongly labelled, only M1 can be
awarded
M2 8 electrons in outer shell of O Ignore inner shell of O 1
AND Reject if H has 2 shells
2 electrons in outer shell of both H M2 dependent on M1

ii M1 (strong electrostatic) attraction between Must refer to pair or two electrons 1

bonding/shared pair of electrons
M2 and nuclei (of hydrogen and oxygen)
Accept word nucleus instead of nuclei 1
if clear reference to 2 atoms
0/2 if any mention of ions / electron
transfer
M2 dependent on mention of both
attraction and electrons in M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 b i M1 idea of electron transfer / loss and gain of 1
electrons
M2 direction of transfer, eg sodium to oxygen / 1
sodium loses and oxygen gains
M3 correct number of electrons involved, eg (each) Ignore charges on ions 1
sodium loses 1 and oxygen gains 2
Ignore covalent
0/3 if any mention of electron
sharing
All marks may be scored on
diagrams or by reference to
electronic configurations
Max 2 if molecules mentioned

ii M1 (sodium) loses electron(s) Ignore oxygen gains electrons 1

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 c M attractions between water molecules are Allow (named) intermolecular forces 1
1 weak(er) / easily overcome / need little energy in place of attractions
to break
M attractions between (sodium and oxide) ions are Do not award M2 if any mention of 1
2 strong(er) / ionic bonds are strong /need a lot of intermolecular forces / metallic
energy to break bonding
Any implication of breaking covalent
bonds = 0/2
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d i M1 s
M2 l
M3 aq 2
All three correct = 2 marks
Two correct = 1 mark
One/none correct = 0 marks
Do not award M1 for g or if not
possible to be sure that it is s and
not g
Do not award marks for
abbreviations such as sol / liq

ii M1 blue / purple Allow indigo or violet 1

M2 OH– / hydroxide M1 and M2 independent 1

Total 14 marks
Question
Expected Answer Accept Reject Marks
number

4 (a) silicon dioxide is acidic an acid 1

calcium oxide is basic / a base calcium oxide is alkaline / an 1

alkali

If neither mark scored, award

1 mark for:
reaction is neutralisation
OR
reaction is between an acid
and a base/alkali (even if
wrongly identified)
Question
Expected Answer Accept Reject Marks
number

4 (b) (i) M1 oxygen (atom) oxygen molecule / 1

O2 / oxide ion
/oxygen ion
M2 forms two bonds / smaller atom / has more of them (n the diagram 1
valency of 2 / structure)
IGNORE more (oxygen) in the formula

M2 DEP on M1, although allow M2 if oxygen

mentioned but M1 not awarded because of
reference to molecule/ion/O2

(ii) M1 giant (structure / lattice / atomic) giant molecular / 1

IGNORE large / 3D macromolecular

M2 covalent 1

M3 idea that covalent bonds are broken 1

IGNORE bonds are loosened overcome for broken

M4 covalent bonds are strong / lots of energy 1

required to break covalent bonds/ lots of heat many bonds are broken = M3
required to break covalent bonds + M4

IGNORE high temperature needed

Do not penalise silicone

Max2 for mention of ionic or metallic bonding

or
intermolecular forces

Max 3 if discussing diamond / carbon

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) (i) E 6

(ii) B

(iii) F

(iv) C

(v) F

(vi) E

(b) (i) M1 (bonding/shared) electrons 2

M2 nuclei ACCEPT protons /

nucleus(es)
OR

M1 nuclei ACCEPT
nucleus(es)
M2 bonding/shared electrons

(ii) A2D / DA2 ACCEPT H2O 1

REJECT if charges
shown
 Question
Answer
number
6 (a) (i) delocalised electrons can flow
(through structure when
voltage/pd is applied)
(ii) M1 the layers of (cat)ions
M2 can slide/slip over one
another
(b) TiCl4
M1 simple molecular (structure)
M2 weak intermolecular forces
(of attraction)/weak forces
(of attraction) between
molecules
TiO2
M3 giant (covalent structure)
M4 strong (covalent) bonds
M5 Little/less energy required
to overcome the forces (in
TiCl4)
AND
large amount of/more
energy required to break
the (covalent) bonds (in
TiO2)
Notes Marks
ALLOW sea of electrons 1
IGNORE free electrons
ACCEPT can move
ACCEPT are mobile
IGNORE carry charge
REJECT any reference to ions moving
ALLOW rows/sheets/OWTTE for layers 2
ALLOW atoms for ions
REJECT molecules/protons/electrons/nuclei
IGNORE particles
ALLOW OWTTE e.g. roll/flow
M2 DEP on mention of layers or equivalent
OR mention of (cat)ions/atom
Do not award M2 if
molecules/protons/electrons/nuclei in place of
(cat)ions/atoms
If reference to ionic bonding / covalent
bonding / molecules / intermolecular forces,
M1 and M2 cannot be scored
ALLOW simple covalent
5
ACCEPT weak dispersion forces/van der Waals
forces/temporary dipole-induced dipole forces
ALLOW bonds for forces
REJECT if mention of IMF/ions
REJECT any reference to covalent bonds broken
in TiCl4
ALLOW intermolecular bonds /bonds between
molecules
IGNORE molecules more easily separated /
easier to break forces
REJECT any reference to IMF broken
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (c) (i) TiO2 + C + 2Cl2  TiCl4 + CO2 ACCEPT halves and multiples 2

M1 all formulae correct

M2 balanced correctly M2 DEP on M1

(ii) TiCl4 + 2 Mg  Ti + 2 MgCl2 ACCEPT halves and multiples 1

Total 11 marks
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) (i) (it has) gained oxygen / ACCEPT oxidation 1
oxygen has been added (to number has increased /
it) changed from ―2 to +4
ALLOW gained O / O
has been added
IGNORE references to
electrons

(ii) Sb2O4 + 2 C  2 Sb + 1
2 CO2
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (b) (i) Bi3+ 1

(ii) M1 strong electrostatic ACCEPT strong ionic 2

forces/attractions bonding/bonds / many
between the ionic bonds
(oppositely-
charged) ions
IGNORE giant ionic
structure / lattice

M2 large amount of ACCEPT large amount

(thermal / of (thermal/heat)
heat) energy required energy required to
to break the bonds
overcome these
forces/attractions
IGNORE more energy
required

M2 DEP on M1 or near
miss e.g. “strong bonds”

If reference to
intermolecular forces
/metallic/covalent
bonding, then score 0
out of 2

(iii) Bi2O3 + 6 HCl  2 BiCl3

+ 3 H 2O

M1 H2O as only product 2

not
containing Bi

M2 equation fully correct ACCEPT multiples and

i.e. halves
formula of BiCl3 and
balanced

M2 DEP on M1

Total for Question 7 = 7 marks

 Question Mark
Answer Accept Reject
number s
8 (a) releases thermal energy releases heat (energy) just releases energy 1
produces an increase in
temperature
(b) 1

D
(c) 1

A
(d) M1 (consists of) positive AND negative/oppositely 4
charged ions/Mg2+ AND O2— (ions)
IGNORE references to loss and gain of electrons

M2 (strong) attraction between (positive AND (strong) ionic bonding/(strong)

negative/ ionic bonds
oppositely charged) ions/Mg2+ AND O2— (ions)

M3 many ions (present in lattice)/giant

structure/giant lattice

M4 large amount of energy required (to separate the break the ionic bonding/bonds
ions/overcome the attraction between the ions)

If mention of covalent bonds/metallic

bonds/intermolecular forces only M4 can be awarded
8 (e) M1 (name) magnesium chloride 1
M2 (formula) MgCl2 accept a correct formula as a
1
product in an equation whether
Penalise inappropriate use of upper or lower case
the equation correct or not
letters or numbers in the wrong place
Total 9
 Question
Answer Accept Reject Marks
number
9 (a) (i) B lower case letters 1

(ii) D 1

(iii) A 1

(iv) C 1
(b) M1 - (a substance) containing (two or more) mixture for M1 only 1
elements
IGNORE atoms for M1 only molecules/particles 1
bonded, etc for M1
M2 – bonded (together) /chemically combined (in chemically joined and M2
a fixed ratio)
(c) (i) M1 - Na loses electron(s) 1

M2 – Cl gains electron(s) 1

M3 – Na becomes 2.8 AND chlorine becomes 2.8.8 1

If incorrect number of electrons transferred, max 2

IGNORE references to full shells

max 1 for mention of covalent bonding

All 3 marks can be scored from correct dot and

cross diagrams showing electron transfer
(ii) M1 – Na = 23 AND Cl = 35.5 1

M2 – 58.5 1

M2 dep on M1

IGNORE units

Correct answer with no working scores 2

(Total marks for Question 9 = 11 marks)

 Question
Answer Accept Reject Marks
number
10 (a) covalent 1

(b) (i) M1 – giant covalent / giant structure/lattice/network macromolecular Max 1 if bonding stated to be 1
giant molecular intermolecular/ionic/metallic
M2 – strong (covalent) bonds/many (covalent) 1
bonds

M3 – lot of (thermal/heat) energy required 1

M4 – to break bonds 1

(ii) M1 –intermolecular forces(of attraction) intermolecular bonds any indication that 1

/ forces (of attraction) between molecules in place of covalent/ionic/metallic bonds
intermolecular forces are broken scores 0
M2 – are weak / little (thermal/heat) energy 1
required (to overcome the forces)

M2 DEP on M1
Weak bonds on its own = 0
(c) theory B AND since there are no/fewer gas fewer gas molecules 1
molecules in space at high altitude/less
OR gas at high altitude
there is no/less gas in space
OR air/specified gas in
space is a vacuum place of gas

ORA
(d) high temperature AND since (forward) reaction is 1
endothermic/absorbs heat

IGNORE references to le Chatelier’s principle

(Total marks for Question 10 = 9 marks)

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

11 a A simple molecular 4
B giant covalent
C giant metallic
D giant ionic

b i M1 electron transfer AND correct direction If any reference to sharing electrons, 0/3 3
If any reference to covalent bonds, MAX 2
Penalise atoms in place of electrons each time
M2 magnesium (atoms) lose 2 electrons

M3 (each) chlorine (atom) gains an electron Accept two chlorine (atoms) gain two electrons
Reject chloride in place of chlorine

M2 and M3 both correct also scores M1

ii M1 for electronic configuration of Mg2+ ion 3

M2 for electronic configuration of Cl– ion

M3 for both charges correct

Accept any combination of dots and crosses

Charges can be shown anywhere so long as
there is no ambiguity
Brackets not essential
Ignore 2 before or after chloride ion
0/3 for any diagram showing shared electrons
Ignore diagrams showing electron transfer –
mark only the ions formed
Penalise missing inner shell(s) once only
If two Cl– ions shown, both must be correct
Do not penalise empty third shell in Mg2+
If only 2.8 etc notations without diagram, only
M3 can be awarded
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

11 c M1 for 4 electrons in both C=O bonds 2

These can be shown in a vertical or horizontal line

M2 all other electrons correct

M2 DEP on M1
Accept any combination of dots and crosses
Ignore inner electrons even if wrong
Ignore circles around atoms
Non-bonding electrons do not need to be paired

d i M1 positive ions / cations Not just ions 3

Reject reference to protons/nuclei/atoms in place of
cations for M1, but M2 and M3 can still be awarded

M2 delocalised electrons / sea of Ignore free electrons

electrons
Ignore layers / planes / rows or similar
M3 crystal / lattice / regular Accept (electrostatic) attraction between positive ions
arrangement / array and electrons
/ giant structure / OWTTE
0/3 if reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /
molecules
/ intermolecular forces (eg van der Waals')
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

11 d ii M1 layers / sheets / planes / rows 2

AND
(positive) ions / atoms / particles

M2 slide (over each other) Allow OWTTE, eg slip / flow / shift / roll / move

M2 DEP on mention of EITHER layers or equivalent

OR mention of ions or equivalent

Do not award M2 if protons / electrons / nuclei /

molecules in place of ions, etc

If reference to ionic bonding / covalent bonding /

molecules / intermolecular forces, no marks

Total 17 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
12 a An explanation that links together the following two
points:

M1 (silicon dioxide has) many/strong (covalent) ACCEPT strong 2

bonds (electrostatic) forces
of attraction between
the nuclei of atoms
and the bonding
electrons

M2 (therefore) a large amount of (heat/thermal) IGNORE more

energy is required to break the bonds/ overcome energy
the forces
Any mention of
intermolecular
forces/forces
between molecules
or ions/ionic bonding
/metallic bonding
scores 0 out of 2

b An explanation that links together the following two

points:

M1 (graphite has) delocalised electron(s) IGNORE sea of 2

electrons

IGNORE free
electrons

M2 that are able to flow (through the structure) ACCEPT are able to
move / are mobile

IGNORE references
to carrying charge/
current

M2 dep on mention
of electrons
Any mention of ions
in graphite scores 0
out of 2
c M1 (diamond is hard because) it has a 3D ALLOW 3D/ rigid/ 2
lattice/rigid lattice /tetrahedral lattice /every carbon tetrahedral structure
is bonded to four other carbons
REJECT mention of
intermolecular forces
in diamond

M2 (graphite is soft because) the layers can slide IGNORE mention of

over one another intermolecular forces
between layers in
graphite

Total 6