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Prescriptive  Activities:  Facet  Cluster  1.5:  PF#60-­63  


Teacher  Page  
Prescriptive  #60,  61,  62,  63:    
60  The  student  thinks  that  atoms  are  mostly  stable,  not  reactive,  by  themselves  (not  in  
combination  with  other  atoms)  in  nature.  
61  The  student  believes  that  most  metals  exist  as  a  pure  metal  rather  than  in  combination  
with  some  other  element.  
62  The  student  thinks  that  atoms  are  mostly  stable  (not  reactive)  by  themselves  (not  in  
combination  with  other  atoms)  in  nature.  
63  The  student  thinks  that  atoms  are  never  stable  (all  atoms  are  reactive)  by  themselves  in  
nature.  
 
Directions  of  Activity  
After  reading  the  background  information  and  examining  the  images,  watch  the  videos  from  
the  website  links  provided  and  answer  the  Discussion  Questions.    
 
Materials:  
  Student  handout  
  Internet  access  
 
Background  
 
Metals  
Have  you  ever  heard  of  the  Great  Chromium  
Rush  of  1908  or  the  Tin  Rush  of  1871?  How  
about  the  1849  Gold  Rush?  Hopefully  you  
have  heard  of  the  Gold  Rush  and  not  the  first  
two  as  they  don’t  exist.  The  reason  that  
there  was  a  “gold  rush”  and  not  a  “tin  rush”,  
“chromium  rush”  or  “sodium  rush”  for  that  
matter,  is  that  most  metals  exist  bonded  to  
other  elements  in  ores.  An  ore  is  a  mineral  
or  rock  containing  an  element  of  interest.  
For  example,  iron  used  in  steel  production  
comes  from  iron  ores,  which  are  rocks  
containing  iron  bonded  to  other  elements.  
The  iron  must  be  separated  from  those  elements  before  it  can  be  made  into  steel.  Most  
metals  are  not  stable  by  themselves  and  therefore  react  with  other  elements  to  form  
compounds.  Thus,  unlike  gold,  they  are  not  simply  present  in  the  ground,  waiting  to  be  dug  
up.  They  must  be  chemically  separated  from  the  elements  to  which  they  are  bound.    
 
Only  gold  (Au),  platinum  (Pt)  and  palladium  (Pd)  can  be  found  as  pure  metals  in  nature,  and  
even  these  three  are  often  found  bonded  to  other  elements  in  metal  ores.  What  metals  are  
shown  in  their  ores  above?  
 

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  Prescriptive  Activities:  Facet  Cluster  1.5:  PF#60-­63  
Teacher  Page  
Videos  on  metals:  
Reaction  of  Sodium  &  Chlorine  (with  subtitles):  (:52)  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx5JJWI2aaw&feature=player_detailpage  
 
 
Halogens  (F,  Cl,  Br,  I,  At)  
The  halogens  (Group  17  on  the  Periodic  Table)  are  elements  that  are  quite  reactive  and  
therefore  do  not  exist  in  their  pure  from  in  nature.  Like  most  metals,  the  halogens  exist  
bound  to  other  atoms  in  compounds  such  as  NaCl,  KCl,  CaF2,  Na3AlF6  (in  the  mineral  
Cryolite)  and  C11H13N2Cl  (an  organic  
compound  found  in  the  skin  of  poisonous  
frogs).  This  last  formula  is  one  example  of  a  
chlorine-­‐containing  compound  made  by  a  
living  organism.  In  fact,  chlorine  is  one  of  the  
most  abundant  elements  in  nature  and  over  4,000  chlorine-­‐
containing  compounds  made  by  living  organisms  have  been  
identified  so  far.    
 
Images  here  show  the  poisonous  frog  that  makes  the  chlorine-­‐
containing  compound  listed  above,  the  mineral  cryolite  which  
contains  fluorine,  and  a  salt  flat  in  Utah  composed  in  large  part  of  
NaCl.  The  salt  flat  used  to  be  a  sea  which  evaporated  millions  of  
years  ago  leaving  behind  all  the  salt  that  had  been  dissolved  in  the  
water.  
 
Videos  on  halogens:  
Fluorine  reactions  (In  this  video  fluorine  gas  is  released  from  a  metal  tube  and  allowed  to  
react  with  several  different  substances):    
Fluorine  Reactions  -­‐  Periodic  Table  of  Videos  (5:10)  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1FsO5zaf6M&feature=player_detailpage  
 
Noble  gases  
Out  of  the  92  naturally  occurring  elements,  only  6  exist  in  nature  as  individual  atoms.  
These  are  the  noble  gases:  Helium  (He),  Neon  (Ne),  Argon  (Ar),  Krypton  (Kr),  Xenon  (Xe)  
and  Radon  (Rn).  These  elements  have  complete  outer  electron  shells  and  are  quite  stable  
and  nonreactive.  They  all  exist  as  gases  under  normal  conditions  of  temperature  and  
pressure.    
 
While  it  is  true  that  the  noble  gases  don’t  tend  to  react  and  form  compounds  with  other  
elements,  they  can  be  made  to  react.  While  no  compounds  containing  Helium  or  Neon  are  
known  to  exist  or  have  been  made,  krypton  difluoride  (KrF2)  can  be  made  in  the  lab  using  
high  energy  ultraviolet  radiation  and  compounds  such  as  xenon  fluorides  (XeF2,  XeF4,  XeF6)  
and  xenon  oxides  (XeO3,  XeO4)  can  be  produced  in  the  lab.    

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  Prescriptive  Activities:  Facet  Cluster  1.5:  PF#60-­63  
Teacher  Page  
 
Discussion  Questions:  
1. How  many  metals  are  on  the  periodic  table?  
 
 
2. Of  those  metals,  how  many  exist  for  extended  periods  uncombined  with  other  
elements?  
 
 
3. List  the  six  elements  that  are  stable  enough  to  exist  in  their  pure  form  and  as  single  
atoms  in  nature.    
 
 
 
 
Teacher  Notes:  
There  is  a  lot  of  interesting  information  about  the  role  of  certain  elements  on  earth  and  in  
living  organisms.    
 
Chlorine:  
Only  15  elements  make  up  99.5%  of  the  human  body;  elemental  chlorine  is  the  10th  most  
abundant.Only  16  elements  make  up  99.5%  of  the  earth  crust,  including  air  and  water,  and  
chlorine  ranks  11th.  
 
Scientists  have  identified  more  than  4,000  naturally-­‐occurring  chlorine-­‐based  compounds.  
 
Vancomycin  is  a  powerful,  chlorine-­‐containing  antibiotic  which  often  works  when  other  
antibiotics  fail.    It  has  been  called  the  “antibiotic  of  last  resort,”  having  saved  the  lives  of  
many  patients  suffering  from  serious  bacterial  illnesses.    Vancomycin,  like  many  other  
useful  drugs,  is  also  a  product  of  nature.    It  is  made  by  the  soil  bacterium,  Streptomyces  
orientalis,  and  was  originally  identified  in  India  and  Indonesia  over  40  years  ago.    
Vancomycin  has  a  large  molecule:  its  chemical  formula  is  C66H75Cl2N9O24.  
 
 
References:  
Frog  image:    
http://www.eurochlor.org/Epibatidine:%20a%20natural%20poison%20with%20pain-­‐
killing%20potential  
 
Cryolite  image:  http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1470&target=Cryolite  
Salt  flats  image:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saltph26.jpg  
 
Metal  Ores  images:  http://www.clt.astate.edu/zchaudhury/metallurgy_program.html  
 
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