Competency Test 4 : Group Presentation Resume

Arrenged by:

Abdullah Assajjad (20200510307)

Class J

Lecturer:

Wahyuni Kartikasari, M.Si

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM OF INTERNATIONARELATIONS FACULTY OF SOCIAL

AND POLITICAL SCIENCES MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA

2022
Group 2 : International Migration in Australia

1. Introduction
Australia is a country that has problems with asylum seekers who want to force
their way into Australian territory in an illegal way. The reason asylum seekers seek
citizenship status in Australia is that these countries are experiencing political conflicts.
Their goal is to come to Australia to get a decent life, protection, and health insurance
from the destination country. The issue of refugees has become a major international
problem and agenda, so it can be seen that the formation of a United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is an important step in this direction. The
organization aims to help people of the world whose lives are threatened in their home
countries and it is impossible to live there. It aims to get a protection by placing them in
another country or the country they are going to.

2. Finding
Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 people landed in New South Wales. The 1850s
gold rushes brought tens of thousands of Chinese immigrants to Australia. In every 10
people, 4 of them are migrants or the children of the migrants. More people from
different nationality, continents, and backgrounds arrived than ever before. Nearly four
million people lived in Australia at Federation, of who one in four were foreign-born.

The majority were of British or Irish descent, although there were also sizable
populations of Chinese and other Europeans. In order to stimulate migration, assisted
passages were made available, with the British and Irish still receiving preference. It took
until 1930 for the restriction on Turkish citizens to be abolished. A rising number of
young men from Greece and Italy paid their own way to Australia. Similar to the First
World War, previously accepted immigrants were categorized as "enemy aliens" at the
start of the Second World War.
Australians come from over a hundred different countries. The condition of society as a
melting pot will certainly affect aspects of Australian life. Crawford (1971) states that
there are three main waves of migration whose influence is visible and felt in Australian
society. In Latin the word 'aboriginal' means 'from the beginning'.

Indigenous Australians, known as Australian Aborigines, have the longest cultural

history in the world, dating back to the last Ice Age. Migration by people who came to be
known as natives is estimated to have been at least 30,000 years before the arrival of
Europeans. The second wave of migration was marked by the arrival of the first British
convoy in Port Jackson, Australia in 1788. The Gold Rush was an event of gold
discovery in New South Wales and Victoria which then caused a very large flow of
immigrants, especially immigrants from China. The need for improvement in the human
resources sector is because most of the men left Australian soil to join the war with the
allies. With the condition of the population of men who began to be small after World
War II. The government which was then led by Arthur Calwell as immigration minister
gave openness to immigrants from war-affected countries.

Australian society has become a cosmopolitan society, namely Australia is a

gathering of people from various nations in the. world. Initially, immigrants were
considered to bring progress and development to the Australian state, becoming a
perception that could threaten the country. The Australian government considers
immigrants to be able to increase the amount of Australia's spending budget to deal with
immigrant problems.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics noted in 2013 that more than 34,000 Iranians
live in Australia. In 2016, there were 53,082 immigrants from Afghanistan who were
displaced due to drought in Afghanistan and the civil war in the Taliban. In 2018 it was
noted that the migrant population accounted for 62% percent of the total population
growth. Australia implemented some of the most stringent international travel restrictions
for the first 20 months of the pandemic. Australia has lost not only migrant workers but
also foreign students.

In response to this, Australia will reopen access to skilled worker immigrants in

December 2021. In September 2022, Australian Home Affairs Minister Clare O'Neil
announced an increase in the permanent immigration quota to address the labor shortage.

Australia's policy regarding refugees has evolved over the years. The first time
Australia accepted non-Europeans as asylum was during World War II. Since 1975,
Australia has recorded 9,000 refugees from Indochina and 5,000 other refugees each
year. The Australian government also provides accommodation for refugees during their
stay in Australia and provides jobs for refugees. While accepting the Indochinese, the
Australian government has maintained strong control. The Australian Government
continues to improve its policy of welcoming immigrants. The highlights of Australia's
immigration policy are first, Australia is a country founded on immigrants and second,
Australia contributed to the refugee issue long before World War II. The facilities
provided by the Australian government can be said to be at a good level considering the
costs for all of them are not small.

Australia does not have a policy regarding immigration, especially refugees. The
first time Australia accepted non-Europeans as asylum was during World War II. During
the Vietnam War, the Australian government accepted about 500 selected people to be
transferred to Australia at government expense. Since 1975, Australia has recorded 9,000
refugees from Indochina. The Australian Government continues to improve its policy of
welcoming immigrants. The facilities provided by the Australian Government for
immigrants such as bedrooms equipped with family facilities, large and complete dining
rooms, playgrounds suitable for preschool children.

A very interesting policy of the Australian government is the provision of English

language courses. In 1950s the Australian government eased migration into Australia by
removing the infamous "White Australia" policy and progressing toward a diverse
 perspective. The cycle of immigrant arrivals in Australia consists of three waves, namely
Aborigines, Europeans and World War II refugees. The impact of the presence of
immigrants is a perception that can threaten the country.

3. Conclusion
After the Second World War, people moving to cities remains by far the most
crucial form of cross-community migration. Migration erodes traditional boundaries
between cultures, ethnic groups, and languages and adds to the diversity and cultural and
economic richness. Europe is trapped in a complex network of regimes as efforts to
control the influx of refugees and asylum seekers need to be stepped up.

Group 3: History And Handling Of Migration In Indonesia

1. Introduction:
Indonesia is a maritime country that has more than 17,000 islands stretching from
Sabang to Merauke. Geographically, Indonesia is located in a strategic area and is
used as a transit country for refugees across borders. This makes Indonesia a shipping
lane used by refugees to reach their destination countries.
2. Finding:

Global refugee population at 10.55 million, including 597,300 persons assessed

by UNHCR to be in a refugee-like situation. Developed nations housed 8.5 million
refugees, accounting for 80 percent of global refugee population. Migrants contribute
to the economy of both their host and their origin countries. Migrants, particularly
economic migrants, choose to migrate in order to improve themselves and their
families' future prospects. If they want to save their lives or their freedom, migrant
refugees must shift. They are not protected by their own state, and their own
government routinely threatens to punish them. If other countries refuse to welcome
them and do not help them after they arrive, they may be sentenced to death - or to a
life in the shadows, without food or rights.

Indonesia has not yet had a firm legal regulation regarding the handling and
determination of refugee status in a clear document. In addition, Indonesia has not
ratified the 1951 Vienna Convention and its 1967 Protocol which discusses matters
related to the status of international refugees. Therefore, Indonesia does not have the
authority or obligation to take international actionagainst international refugees such
as Rohingya refugees. Human trafficking was a very crucial issue in the world of
politics in the 1990s. Many parties are very concerned about the issue of human
trafficking, especially feminists and human rights organizations.

The high presence of illegal migration (undocumented workers) is also a trigger in

new issues and cases in international migration. Human trafficking can be regarded as
a form of modern day slavery and requires strong international attention and action.

Indonesia is not a signatory to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of

Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, nor does it have a national mechanism for determining
refugee status. The government permits UNHCR to carry out its duty of refugee
protection and to find solutions for refugees in the nation. At the end of December
2020, the total number of refugees registered in Indonesia was 13,745 from 50
countries, with Afghan refugees constituting more than half of the population.

Indonesia is one of 17 observer countries on the board of the International

Organization for Migration (IOM) since 1999. Thousands of refugees from originated
and persecuted in rakhaine state of Myanmar who entered Indonesian territory. They
were abandoned in the middle of the sea in starving conditions and jostled using
fishing boats that were very small and unfit for use. Rohingya refugees came to
Indonesia through several stages from 2012 to 2015. Many of the Rohingya refugees
died on the way due to starvation or because the ship sank because it was fragile and
overloaded. The presence of Rohingya refugees itself can have a negative impact on
the Indonesian people, especially when it comes to demography (population) as well
as social and economic conditions.

The Indonesian government passed Law No. 39 of 2004 concerning the

Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad (UU PPTKILN).
On April 19, 2007, the national anti-trafficking policy was passed through Law no. 21
of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons. Indonesia as one of the
countries that signed the Palermo Protocol, has an agreement with the international
community on how to view human trafficking. The government has tried to establish
123 Integrated Service Centers (PPT) as service institutions for victims of violence,
but many victims do not have good information about this. This is due to lack of
socialization related to these services to the community and the lack of response from
the services provided.

The complexity in implementing the PTPPO Law also faces obstacles when the
victims of human trafficking are abroad and in remote places that are difficult to
reach. In 2009, the Indonesian government also ratified the United Nations
Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTC) This was followed up
by ratifying the Protocol to Prevent, React and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
especially Women and Children. The Indonesian government has agreed and is trying
to fulfill its responsibilities in protecting and fulfilling the human rights of its citizens.
Human trafficking in Indonesia occurs in three ways, namely as the area of origin,
transit area and destination of human traffickers. Indonesia can become a destination
for human trafficking due to economic problems, lack of knowledge and other things.
The Indonesian government has not been able to fully meet the minimum standards of
human trafficking cases, but will always make appropriate efforts to comply with
them.

The 1951 Refugee Convention, as primary international treaty governing asylum,

is not ratified by Indonesia. Many observers blame Australia, which has teamed up
with Jakarta to stop migrants from crossing the border, rather than Indonesia for their
 situation. Since 2000, Australia has provided financial support to the International
Organization for Migration (IOM), which manages a vast network of detention
facilities and community housing in Indonesia.

Asylum seekers and refugees in Cisarua are housed in squalid conditions because
local integration is not permitted and returning is not an option. The UNHCR's task of
resettling refugees has become more challenging as a result of Australia's shutdown
of resettlement prospects for refugees in Indonesia. The agency must now persuade
other resettlement nations farther away to resettle refugees though the Indonesian
operations. Resettlement often takes more than two years and rarely takes less than
that.

Asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia are using their ingenuity, fortitude, and
resourcefulness to develop communal spaces that allow them to meet their basic
requirements and create lifestyles that go beyond just survival. The main issues
addressed by refugees are lack of a means of subsistence, financial hardship, health
issues, safety and security concerns, legal rights, and mental health issues. The
average wait for relocation is around five years. Refugees depend on their savings,
the sale of whatever valuables they may have taken with them, or the financial help of
family living abroad. Extremely poor sanitary and health conditions exist, and doctors
are sluggish to address the medical needs of refugees. There are a lot of distraught
refugees in Indonesian prison facilities.

3. Conclusion:

Indonesia is one of the countries that host Migrants refugees as a transit. The
existing legal rules in Indonesia have not been fully used to deal with the problems of
incoming Migrant refugees. As a country that has a 'just and civilized humanity' basis
in its core national spirit as fundamental principle, Indonesia only helps victims on
humanitarian grounds.
Group 4 : Implicatin Of Migrant Worker Abuse Towards Malaysia-Indonesia Bilateral Relation

1. Introduction

Indonesia is the largest supplier of labor (both legal and illegal) to

Malaysia, which on average are factory workers or domestic helpers. It is
estimated that around 2.5 million Indonesians resident in Malaysia, of which
almost half are illegal. The problem of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia
occurs due to illegal departures so that they experience difficulties in protection
issues. Torture is a crime under criminal law and no legislation has ever given
someone the authority to torture. Employers are motivated by this motivation to
use physical and mental violence against migrant workers.

Migrant workers came to Malaysia with the expectation that they will lead
a fulfilling life. However due to employer oppression, these expectations are
rendered pointless.

2. Findings :

Indonesia is the largest supplier of labor (both legal and illegal) to

Malaysia, which on average are factory workers or domestic helpers. It is
estimated that around 2.5 million Indonesians resident in Malaysia, of which
almost half are illegal. The problem of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia
occurs due to illegal departures so that they experience difficulties in protection
issues. Torture is a crime under criminal law and no legislation has ever given
someone the authority to torture. Employers are motivated by this motivation to
use physical and mental violence against migrant workers.
 Migrant workers came to Malaysia with the expectation that they will lead
a fulfilling life. However due to employer oppression, these expectations are
rendered pointless.

In the current status quo, migration happens due to a variety of reason.

These reason could be encapsulated under two main factors which are the push
factor and pull factor. Push factors refers to a set of circumstances and reasoning
that encourage individuals and groups to leave its country of origin especially
circumstances that threaten human rights. On the other hand, pull factor are a
set persons that migrate into region in seeking for a better chances and
opportunity to improve their life quality. Migrant worker could be define as
individuals that migrates from Indonesia to Malaysia with the purpose of working
as a mean of sustaining ones life as well as their family.

There are a variety of migrant worker that exist with a range of hierarchy,
prestige, and level of wages which could be classified into several spectrums of
socio-economics ranging from high paying jobs to low paying jobs. The easiest
classification of migrant workers in this context could be disseminated into
commonly known terms which are white-collar worker and blue collar worker.
Indonesian house hold workers are more prone to overworking and are highly
exposed to work related accident. They are also severely underpaid as well as
degraded to a point it reach physical abuse. One prime example could be seen
within the cases of Adelina Lisao, a house hold assistant who was only 15 years
old when she departed from Indonesia to Malaysia at June 2013. On 11th of
February 2018, she was pronounce dead with post-mortem result stating that she
received several internal organ failure and anemia.

Malaysia and Indonesia possessed a high level of cooperation and it

continues to enlarged as both countries had engaged actively. Under President
Jokowi's administration, Indonesia are keen to continue investing in Malaysia
given the ease and effectiveness that it conveys for investor. Both country face a
nuance of tension due to a clash of national interest and pressure from
stakeholders encapsulated under each country.

Bilateral relations as one of the concepts in international relations is

something that is used to strengthen cooperation between two countries. The first
context is cooperation and the second context is conflict. In forming bilateral
cooperation each country has its own goals, therefore, each country must
formulate a policy concerning the interests of the country to achieve the existing
national interests.

The sending of Migrant Workers has been going on since the Old Order
even since the colonial period in 1887. During the period 1875-1940 Indonesian
migrant workers worked as contract laborers in Suriname and New Caledonia. In
the 20th century, Indonesian migration to Malaysia took place on a large scale.
Indonesia-Malaysia bilateral relations regarding Migrant Workers have had their
problems (since the leadership of Soekarno to Joko Widodo) The legacy of illegal
workers from the government of President Megawati is still a problem and cannot
be avoided. The high number of sending Indonesian workers abroad was directly
proportional to the high unemployment in Indonesia at that time.

Indonesia and Malaysia have signed a Memorandum of Understanding

(MoU) on the placement and protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers in the
domestic sector in Malaysia. The MoU regulates the use of the One Channel
System as a recruitment and supervision system. It is expected that Indonesian
migrant workers will be placed in Malaysia by April 1, 2022.

In the first half of President Jokowi's administration, cases after cases

involving Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia continued to occur. The
government has made various efforts to help victims and resolve them in legal
channels in Malaysia. However, the problem of TKI is still the government's
homework which is not easy to solve in a short time. In Malaysia, reports of
maltreatment of Indonesian migrant workers persisted until 2015. This time, it
included Norfia Linda, a migrant worker from West Nusa Tenggara's East
Lombok who was subjected to torture in Selangor, Malaysia. Nurjanah binti Saidi,
TKI from Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan Province in December 2015.

Indonesia-Malaysia relations have actually been going on for a long time.

In essence, the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia occurred due to
several things. First, is the geographical standing. Second, it is due to the fact that
both peoples are the same family of peoples. Third, namely religious similarities,
where the people of both countries are predominantly converted to Islam.

Indonesia and Malaysia are two countries in the region of Southeast Asia,
and relations between the two have had their ups and downs. Various issues that
arise often trigger controversy, even tensions on both sides, ranging from border
issues to cultural arts heritage. One of the important issues that needs to be faced
by both countries is the issue of Indonesian Workers (TKI), especially illegal
labor in Malaysia.

The number of Indonesian workers working in Malaysia is around 2

million people. Of these, 1.2 million are official migrant workers who have work
permits. While the rest are illegal. They mainly work in sectors such as: Domestic
servants, construction workers, plantations, factories, and services (services).

The presence of illegal migrant workers has its own consequences in the
country's economy. Various jobs that should have been filled by local workers
were seized by illegal migrants. Illegal migrants' low wages make it difficult for
local workers to get an adequate salary increase. There is a considerable outflow
of funds from Malaysia as Indonesian workers send their money home.
 The existence of illegal migrant workers is often associated with the
problem of "wild settlements" or "slums". Many of these illegal migrants, who set
up wild houses in a number of places, can interfere with the public interest.
Although many Malaysians themselves are involved in drug use and trafficking, it
is undeniable that the circulation of illicit goods also involves foreigners.

Foreigners account for 25.1% of murder cases, 24.8% of assassination

attempts and 32.6% of robberies in Malaysia. Almost half of these cases are
Indonesian. Among Malaysian police officers, it is common to know the names of
criminal gangs from Indonesia that often operate.

3. Conclusion

Indonesia is the largest supplier of labor (both legal and illegal) to

Malaysia, which on average are factory workers or domestic helpers. It is
estimated that around 2.5 million Indonesians resident in Malaysia, of which
almost half are illegal. In addition, as migrant workers in foreign countries, they
are also very vulnerable to becoming victims of corrupt practices such as illegal
levies.

Group 5 : History And Migration Handling Im America: The Dynamics Of International

Migration And American First: Donald Trump’s Policy In Restricting Immigrants To The United
States

1. Inroduction

The definition of migration is the first thing that must be understood before
studying further about international migration. Migration is the movement of people
across administrative boundaries in search of a better life from an economic point of
view. International migration activity is a manifestation of the freedom to make
 economic choices as a consequence of the fusion of the local economic system into a
global system.

2. Finding:

The migration of people from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (the
United States) is much greater than that between the U.S. and Mexico forty years ago.
There are several factors that influence migration, namely push factors and pull
factors. One of the factors that cause migration flows is the financial factor for
making a trip, especially in poor countries which then causes the birth of illegal
routes. As many as 20.5 million people or about three quarters of all immigrants in
the United States come from Latin America and the Caribbean. Migration flow is one
form of the demand for labor and supply of cheap or skilled workers.

In the 20th century until the early 21st century, the number of immigrants who
came to the U.S. was dominated by Central American countries such as Mexico,
Columbia and surrounding areas. Apart from Latin America, the United States is a
destination for various regions such as the Middle East, North Africa and Sub-
Saharan Africa. Migration originating from the MENA region in the US began in the
late 1800s and has continued to increase over the last decade. This situation is caused
by political turmoil in the region and economic opportunities outside their region.

Isolationism is a study of US foreign policy that demonstrates the strength of

America's enduring skepticism about open international commitments. In this case,
US isolationism can be characterized by two attitudes, namely: protectionism and
non-intervention. Protectionism is an attitude that shows that the US under the
leadership of Donald Trump does not adhere to a free market. So, selective
isolationism is a combination of neo-isolationist principles and selective engagement
which means that the US reduces its involvement at the international level. In this
context, it can be seen from two stages, namely: the stage of reorienting foreign
policy, and reducing international commitments. (Wardhana & Dugis, 2013).
 Xenophobia is the fear or anti-everything related to foreigners, including
immigrants who come to the US. It has implications for acts of racism and
discrimination against black people and immigrants. Xenophobia has become a
multidimensional and multicausal phenomenon that is closely related to the ideas of
nationalism and ethnocentrism. The black unemployment rate in the US is higher than
that of whites, according to a literature survey. There is also a growing fear of Islam
or Islamophobia which leads to efforts to avoid activities that have an Islamic nuance.
The decision that Donald Trump made against Muslim countries that will travel to the
US by restricting or prohibiting entry into US territory is solely for US national
security.

Donald Trump prioritizes four national interests, namely: First, protecting the
people, homeland, and way of life of the United States; Second, promoting and
fighting for the people of the U.S.; Third, maintaining peace through strength; Fourth,
increasing the influence of the US in the international world. The existence of
immigrants was seen as a group that had the potential to take the land of indigenous
people. Trump's policy of American Frist: Make American Great Again is a very
isolationist policy of nationalism. The US is more afraid or wary of protecting its
interests from all forms of threats from outside the country. To uphold the spirit of
nationalism, Trump provides a solution by ensuring that people who do not agree
with his ideas and ideals will be prevented from entering US territory.In addition to
nationalist policies, limiting immigrants and fully supporting the views of white
supermacy, Donald Trump has an anti-immigrant policy. This is due to the large
number of illegal immigrants from Mexico which pose problems both in terms of
economy and security. Illegal immigrants get more decent wages than local residents
and are subject to increased crime and drug trafficking.

The US has different cultures, values, and religions making Muslims in the US a
minority group. For Trump, the seven countries are identified as having terrorist
organizations or places for terrorists to take refuge (Goodman, 2017). The policy,
 known as the travel ban, is a form of Trump's resistance to acts of terrorism. Donald
Trump's travel ban was met with strong protests from Muslim groups in the US.
Protests carried posters "No Humans are Illegal" and "Every Muslim I Know Is a
Better American Than Donald Trump".

Anti-Muslim policies show that Trump is unfriendly to the US Muslim

community. Public considered that Trump's policies were not in accordance with
democratic values and principles of freedom.

3. Conclusion
American First's policy of adopting selective isolationism is a US Grand Strategy
step under Donald Trump's administration to overcome problems in society. This was
done because of economic, social and even immigration problems being interpreted
narrowly by Trump under the pretext of national security. Trump is using the new
old-style doctrine by constructing an American First narrative that is no longer
relevant to the development of a modern, democratic US society.

Group 6 : Turkey’s Open-Door Policy in Dealing with Syrian Refugees

1. Introduction:
The economy and society are two of the many elements that control and
define migration. Any individual who is traveling over an international boundary
or within a State is considered a migrant. Some people move to join family,
pursue educational chances, or find employment or economic opportunities.
Others move to flee hostilities, persecution, terrorism, or human rights abuses.
The refugee crisis is the humanitarian disaster brought on by the civil war in
Syria.

The majority of Syria's 6.8 million refugees, who have crossed borders to
neighboring nations by land and sea, are still in the Middle East. Turkey is the
nation where Syrians migrate to the greatest extent; there are more than 3.6
million Syrian refugees living there.
2. Finding:
Turkey and Syria are two countries that are geographically close to each
other, thus these two countries have long-established linkages. In the era of the
2000s, the two countries were intensively building good relations, namely when
Syrian President Bashar Al Assad visited Ankara. The civil war in Syria started
from a small scale where the battlefield was some of the cities in Syria and was
carried out by the Syrian people themselves, then developed into a larger scale as
the conflict lasted. The emergence of the Syrian domestic crisis has disrupted the
stability of relations between Turkey and Syria. According to UNHCR data, the
number of Syrian refugees who have sought asylum and been registered to reside
in Turkey has reached 3.6 million. Incidents that have taken place following the
Syrian crisis have resulted in new global arguments in many subjects, especially
concerning the "open door policy" and "sharing the burden/responsibility".

Since March 2011, over four millions of people have fled civil war in
Syria and sought refuge mainly in neighbouring countries, such as Turkey,
Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon. In dealing with refugees who come to their country,
Turkey applies an Open-Door Policy. This policy has existed since the time of the
Ottoman Empire which implemented a policy of accepting refugees. Turkey's
humanitarian role has increased as it has provided unconditional hospitality and
welcomed innocent civilians who have been forced to leave their homes. Home to
almost 3.5 million refugees, Turkey is a significant humanitarian actor dealing
effectively with the refugee crisis.
In 1951 Convention on refugees ratified by Turkey, there is also the
principle of non-refoulement which requires Turkey to protect refugees from
going to countries at risk of torture and cruelty. Turkey has a legal basis relating
to the handling of refugees entering Turkish territory. The basis of domestic law is
the Law on Foreigner and International Protection (LFIP) where this regulation is
intended to accept refugees. This policy also received support from several
international organizations such as UNHCR, the European Union, IOM, and also
NATO.
Turkey's Open-Door in humanity motives are based on Turkey and Syria
Identity which are geography and religion. Turkey implicitly has a responsibility
to do humanitarian policy towards Syrian Refugees. For example, the government
has provided support to NGOs that manage camps for internally displaced Syrians
within Syria, near the Turkish border. Border authorities utilize a policy of
"passage with careful control" intended to restrict the number of entries. Turkiye
has made plans to build settlements in 13 areas, including homes, offices, social
centers and administrative buildings to support the repatriation plans.

According to Turkiye officials, the country now hosts 3.6 million Syrians
and supports about 6 million in Syria's northern region close to its border. Some
political circles in Turkey have recently started using the Syrian presence as a
propaganda tool ahead of the upcoming general elections. More than 3.7 million
Syrians currently live in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country in
the world. The Turkish government ensures the safe return of 500,000 Syrians to
their homeland and a new project has been launched for the voluntary repatriation
of up to one million Syrians. Disputes and disparities in views and ethnic
backgrounds are contributing factors to tensions between locals and refugees in
Turkey.
In Hatay, the Sunni Muslim community of Syrian refugees vehemently
opposes the regime of Bashar Al-Assad and lends assistance to rebel
organizations. There have been incidents involving local Kurdish groups and
Syrian refugees in one of the neighborhoods of Izmir City. Turkey's open door
policy will affect military operations in dealing with the situation in Syria.
Around $68.7 million USD has been set aside to establish a trustworthy security
system. Turkey provides facilities for refugees by constructing refugee camps.

In terms of how refugees are treated, Turkey provides three meals a day of
food for those who are housed in camps. Turkey must shoulder a greater financial
 burden each year in order to welcome Syrian refugees. The expense of
maintaining the refugee camps has had a significant, detrimental effect on the
public's perspective. It has particularly affected Turkish workers who were
previously employed in the informal sector. Females also withdrew from the labor
market after the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey.

The number of refugees has also boosted crime in Turkey, particularly in

the southern districts with scattered shelters. Turkey provided free access to health
care to all registered refugees and built camps that have been internationally
portrayed as a model for the perfect refugee camp. More than 500,000 people
have been sent to hospitals from the refugee camps and, according to the Ministry
of Health, nearly 35,000 Syrians have given birth in Turkey. Turkish
naturalization law allows foreign nationals who have lived in the country for five
years to apply for citizenship. As many as 2.5 million Syrians could therefore
obtain citizenship in the next five years if the government demonstrates the
political will to naturalize them. Most of these potential new citizens can be
expected to vote for his Justice and Development Party (AKP) in future elections.

3. Conclusion
Syrians migrated to Turkey due to a humanitarian, security, and political crises
caused by the Syrian civil war, as well as third-party involvement in the situation.
As of now, Syrian refugees in Turkey are still fighting for the right to return to
their homeland. Turkey has made the Open Door Policy in order to help and
support Syria's recovery, and the implementation shows that more than 3.7
million Syrians currently live in Turkey, making it the world's largest refugee-
hosting country. However, this policy is not 100% successful and is not accepted
by the majority of local Turkish.