▪ to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and

researchers in your work

• To avoid plagiarism

• To enable a reader to trace your sources

• To enable a reader to distinguish your ideas from someone else’s

• To support your ideas and theories

• To make your writing more persuasive

• books and journal articles;
• newspapers and magazines;
• pamphlets or brochures;
• films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements;
• websites or electronic resources;
• letters, emails, online discussion forums;
• personal interviews;
• lecturers or tutors (not always necessary but check with your lecturer or tutor about their
preferences).
• Reference when you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or pictures.
• your own observations or experiment results;

• your own experiences;

• your own thoughts, comments or conclusions in an assignment;

• evaluating or offering your own analysis;

• 'common knowledge' or folklore;

• generally accepted facts or information

▪ In-Text Citation
An in-text citation is the brief form of the reference that you include in the body
of your work. It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in
your reference list.

▪ Reference List
A reference list is a list of the publication information for the sources you've
cited in your paper and is intended to give your readers all the information they
need to find those sources.
▪ Reference list and Bibliography
• A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in
your work.
• A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work,
plus the background readings or other material that you may have
read, but not actually cited.
depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:

➢ APA (American Psychological Association) is used in Education, Psychology, and Sciences.

➢ MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used in the Humanities.

➢ Chicago/Turabian style is generally used in Business, History, and the Fine Arts.

➢ IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is used in Engineering field.
1. Reference List
A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including the author
name, date of publication, title and more. An APA reference list must:
• Be on a new page at the end of the document
• Be centered
• Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t known, in this case a, an
and the should be ignored)
o If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if the works
are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter (a,b,c
etc.) after the date
• Contain full references for all in-text references used
2. In-Text Citation
In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct quote or
paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the main reference list. These citations include the
surname of the author and date of publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell,
this takes the form:
E.g. Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).
(Crockatt, 1995)
Crockatt (1995)

➢ Direct quote from the text

"The potentially contradictory nature of Moscow's priorities surfaced first in its policies towards
East Germany and Yugoslavia," (Crockatt, 1995, p. 1).
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZVIa2sTbpM&ab_channel=ColinMurph
y%2CEd.D.

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuEb1RC1auw&ab_channel=LIB150
▪ includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets, which refer
to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end of the paper

▪ The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically.

1. Reference List
▪ appears at the end of your paper

▪ provides the full citations for all the references used

▪ List all references numerically in the order they've been cited within the paper

▪ include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference

• Title your list as References either centered or aligned left at the top of the
page.
• Create a hanging indent for each reference with the bracketed numbers flush
with the left side of the page. The hanging indent highlights the numerical
sequence of your references.
• The author's name is listed as first initial, last name. Example: Adel Al
Muhairy would be cited as A. Al Muhairy (NOT Al Muhairy, Adel).
• The title of an article is listed in quotation marks.
• The title of a journal or book is listed in italics.
2. In-Text Citation
It is not necessary to mention an author's name, pages used, or date of publication in the
in-text citation. Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1],
that will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list.
• Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the
first bracket.
e.g. "...end of the line for my research [13].”
• Number your sources as you cite them in the paper. Once you have referred to a source and given
it a number, continue to use that number as you cite that source throughout the paper.
e.g. "This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]."
"Scholtz [2] has argued that..."
• When citing multiple sources at once, the preferred method is to list each number separately, in its
own brackets, using a comma or dash between numbers, as such: [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].
e.g. "Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...."
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ycStX4qoGE&ab_channel=nuslibraries