AMERICKÁ LITERATURA

KOLONIÁLNÍ LITERATURA A LITERATURA AMERICKÉ REVOLUCE........................................................

WASHINGTON IRVING – RIP VAN WINKLE..................................................................................................
ANNA BRADSTREET – UPON THE BURNING OF OUR HOUSE.................................................................
ANNE BRADSTREET – BEFORE THE BIRTH OF ONE OF HER CHILDREN..............................................
POČÁTKY MODERNÍ PRÓZY................................................................................................................................
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE – YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN......................................................................
EDGAR ALLAN POE – THE TALE-TALE HEART...........................................................................................
POČÁTKY MODERNÍ POEZIE...............................................................................................................................
EDGAR ALLAN POE - THE RAVEN..................................................................................................................
WALT WHITMAN – WHEN I HEARD THE LEARN’D ASTRONOMER.......................................................
REALISMUS A NATURALISMUS..........................................................................................................................
JOHN STEINBACK – OF MICE AND MAN.......................................................................................................
MODERNISMUS V PRÓZE A POEZII....................................................................................................................
T. S. ELIOT – THE WASTE LAND.....................................................................................................................
ZTRACENÁ GENERACE.........................................................................................................................................
FRANCIS SCOTT FITZGERALD – THE GREAT GATSBY.............................................................................
AFROAMERICKÁ LITERATURA, HARLÉMSKÁ LITERATURA......................................................................
ZORA NEALE HURSTON – THEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD............................................................
LANGSTON HUGHES – THANK YOU, M’AM.................................................................................................
JIŽANSKÁ LITERATURA........................................................................................................................................
KATE CHOPIN – THE STORY OF AN HOUR...................................................................................................
AMERICKÉ DRAMA................................................................................................................................................
ARTHUR MILLER – DEATH OF A SALESMAN..............................................................................................
AMERICKÁ POVÁLEČNÁ PRÓZA........................................................................................................................
TRUMAN CAPOTE – IN COLD BLOOD............................................................................................................
AMERICKÁ POVÁLEČNÁ POEZIE.......................................................................................................................
ALLEN GINSBERG – A SUPERMARKET IN CALIFORNIA...........................................................................
SYLVIA PLATH – DADDY.................................................................................................................................
ANNE SEXTON – AFTER AUSCHWITZ...........................................................................................................
ETNICKÉ LITERATURY..........................................................................................................................................
AMY TAN - THE JOY LUCK CLUB...................................................................................................................
SOUČASNÁ AMERICKÁ LITERATURA...............................................................................................................
L. J. SMITH – THE VAMPIRE DIARIES............................................................................................................
KOLONIÁLNÍ LITERATURA A LITERATURA AMERICKÉ REVOLUCE
(3 poems)
WASHINGTON IRVING – RIP VAN WINKLE
"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story by Washington Irving that was first published in 1819. The story is set in the
Catskill Mountains of New York and tells the tale of a man named Rip Van Winkle. Rip is a lazy, good-natured
man who is often at odds with his nagging wife. One day, while avoiding his domestic duties, Rip stumbles upon
a group of men playing a game of nine-pins in the mountains. He joins them, and they invite him to drink a
mysterious brew from a keg. After drinking the brew, Rip falls into a deep sleep and wakes up 20 years later.

When Rip returns to his village, he finds that everything has changed. His wife is dead, his friends are gone, and
the village is now under the control of a new government. Rip is initially confused and disoriented by the
changes but eventually finds a place for himself in the new society. The story is a commentary on the passage of
time, the effects of change and the changing of society. It is also a satire of the politics of the time, as the story is
set during the American Revolution and the story shows how the village has changed under the new government.

The story of Rip Van Winkle is considered as a classic of American literature, and it is one of the most famous
works of Washington Irving. It is a story that has been retold and adapted many times over the years, and it
continues to be popular among readers of all ages. The story is also known for its use of humor, irony, and its
portrayal of the human condition.

"Rip Van Winkle" was written by Washington Irving during a time of significant change in the United States.
The story was first published in 1819, just after the end of the War of 1812 and the beginning of a period of
national growth and expansion. The country was in a state of transition, as it was moving away from its colonial
past and towards a more independent future.

The story is set in the Catskill Mountains of New York, which was a popular destination for travelers during
Irving's time. The story is set in the time of the American Revolution, and the story shows how the village has
changed under the new government. The character of Rip Van Winkle, who falls asleep for 20 years, can be seen
as a metaphor for the way that the country was changing and leaving behind its past.

Irving was a prominent writer during the period known as the American Renaissance, and his works often
reflected the themes of American identity and the country's rapidly changing social and political landscape. "Rip
Van Winkle" is considered to be one of the first pieces of American fiction, and it is known for its use of
American folklore and its portrayal of the American people and their history. The story also reflects the changes
that America was going through as a nation as it was moving away from British colonial rule and becoming
more independent.

The moral message of "Rip Van Winkle" by Washington Irving can be interpreted in a few different ways, but
one possible moral is that change is inevitable and that people should be open to it and adapt to it.

The story follows the character of Rip Van Winkle, a lazy and carefree man who falls asleep for 20 years. When
he wakes up, he finds that everything has changed, his wife is dead, his friends are gone, and the village is now
under the control of a new government. At first, Rip is confused and disoriented by the changes, but eventually,
he finds a place for himself in the new society.

This story can be seen as a commentary on the passage of time and the effects of change. It illustrates how things
can change rapidly, and how people should be open to change and adapt to it. It also shows that it is possible to
find happiness in the midst of change, and that people should not be afraid of it.

Another possible moral is that people should not resist change and progress, but instead, embrace it. The story
takes place during the American Revolution, and the new government is portrayed as a positive change for the
village, even though it is different from the past.

In addition, the story can also be seen as a reminder to not take one's time for granted, and to make the most of
the time that one has. Rip Van Winkle falls asleep for 20 years, and when he wakes up, he finds that a lot has
changed, and a lot of time has passed. This can be seen as a reminder to appreciate the time that we have and to
make the most of it.

In summary, the moral message of "Rip Van Winkle" can be interpreted as the importance of being open to
change, embracing progress and not taking time for granted.
ANNA BRADSTREET – UPON THE BURNING OF OUR HOUSE
"Upon the Burning of Our House" is a poem by Anne Bradstreet, one of the first published poets in the
American colonies. The poem was written in 1666, after Bradstreet's home and all of her possessions were
destroyed in a fire. In the poem, Bradstreet reflects on the loss of her home and possessions, and she expresses
her feelings of grief and sorrow.

The poem is written in the form of a meditation, and it begins with Bradstreet describing the fire and the
destruction it caused. She then reflects on the transitory nature of material possessions and the fleeting nature of
earthly things. Despite her grief, she finds solace in her faith, and she recognizes that all material possessions are
ultimately unimportant compared to her spiritual well-being. She concludes the poem by expressing her gratitude
for the fact that her family and loved ones were saved, and that she still has her faith and her relationship with
God.

The poem is considered as an early example of American literature, and it is known for its religious and
philosophical themes. It is also notable for being written by a woman during a time when women's writing was
not widely accepted or published. Bradstreet uses the metaphor of the fire to reflect on the nature of life and the
importance of faith, family, and spiritual well-being over material possessions.

"Upon the Burning of Our House" was written by Anne Bradstreet in 1666, and it was published in 1678, in her
book "The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America." The poem was written in response to an event that
occurred in her life when her home in Andover, Massachusetts, was destroyed by fire. The fire was a significant
event in Bradstreet's life, as it resulted in the loss of her home and all of her possessions, including her
manuscript of poetry, which she had to rewrite.

The poem was written during a time of significant change and growth in the American colonies. The colonies
were still relatively new, and the population was rapidly increasing. The people were facing many challenges,
such as the harsh climate and the lack of resources, but they were also experiencing a sense of hope and
optimism as they worked to build a new life in the New World.

Bradstreet was one of the first published poets in the American colonies, and her works were among the first
examples of American literature. Her poetry reflects the challenges and experiences of the people living in the
colonies, as well as their religious beliefs and values. The poem "Upon the Burning of Our House" is considered
as a significant work in American literature as it reflects the struggles and the resilience of the people living in
the colonies during that time. It also reflects the religious beliefs of the time, as the poem is full of references to
the Bible, and it is written in the form of a meditation on the nature of life and the importance of faith.

The moral message of "Upon the Burning of Our House" by Anne Bradstreet can be interpreted in a few
different ways, but one possible moral is that material possessions are ultimately unimportant compared to
spiritual well-being and faith.

Throughout the poem, Bradstreet reflects on the loss of her home and possessions in the fire, and she expresses
her feelings of grief and sorrow. Despite this, she finds solace in her faith and recognizes that material
possessions are fleeting and temporary, while spiritual well-being and faith are eternal. She concludes the poem
by expressing gratitude for the fact that her family and loved ones were saved, and that she still has her faith and
her relationship with God.

This poem can be seen as a reminder that material possessions are not permanent and we should not put too
much importance on them, instead, we should focus on what truly matters, such as faith, family, and spiritual
well-being. It also highlights the importance of having a positive attitude and being grateful for what we have,
even in difficult situations.

Another possible moral is that people should be resilient and learn to adapt to change, even if it is difficult. The
poem is written in the aftermath of a disaster, and the author is showing how she adapted to the loss of her house
and possessions, instead of dwelling on it. This can be seen as a reminder that life is full of challenges, but we
should be able to overcome them and learn from them.

In summary, the moral message of "Upon the Burning of Our House" can be interpreted as the importance of not
putting too much importance on material possessions, focusing on what truly matters, having a positive attitude
and being resilient in the face of change.
ANNE BRADSTREET – BEFORE THE BIRTH OF ONE OF HER CHILDREN
The poem is a contemplative meditation on the birth of a child, and the responsibilities and joys that come with
parenthood.

The poem is written in the form of a letter to her child and the speaker reflects on her own emotional state as she
awaits the birth of her child. She expresses her fears, her doubts, and her hopes for the child. She also reflects on
the responsibilities of motherhood, the sacrifices that she will make for the child, and the joys of motherhood.

The poem is characterized by its use of biblical imagery and allusions, as well as its exploration of the
complexities of human emotions. It is also notable for its use of traditional poetic forms and its religious themes.

The poem is considered as an early example of American literature, and it is known for its exploration of the
themes of motherhood, birth, and the complexities of human emotions. It is also notable for its use of vivid
imagery, religious themes and its exploration of the complexities of human emotions. Before the Birth of One of
Her Children" is a poem by Anne Bradstreet, one of the first published poets in the American colonies. The
poem was written in the 17th century, and it was included in Bradstreet's book "The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung
Up in America," which was published in 1678.

The poem reflects on Bradstreet's thoughts and feelings as she anticipates the birth of her child, and it is written
in the form of a letter to her child. It reflects on the responsibilities and joys that come with parenthood. The
poem also reflects on the role of women as mothers during the 17th century.

The poem was written during a time when the American colonies were still relatively new, and the population
was rapidly increasing. The people were facing many challenges such as the harsh climate and the lack of
resources, but they were also experiencing a sense of hope and optimism as they worked to build a new life in
the New World.

Bradstreet's poetry reflects the challenges and experiences of the people living in the colonies, as well as their
religious beliefs and values. "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" is considered as a significant work in
American literature as it reflects the struggles and the resilience of the people living in the colonies during that
time, and also reflects on the role of women as mothers. The poem also reflects the religious beliefs of the time,
as it is full of references to the Bible and it is written in the form of a meditation on the nature of life and the
importance of faith and family.

The moral message of "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" by Anne Bradstreet can be interpreted in a few
different ways, but one possible moral is that parenthood is a sacred responsibility and a joy, but also comes with
doubts and fears.

Throughout the poem, Bradstreet reflects on her own emotional state as she anticipates the birth of her child. She
expresses her fears, her doubts, and her hopes for the child. She also reflects on the responsibilities of
motherhood and the sacrifices that she will make for the child. The poem also reflects on the role of women as
mothers and the challenges that come with it.

This poem can be seen as a reminder that parenthood is a sacred responsibility and a joy, but also comes with
doubts and fears. It also highlights the importance of being prepared for the challenges that come with
parenthood, and the sacrifices that parents make for their children.

Another possible moral is that motherhood is a sacred and powerful role, and that it is important for women to
embrace their role as mothers. The poem is written in the form of a letter to her child, and it reflects on the role
of women as mothers during the 17th century. This can be seen as a reminder that motherhood is a sacred and
powerful role, and that it is important for women to embrace their role as mothers.

In summary, the moral message of "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" can be interpreted as the
importance of parenthood as a sacred responsibility, the joy and fears that come with it, and the

POČÁTKY MODERNÍ PRÓZY

(2 short stories)
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE – YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN
"Young Goodman Brown" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne that tells the story of a young man named
Goodman Brown who lives in a puritan village. One night, he decides to take a walk into the forest, despite the
warnings of his wife Faith. He meets a mysterious man who claims to be the devil and offers to show him the
secrets of the village. Goodman Brown agrees, and the devil leads him to a clearing where he finds many of the
prominent members of the village, including his father and wife, participating in a satanic ritual.

In the aftermath of this vision, Goodman Brown loses his faith in humanity and becomes a bitter and
disillusioned man, unable to trust anyone. He becomes distant from his wife and the community, living the rest
of his days in isolation and regret, believing that everyone he knew was secretly evil. The story is a commentary
on the dangers of losing faith in oneself and others and the consequences that can follow.

"Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in a puritan village, which is a reference to the
historical background of the story. The puritans were a religious group that originated in England in the 16th
century and migrated to the American colonies in the 17th century. They were known for their strict adherence to
religious doctrine and their belief in living a simple, pious life.

The puritans had a strong influence on the early history of the colonies, particularly in New England, where they
established many of the first towns and cities. They were also known for their strict moral code, which
emphasized hard work, self-discipline, and the importance of community.

In the story, Hawthorne uses the puritan setting to explore themes of morality, guilt, and the dangers of religious
extremism. The characters in the story are all puritans, and their actions and beliefs reflect the values and
attitudes of the puritan society in which they live.

Hawthorne himself was a descendant of puritan ancestors and had a deep understanding of the culture and
history of puritan New England, which he used in his writing. The story "Young Goodman Brown" is set in the
17th century, during the time when the puritans were settling in the New World, and the story is a critique of the
puritan society and its strict religious doctrine, which Hawthorne saw as stifling individual freedom and
creativity.

The moral message of "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is that one should be careful not to
lose faith in oneself and others, as it can lead to a loss of innocence and a descent into cynicism and despair. The
story explores the dangers of religious extremism and the harm it can cause to both the individual and the
community.

The protagonist, Goodman Brown, is a young man who starts off with a strong faith in God, himself, and the
people around him. However, after his encounter with the devil in the forest, he becomes convinced that
everyone in his community, including his wife and father, is secretly evil. He loses his faith in humanity and
becomes a bitter and disillusioned man.

The story also touches on the theme of guilt, and how it can consume a person and erode their sense of self.
Goodman Brown starts to doubt the purity of his wife and himself, and this doubt leads to his descent into
cynicism and despair. The story suggests that guilt can be a destructive force, especially when it is based on false
assumptions and suspicions.

The story also touches on the theme of self-discovery, and how it can be a difficult and painful process. The
journey of Goodman Brown into the forest is also a journey of self-discovery, but instead of finding self-
acceptance and self-knowledge, he finds only despair and disillusionment. The story suggests that self-discovery
can be a difficult and painful process, but it is also essential for personal growth and understanding.

In summary, the moral message of the story is that one should be careful not to lose faith in oneself and others,
as it can lead to a loss of innocence and a descent into cynicism and despair. The story also highlights the
dangers of religious extremism, guilt, and self-discovery as a difficult and painful process.
EDGAR ALLAN POE – THE TALE-TALE HEART
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe that tells the story of a nameless narrator who is driven
to madness by his obsession with an old man's eye. The narrator becomes convinced that the old man's eye is
"evil" and "vulture-like," and he begins to plot his murder. He visits the old man's room every night, listening to
his heartbeat, until finally he kills him, dismembers the body and hides the pieces under the floorboards.

The narrator, however, becomes plagued by guilt and the sound of the old man's heart still beating under the
floorboards, and ultimately confesses to the crime. The story is a psychological thriller that explores themes of
guilt, obsession, and the blurred lines between reality and madness. The narrator's descent into madness is
gradual, and the reader is left wondering if the narrator is truly mad or if his actions were justifiable. The story is
a commentary on the human mind and the darker aspects of human nature.

"The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe was written in 1843, during a time period known as the Romantic era
in American literature. The Romantic era, which spanned from the late 18th to the mid 19th century, was
characterized by a focus on individualism, emotions, and the natural world. Poe's work, in particular, was
heavily influenced by the Romantic movement and its emphasis on emotion and the inner workings of the mind.

In addition to the Romantic influence, "The Tell-Tale Heart" also reflects the historical background of the time
in which it was written. The 19th century was a time of significant social and economic change in America, with
the rise of industrialization and urbanization leading to new concerns about crime, insanity, and the breakdown
of traditional values. Poe's story reflects these societal anxieties in its portrayal of a narrator who is driven to
madness and crime by his own inner demons.

The story also reflects the contemporary interest in the Gothic style, which was popular in literature and
architecture during the 19th century. The gothic style often features elements of horror, death, and the
supernatural. Poe's story has gothic elements like the old man's "evil eye" and the narrator's descent into
madness.

In summary, "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe was written during the Romantic era and reflects the
historical background of the time in which it was written, with influences of the societal anxieties of the time,
and the popular gothic style. The story explores the inner workings of the mind, and the darker aspects of human
nature.

The moral message of "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe is that guilt and obsession can lead to one's
downfall. The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, who is driven to madness and guilt by his
obsession with an old man's "evil" eye.

The narrator's guilt consumes him, and the sound of the old man's heart beating under the floorboards becomes a
haunting reminder of his crime. The narrator's descent into madness and obsession reflects the dangerous
consequences of giving in to one's darker impulses and the destructive power of guilt.

The story also touches on the themes of perception and reality, with the narrator's perception of the old man's eye
as "evil" and the reader questioning whether the old man's eye is really evil or if it's just the narrator's
imagination. The story suggests that our perceptions and beliefs can influence our actions and that sometimes we
can be our own worst enemy.

In summary, the moral message of the story is that guilt and obsession can lead to one's downfall, and that our
perceptions and beliefs can influence our actions and sometimes we can be our own worst enemy. The story also
highlights the destructive power of guilt and the dangerous consequences of giving in to one's darker impulses.

POČÁTKY MODERNÍ POEZIE

(2 short stories)
EDGAR ALLAN POE - THE RAVEN
"The Raven" is a narrative poem by Edgar Allan Poe that tells the story of a man who is visited by a talking
raven one night. The raven enters the man's chamber and perches on a bust of Pallas Athena, and the man
becomes fixated on the raven's repetition of the word "Nevermore." The man, who is mourning the loss of his
beloved Lenore, becomes increasingly disturbed by the raven's presence and its disturbing answer, "Nevermore,"
whenever he questions the bird about his lost love, and the possibility of seeing her again.

The poem progresses with the man becoming more and more disturbed by the Raven's presence, and his mind
starts to slip into madness as he becomes obsessed with the bird's constant repetition of "Nevermore." The story
is a horror story that explores themes of death, grief, and the human mind's descent into madness.

The poem also touches on the theme of the supernatural, as the talking raven is a supernatural being, and the
theme of the loss of love and the inability to let go. The Raven symbolizes the narrator's grief and the finality of
death, which makes him unable to move on from the loss of his beloved Lenore.

In summary, "The Raven" is a narrative poem by Edgar Allan Poe that tells the story of a man who is visited by
a talking raven one night, and becomes fixated on the bird's repetition of the word "Nevermore." The poem
explores themes of death, grief, and the human mind's descent into madness, as well as the theme of the
supernatural and the loss of love.

"The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe was first published in 1845, during a time period known as the Romantic era in
American literature. The Romantic era, which spanned from the late 18th to the mid 19th century, was
characterized by a focus on individualism, emotions, and the natural world. Poe's work, in particular, was
heavily influenced by the Romantic movement and its emphasis on emotion and the inner workings of the mind.

The poem also reflects the historical background of the time in which it was written. The 19th century was a time
of significant social and economic change in America, with the rise of industrialization and urbanization leading
to new concerns about crime, insanity, and the breakdown of traditional values. Poe's poem reflects these
societal anxieties in its portrayal of a narrator who is driven to madness by the death of his beloved and the
supernatural presence of the raven.

The poem also reflects the contemporary interest in the Gothic style, which was popular in literature and
architecture during the 19th century. The gothic style often features elements of horror, death, and the
supernatural. Poe's poem has gothic elements like the talking raven, the mysterious chamber, and the narrator's
descent into madness.

In summary, "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe was written during the Romantic era and reflects the historical
background of the time in which it was written, with influences of the societal anxieties and the popular gothic
style of the 19th century. The poem explores themes of death, grief, and the human mind's descent into madness,
as well as the theme of the supernatural and the loss of love.

The moral message of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is that the inability to let go of the past and the inability
to deal with grief can lead to one's descent into madness. The poem tells the story of a man who is fixated on the
memory of his lost love, Lenore, and becomes consumed by his grief to the point where he is unable to move on.

The raven, which symbolizes death, serves as a constant reminder of the man's loss and the finality of death. The
man's obsession with the bird and its constant repetition of "Nevermore" reflects his own inability to accept the
finality of death and move on from his grief.

The poem also touches on the theme of the supernatural and the unknown, as the talking raven is a supernatural
being, and it represents the mysteries of death and the afterlife. The narrator's descent into madness is caused by
his inability to understand and accept the unknown.

In summary, the moral message of the poem is that the inability to let go of the past and the inability to deal with
grief can lead to one's descent into madness. The poem highlights the importance of accepting death and moving
on from grief and the acceptance of the unknown and the mysteries of death and the afterlife. The poem serves
as a cautionary tale about the dangers of becoming too fixated on the past and the supernatural.

WALT WHITMAN – WHEN I HEARD THE LEARN’D ASTRONOMER

"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" is a poem by Walt Whitman that reflects on the contrast between the
dry, academic study of astronomy and the direct experience of observing the night sky. The poem begins with
the narrator describing a lecture he attended where a "learned astronomer" presented a detailed and technical
explanation of the stars and planets. The narrator, however, is uninterested in the astronomer's dry and "tedious"
lecture, and instead, he chooses to leave the lecture and go outside to look at the stars himself.

The poem's main theme is the contrast between the mechanical, scientific study of the universe and the
emotional, personal experience of nature. The narrator finds the astronomer's lecture to be dry and uninspiring,
preferring instead the immediate and personal experience of observing the stars for himself. The poem also
touches on themes of individuality and the importance of personal experience, as the narrator chooses to leave
the lecture and engage with the stars in his own way.

In summary, "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" is a poem by Walt Whitman that reflects on the contrast
between the dry, academic study of astronomy and the direct experience of observing the night sky. The poem's
main theme is the contrast between the mechanical, scientific study of the universe and the emotional, personal
experience of nature, and the importance of personal experience, as the narrator chooses to leave the lecture and
engage with the stars in his own way.

"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" is a poem by Walt Whitman that was first published in 1856 as part of
his collection "Leaves of Grass." The poem was written during a time period in American history known as the
Transcendentalist movement, which was a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism, the
innate goodness of humanity, and the spiritual connection between the individual and nature. Whitman's work
was heavily influenced by Transcendentalism, and his emphasis on individualism and the importance of personal
experience is reflective of these ideas.

The poem also reflects the historical background of the time in which it was written, the mid-19th century, which
was a time of significant scientific and technological advancements. The poem's contrast between the dry,
academic study of astronomy and the direct experience of observing the night sky is reflective of the tension
between the growing emphasis on scientific and technological progress and the traditional values and spirituality
of the past.

In summary, "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" is a poem by Walt Whitman that was first published in
1856 during the Transcendentalist movement, which was a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized
individualism, the innate goodness of humanity, and the spiritual connection between the individual and nature.
The poem reflects the historical background of the time in which it was written, the mid-19th century, which was
a time of significant scientific and technological advancements and the tension between the growing emphasis on
scientific and technological progress and the traditional values and spirituality of the past.

The moral message of "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" by Walt Whitman is that personal experience and
intuition are more valuable than dry, academic knowledge. The poem tells the story of the narrator, who is
uninterested in the "learned astronomer's" dry and tedious lecture, and instead, he chooses to leave the lecture
and go outside to look at the stars himself.

The poem's main theme is the contrast between the mechanical, scientific study of the universe and the
emotional, personal experience of nature. The narrator finds the astronomer's lecture to be dry and uninspiring,
preferring instead the immediate and personal experience of observing the stars for himself. This theme suggests
that personal experience and intuition are more valuable than dry, academic knowledge in understanding the
beauty and complexity of the universe.

The poem also touches on themes of individuality and the importance of personal experience, as the narrator
chooses to leave the lecture and engage with the stars in his own way. This theme suggests that each person has
their own unique perspective and that it's important to not only listen to others but to also trust in one's own
intuition and experience.

In summary, the moral message of the poem is that personal experience and intuition are more valuable than dry,
academic knowledge, and the importance of personal experience and individuality in understanding the beauty
and complexity of the universe. The poem encourages the readers to trust in their own intuition and experience,
and not to be limited by the perspectives of others.
REALISMUS A NATURALISMUS
(1 novel)
JOHN STEINBACK – OF MICE AND MAN
"Of Mice and Men" is a novella by John Steinbeck, first published in 1937, that tells the story of two migrant
ranch workers, George Milton and Lennie Small, during the Great Depression in California. George is a small,
smart man who looks after Lennie, who is mentally challenged and has a childlike innocence. They travel
together and dream of one day owning their own piece of land.

The story takes place on a ranch where George and Lennie find work, and they meet a group of other workers,
including Candy, an old swamper, Crooks, a black stable hand, Curley, the boss's aggressive son, and Curley's
wife, who is lonely and frustrated with her life. Lennie's love for soft things, particularly mice and puppies, leads
to tragic consequences when he accidentally kills Curley's wife while trying to stroke her hair. Curley and the
other ranch hands track Lennie down, and George, realizing there is no other way out, shoots Lennie to spare
him a more brutal death.

The story explores themes of loneliness, the American Dream, and the harsh realities of the Great Depression.
The characters are all searching for some kind of connection or dream to hold on to, but their hopes are
ultimately dashed by the cruel realities of their lives. The story also explores the theme of the power of
friendship and the lengths people will go to protect those they care about.

In summary, "Of Mice and Men" is a novella by John Steinbeck that tells the story of two migrant ranch
workers, George and Lennie, during the Great Depression in California. The story explores themes of loneliness,
the American Dream, and the harsh realities of the Great Depression, as well as the theme of the power of
friendship and the lengths people will go to protect those they care about, and ends with a tragic ending.

"Of Mice and Men" is a novella by John Steinbeck, first published in 1937, set during the Great Depression in
California. The story reflects the historical background of the Great Depression, which was a period of economic
hardship that began in 1929 and lasted for a decade. Millions of Americans were out of work and struggling to
make ends meet, and many were forced to migrate in search of employment. The setting of the story, a ranch in
California, reflects the reality of many Americans who left their homes in search of work in the West during this
time period.

The story also reflects the historical background of the treatment of marginalized groups during the Great
Depression, such as people of color and people with disabilities. The characters of Crooks, a black stable hand,
and Lennie, a mentally challenged man, are both subject to discrimination and prejudice. Their experiences of
isolation and mistreatment mirror the historical reality of the time.

The story also reflects Steinbeck's own experiences as a migrant worker during the Great Depression, as well as
his interest in the lives of working-class people and the struggles they faced. Steinbeck's work during this period
was heavily influenced by the social and economic realities of the time and his desire to bring attention to the
plight of the working class.

In summary, "Of Mice and Men" is a novella by John Steinbeck, first published in 1937, set during the Great
Depression in California, reflects the historical background of the Great Depression, the treatment of
marginalized groups during the Great Depression, and Steinbeck's own experiences as a migrant worker during
the Great Depression, as well as his interest in the lives of working

The moral message of "Of Mice and Men" by John Steinbeck is the cruelty of broken dreams and the harsh
realities of life. The story tells the tale of George and Lennie, two migrant workers who travel together and
dream of one day owning their own piece of land. However, their dream is ultimately dashed by the cruel
realities of their lives, and ends in tragedy.

Throughout the story, the characters are all searching for some kind of connection or dream to hold on to, but
their hopes are ultimately dashed by the cruel realities of their lives. The novel highlights the harshness of the
Great Depression and how the economic hardship of the time affected the lives of working-class people. The
characters are all deeply flawed and they all have their own set of problems and difficulties, but they are all
united by their shared dream of a better life.
The story also touches on the theme of loneliness and the human need for companionship. The characters all feel
isolated, and they all find some form of solace in their relationships with each other. The story highlights how
people need each other for companionship and how it can be a powerful force for good and for bad.

In summary, the moral message of "Of Mice and Men" by John Steinbeck is the cruelty of broken dreams and
the harsh realities of life. The novel highlights the harshness of the Great Depression, the human need for
companionship and how it can be a powerful force for good and for bad, and how people need each other to
survive and how it can be a powerful force for good and for bad.

MODERNISMUS V PRÓZE A POEZII

(1 novel)
T. S. ELIOT – THE WASTE LAND
"The Waste Land" is a long poem by T.S. Eliot, first published in 1922. The poem is considered one of the most
important and influential works of modernist literature and is known for its complex structure, symbolism, and
allusions to myth, literature, and history.

The poem is divided into five sections, each with its own tone, style, and themes. The first section, "The Burial
of the Dead," is set in the aftermath of World War I and reflects the disillusionment and despair of the post-war
era. The second section, "A Game of Chess," is set in a brothel and reflects the theme of sexual desire and its
connection to death. The third section, "The Fire Sermon," is a meditation on the nature of desire and its
destructive power. The fourth section, "Death by Water," is a reflection on the destructive power of nature and
the cycle of death and rebirth. The fifth and final section, "What the Thunder Said," is a chaotic and apocalyptic
vision that reflects the theme of the end of the world.

Throughout the poem, Eliot uses a wide range of literary and cultural references, including allusions to myth,
literature, and history, to create a sense of fragmentation and disorientation. The poem also explores themes of
death, decay, and the search for meaning in a world that has lost its values.

In summary, "The Waste Land" is a long poem by T.S. Eliot, first published in 1922, that is considered one of
the most important and influential works of modernist literature. The poem is divided into five sections, each
with its own tone, style, and themes, and it reflects the disillusionment and despair of the post-war era, and the
themes of death, decay, and the search for meaning in a world that has lost its values. The poem also uses a wide
range of literary and cultural references, including allusions to myth, literature, and history, to create a sense of
fragmentation and disorientation.

"The Waste Land" is a long poem by T.S. Eliot, first published in 1922. The poem was written in the aftermath
of World War I, a time of great social and cultural upheaval in Europe and the United States. The war had a
profound impact on Eliot's generation and much of his work, including "The Waste Land," reflects the
disillusionment and despair of the post-war era.

The poem also reflects the historical background of the time, which was marked by the collapse of traditional
values and the rise of modernism. The poem's complex structure, symbolism, and allusions to myth, literature,
and history reflect the fragmentation and disorientation of the modern world.

In terms of literary background, "The Waste Land" is considered a masterpiece of modernist literature, known
for its experimentation with form and language, and its use of stream-of-consciousness and multiple
perspectives. The poem was heavily influenced by Eliot's reading of the works of James Joyce and Ezra Pound,
as well as his interest in the Symbolist and Imagist movements of the early 20th century.

In summary, "The Waste Land" is a long poem by T.S. Eliot, first published in 1922, that reflects the
disillusionment and despair of the post-war era, the collapse of traditional values, and the rise of modernism. The
poem's complex structure, symbolism, and allusions to myth, literature, and history reflect the fragmentation and
disorientation of the modern world. It's considered a masterpiece of modernist literature, heavily influenced by
Eliot's reading of the works of James Joyce and Ezra Pound, as well as his interest in the Symbolist and Imagist
movements of the early 20th century.

The moral message of "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot is the search for meaning in a world that has lost its
values. The poem reflects the disillusionment and despair of the post-World War I era, a time of great social and
cultural upheaval. Throughout the poem, Eliot uses a wide range of literary and cultural references, including
allusions to myth, literature, and history, to create a sense of fragmentation and disorientation. The poem
explores themes of death, decay, and the search for meaning in a world that has lost its values.
The poem also reflects the moral and spiritual emptiness of the modern world, where traditional beliefs and
values have been shattered by the trauma of war and the rapid social and technological changes of the time. The
poem is a reflection on the search for something to believe in, something to hold on to, in a world that is in a
state of moral decay.

The moral message of the poem is that in times of great despair and confusion, it's important to find something
to believe in, something to hold on to, in order to navigate through the chaos and find meaning in life. The poem
suggests that finding meaning and purpose in life is essential to a person's well-being, and that even in the
darkest of times, there is always a glimmer of hope.

In summary, the moral message of "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot is the search for meaning in a world that has
lost its values, reflecting the moral and spiritual emptiness of the modern world, and the importance of finding
something to believe in, something to hold on to, in order to navigate through the chaos and find meaning in life,
even in the darkest of times.

ZTRACENÁ GENERACE
(1 novel)
FRANCIS SCOTT FITZGERALD – THE GREAT GATSBY
"The Great Gatsby" is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in 1925. The novel is set in the summer of
1922 in the fictional town of West Egg on Long Island, New York. The story is narrated by Nick Carraway, a
young man from the Midwest who becomes friends with his wealthy neighbor, Jay Gatsby.

Gatsby is a mysterious and charismatic figure who throws extravagant parties in his mansion on Long Island. He
is deeply in love with Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful woman who is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy and
powerful man. Gatsby and Daisy had a romance before he went away to fight in World War I, and Gatsby has
spent the past five years trying to win her back.

As the summer unfolds, Gatsby's past is revealed, and his relationship with Daisy becomes increasingly
complicated. Gatsby's involvement in illegal activities, including bootlegging, is exposed, and his dream of
winning Daisy back ends in tragedy when she kills Gatsby's rival, her husband's mistress, in a hit-and-run
accident. Gatsby takes the blame for the accident and is murdered by the mistress's angry husband.

The novel explores themes of love, wealth, social class, and the American Dream. It critiques the shallow and
superficial nature of the wealthy elite during the Roaring Twenties, and the cost of the pursuit of the American
Dream.

In summary, "The Great Gatsby" is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in 1925, set in the summer of
1922 in the fictional town of West Egg on Long Island, New York. The story follows the mysterious and
charismatic Jay Gatsby, who throws extravagant parties and is deeply in love with Daisy Buchanan, a married
woman. The novel explores themes of love, wealth, social class, and the American Dream, and critiques the
shallow and superficial nature of the wealthy elite during the Roaring Twenties, and the cost of the pursuit of the
American Dream, ultimately ending in tragedy.

"The Great Gatsby" is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in 1925. The novel is set in the summer of
1922, in the fictional town of West Egg on Long Island, New York. The historical background of the novel is
rooted in the cultural and social changes of the 1920s, also known as the "Roaring Twenties."

The 1920s was a decade of significant economic growth, prosperity, and social change in the United States. The
country was experiencing a period of prosperity following World War I and many Americans were enjoying
newfound wealth and freedom. The decade saw a rise in consumerism, new technologies, and social and cultural
innovation. The prohibition era, the era of prohibition of alcohol in the United States, began in 1920 and
continued until 1933, it also played a key role in the novel.

The novel is also set against the backdrop of the jazz age, a term popularized by Fitzgerald to describe the
cultural and social changes of the 1920s. The jazz age was marked by a new spirit of freedom and
experimentation, as well as a growing sense of moral and cultural decay. The novel critiques the superficial and
shallow nature of the wealthy elite during the Roaring Twenties, and the cost of the pursuit of the American
Dream.

The historical background of the novel also includes the themes of the American Dream, which during the
1920s, it was associated with the possibility of wealth and success for anyone who worked hard enough. The
novel reflects the disillusionment and the skepticism towards the American Dream that emerged in the wake of
World War I and the economic changes of the 1920s.
In summary, "The Great Gatsby" is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in 1925, set in the summer of
1922, in the fictional town of West Egg on Long Island, New York. The novel reflects the historical background
of the cultural and social changes of the 1920s, also known as the "Roaring Twenties," a time of significant
economic growth, prosperity, and social change in the United States. The novel is set against the backdrop of the
jazz age, prohibition era, and critiques the superficial and shallow nature of the wealthy elite during the Roaring
Twenties, the cost of the pursuit of the American Dream, and the disillusionment towards it.

The moral message of "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald is the corruption and emptiness of the
American Dream. The novel is set in the 1920s during the "Roaring Twenties," a time of great prosperity and
optimism in the United States. However, the novel critiques the superficial and shallow nature of the wealthy
elite during this time, and the cost of the pursuit of the American Dream.

The novel's main character, Jay Gatsby, embodies the idea of the American Dream, as he is a self-made man
who has risen from humble beginnings to become wealthy and successful. However, Gatsby's pursuit of wealth
and status is ultimately futile, as it is driven by his love for Daisy Buchanan, a woman who is unattainable and
ultimately destroys him.

The novel also explores themes of love, wealth, social class, and the American Dream, which were significant
issues during the historical background of the time. The novel suggests that the pursuit of wealth and status, at
the expense of morality and integrity, leads to moral decay, and ultimately to tragedy.

The novel also reflects the disillusionment and skepticism towards the American Dream that emerged in the
wake of World War I and the economic changes of the 1920s. The novel suggests that the American Dream, as it
was pursued during the 1920s, was a false promise, and that true happiness and fulfillment cannot be found in
material success, but rather in personal relationships, integrity and morality.

In summary, the moral message of "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald is the corruption and emptiness of
the American Dream, and the cost of the pursuit of wealth and status at the expense of morality and integrity,
leading to moral decay, and ultimately to tragedy. The novel reflects the disillusionment and skepticism towards
the American Dream that emerged in the wake of World War I and the economic changes of the 1920s, and
suggests that true happiness and fulfillment cannot be found in material success, but rather in personal
relationships, integrity and morality.

AFROAMERICKÁ LITERATURA, HARLÉMSKÁ LITERATURA

(2 short stories)
ZORA NEALE HURSTON – THEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD
Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel by Zora Neale Hurston, published in 1937. It follows the story of
Janie Crawford, an African-American woman living in the early 20th century, as she searches for her own
identity and independence. The novel explores themes of race, gender, and self-discovery, as Janie struggles to
find her place in the world and to define herself on her own terms. Along the way, she goes through three
marriages and learns many lessons, finally finding true love and self-acceptance.

Their Eyes Were Watching God was written during the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement of the 1920s
and 1930s that saw a flowering of African-American art and literature. The novel reflects the social and political
climate of the time, which was marked by the rise of the Civil Rights movement, the struggle for equality and the
end of segregation. The novel also reflects the feminist movement, which was also gaining momentum during
this period.

The setting of the novel is in Florida, which was a place where many African Americans migrated during the
early 20th century, particularly during the time of the Great Migration. This migration was caused by the desire
of many African Americans to escape the poverty and racism of the rural South and find better economic
opportunities in the North. The novel reflects this historical reality, as Janie's migration from Eatonville, Florida
to the Everglades and back reflects the migration of many African Americans during this time.

The novel also reflects the cultural and historical experience of African Americans, particularly the experience of
black women, which was largely ignored or marginalized in mainstream literature. Hurston's novel provided an
important voice for the experiences and perspectives of black women during this time, and it continues to be
celebrated and studied as an important work of literature that gives insight into the historical and cultural
experiences of African Americans.
 The main message of Their Eyes Were Watching God is about the importance of self-discovery and self-
expression. The novel follows the journey of Janie Crawford, an African-American woman, as she struggles to
find her own identity and independence in a society that tries to define her based on her race and gender.
Throughout the novel, Janie goes through three marriages and learns many lessons, but she ultimately finds true
love and self-acceptance.

The novel suggests that true happiness and fulfillment come from being true to oneself and finding one's own
voice. Janie's journey is a journey of self-discovery, as she rejects the societal expectations placed on her as a
black woman and instead chooses to define herself on her own terms. This message is exemplified in Janie's
famous quote: "I am me, my eyes toward God. I will wait for the world to come to me."

Additionally, the novel also touches on the themes of race, gender, and power, and how these things intersect
and shape an individual's experience in the world. The novel also highlights the importance of community and
solidarity, as Janie finds a sense of belonging and support among the people of Eatonville and how it helps her to
find her own identity.

Overall, the novel encourages the reader to embrace their unique identity, to find their own voice, and to be true
to oneself, despite the societal expectations.

LANGSTON HUGHES – THANK YOU, M’AM

"Thank You, M'am" is a short story by Langston Hughes, which was first published in 1958. The story follows
the encounter between a young boy named Roger and an older woman named Mrs. Luella Bates Washington
Jones. Roger, a poor, unkempt and unsupervised child, tries to steal Mrs. Jones' purse, but she manages to catch
him and drags him back to her house.

At her home, Mrs. Jones confronts Roger and gives him a lecture on the importance of being honest and working
hard. Despite her initial anger, she begins to see the child in a different light, realizing that he is just a lonely and
misguided youth. She gives him some money, and a home-cooked meal and sends him home with a lesson that
he will never forget.

The story is a powerful and moving tale of compassion, redemption and the power of kindness. It illustrates how
a simple act of kindness can change a person's life forever. The story is a simple, yet powerful, and easy to
understand. It's themes are about the importance of being kind and compassionate, and the power of a simple act
of kindness to change a person's life. The story also touches on the idea of poverty, and how it can lead to
desperate actions and the importance of giving people second chances.

Overall, "Thank You, M'am" is a powerful, moving and thought-provoking story that is easy to understand and
appreciate. It's a great example of Langston Hughes's ability to write stories that are both simple and profound at
the same time.

"Thank You, M'am" was written by Langston Hughes in the 1950s, a time of great social and political change in
the United States. The Civil Rights Movement was gaining momentum, and the country was beginning to
grapple with issues of race and inequality. Hughes, as an African-American writer, was deeply invested in these
issues and often wrote about them in his works.

The story, "Thank You, M'am" is set in an urban area and is set in a time where poverty, racial segregation, and
lack of opportunity were a common reality for many African Americans. The story reflects the reality of many
African American families who lived in poverty and struggled to make ends meet. The story also reflects the
reality of many African American children who were neglected and unsupervised, and often got into trouble as a
result.

The story also reflects the reality of the time in which it was written, in which the Civil Rights Movement was
gaining momentum, and the country was beginning to grapple with issues of race and inequality. The story
reflects the idea that a simple act of kindness can change a person's life forever, and that people should be given
second chances.

The story is also a reflection of Langston Hughes's own personal experiences as a young African American man
growing up in the early 20th century. He spent his childhood in poverty, and he knew the struggles of growing
up in a society that often failed to provide opportunities and support for people of color.
Overall, "Thank You, M'am" reflects the historical context of the United States in the 1950s, a time of great
social and political change and particularly the reality of many African American families and children who
lived in poverty and struggled to make ends meet. it also reflects Langston Hughes's own experiences and his
perspective as an African American writer on the issues of poverty, race and inequality.

The moral message of "Thank You, M'am" by Langston Hughes is about the power of kindness and compassion
to change lives. The story follows the encounter between a young boy named Roger and an older woman named
Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones. Roger, a poor, unkempt and unsupervised child, tries to steal Mrs. Jones'
purse, but she manages to catch him and drags him back to her house.

At her home, Mrs. Jones confronts Roger and gives him a lecture on the importance of being honest and working
hard. Despite her initial anger, she begins to see the child in a different light, realizing that he is just a lonely and
misguided youth. She gives him some money, and a home-cooked meal and sends him home with a lesson that
he will never forget.

The story illustrates how a simple act of kindness can change a person's life forever. The moral message is that
people should be kind and compassionate, even to those who may have done wrong. Mrs. Jones's actions
towards Roger are a perfect example of this. She could have punished him or handed him over to the police, but
instead she chose to be compassionate and offer him a second chance. This act of kindness, in the end, changed
Roger's life and the way he viewed the world.

The story also touches on the importance of responsibility and hard work. Mrs. Jones lectures Roger on the
importance of working hard and being honest, and her words have a profound impact on him. The story suggests
that with hard work and honesty, one can overcome difficult situations and improve their lives.

The moral message in "Thank You, M'am" is that even in difficult situations, one should strive to be kind and
compassionate, and through hard work and honesty, they can overcome difficult situations and improve their
lives.

JIŽANSKÁ LITERATURA
(1 novel)
KATE CHOPIN – THE STORY OF AN HOUR
"The Story of an Hour" is a short story by Kate Chopin that was published in 1894. The story is about
a woman named Louise Mallard who receives the news that her husband has died in a train accident.
At first, she is devastated and goes to her room to be alone. But as she sits and reflects on her life, she
begins to realize that her husband's death has set her free from a loveless marriage. She begins to
imagine a future where she can live for herself, free from the constraints of her marriage. However,
her happiness is short-lived as her husband appears alive, and she dies of shock upon seeing him. The
story explores themes of freedom, oppression, and the complexities of the human emotional
experience.

"The Story of an Hour" was written by Kate Chopin during a time of significant social change in the United
States. The story was first published in 1894, a period that marked the end of the Victorian era and the beginning
of the Progressive era. This was a time when women were starting to push for more rights and greater autonomy,
and the story reflects some of the issues that women faced during this time period.

In the story, the protagonist Louise Mallard is confined to a loveless marriage and yearns for freedom and
autonomy. Her husband's death is the catalyst for her realization that she can live a life independent of him, but
tragically she dies just after seeing him back alive. This story reflects the idea of the limitations that society
imposed on women during that era, and how many women felt trapped in their own lives.

Kate Chopin was a prominent feminist writer of her time, and her works often explored the themes of gender
roles, women's autonomy, and societal expectations for women. "The Story of an Hour" is considered as a
significant work in feminist literature, as it gives voice to the feelings of longing for freedom and autonomy that
many women felt during that time period.

The moral message of "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin can be interpreted in a few different ways, but
one possible moral is that people should strive to live a life of freedom and autonomy, even if it means breaking
free from societal expectations or oppressive relationships.
The story portrays the protagonist, Louise Mallard, as a woman who is trapped in a loveless marriage, and her
husband's death is the catalyst for her realization that she can live a life independent of him. Her newfound
freedom is short-lived as her husband appears back alive and she dies of shock. This can be seen as a tragic
reminder that life is fragile and people should take advantage of the time they have to live the life they want.

Another possible moral is that happiness is fleeting, and people should cherish the moments of happiness they
have, as they may not last. Louise's happiness was short-lived, when she was reunited with her husband, and she
died of shock. This can be seen as a reminder that people should appreciate the time they have with their loved
ones and not take them for granted.

The moral message of the story can be interpreted differently depending on the reader's perspective but it
ultimately highlights the importance of living a life that is true to oneself, with the freedom and autonomy to
make one's own choices.

AMERICKÉ DRAMA
(1 play)
ARTHUR MILLER – DEATH OF A SALESMAN
Death of a Salesman is a play written by Arthur Miller in 1949. The play tells the story of Willy Loman, an
aging and failing salesman who is struggling to come to terms with his failed career and his lost American
Dream. The play explores themes of the American Dream, success, and the human condition.

The play follows the life of Willy Loman, an aging salesman who is struggling to make a living. He is consumed
by the idea that success is defined by material possessions and being well-liked, and he has spent his entire life
chasing this idea of success. Despite his efforts, Willy is unable to achieve the success he has always dreamed of,
and he is plagued by financial troubles, personal regrets, and a feeling of worthlessness.

Willy's relationships with his family are also a central theme in the play. He is deeply troubled by the fact that
his two sons, Biff and Happy, have not achieved the success that he had hoped for. He is also struggling with his
relationship with his wife Linda, who is devoted to him but is also aware of his flaws.

The play reaches its climax when Willy, unable to deal with his failures and regrets, takes his own life, leaving
his family with the burden of his debts and his unfulfilled dreams. The death of Willy Loman serves as a symbol
of the failure of the American Dream, and the play ultimately explores the idea that the pursuit of success and
material possessions can be a destructive force.

Overall, Death of a Salesman is a powerful and thought-provoking play that explores the themes of the American
Dream, success, and the human condition. It is a classic play that is still widely performed and studied today.

Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller in 1949, a time of great social and economic change in the
United States. The country was still recovering from the Great Depression and World War II, and many
Americans were struggling to make a living. The play reflects the reality of many Americans during this time,
who were struggling to make ends meet and to find their place in the rapidly changing world.

The play is set in the 1940s, a time when the American Dream of upward mobility and success was still a
powerful cultural force. Many Americans believed that through hard work and determination, they could achieve
success and prosperity. Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, embodies this belief and is consumed by the
idea that success is defined by material possessions and being well-liked.

The play also reflects the reality of many Americans during this time, who were struggling to make ends meet
and to find their place in the rapidly changing world. The character of Willy Loman is representative of the many
Americans who were struggling to make a living during this time, and who were plagued by financial troubles
and personal regrets.

Additionally, the play was written during the post-war years of the 1940s, and this period was defined by a sense
of disillusionment and a loss of innocence as a result of the war. The play reflects this sense of disillusionment
and a loss of innocence, as Willy Loman's life and his unfulfilled dreams serve as a symbol of the failure of the
American Dream.

Overall, Death of a Salesman reflects the historical context of the United States in the 1940s, a time of great
social and economic change, where many Americans were struggling to make a living, and were consumed by
the idea that success is defined by material possessions and being well-liked. It also reflects the sense of
disillusionment and a loss of innocence that characterized the post-war years.
The moral message of Death of a Salesman is about the dangers of the American Dream and the cost of chasing
it. The play explores the life of Willy Loman, an aging and failing salesman who is struggling to come to terms
with his failed career and his lost American Dream.

The play suggests that the American Dream, the idea that through hard work and determination, one can achieve
success and prosperity, can be a destructive force. Willy Loman's life is consumed by this idea, and he is unable
to see the reality of his situation. He is plagued by financial troubles, personal regrets and a feeling of
worthlessness, and this ultimately leads to his death.

The play also touches on the theme of family and relationships, and how they can be affected by the pursuit of
success and material possessions. Willy's relationship with his family is deeply troubled, and his unfulfilled
dreams and regrets are passed on to his sons, Biff and Happy.

The play also suggests that success should not be defined by material possessions and being well-liked, but by
the quality of one's relationships and the impact one has on others. Mrs. Loman, Willy's wife, is the only
character in the play who seems to have a sense of what's truly important in life, and she stands as a contrast to
Willy's obsession with success.

In conclusion, Death of a Salesman's moral message is about the dangers of the American Dream and the cost of
chasing it. It suggests that success should not be defined by material possessions and being well-liked, but by the
quality of one's relationships and the impact one has on others. The play also highlights the importance of being
true to oneself, and being aware of the reality of one's situation, rather than living in an illusion.

AMERICKÁ POVÁLEČNÁ PRÓZA

(1 novel)
TRUMAN CAPOTE – IN COLD BLOOD
In Cold Blood is a non-fiction book by Truman Capote, published in 1966. The book tells the true story of the
murder of the Clutter family, a wealthy and respected family in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas. The book is
a detailed and well-researched account of the murders and the subsequent investigation, trial, and execution of
the killers, Richard "Dick" Hickock and Perry Smith.

The book begins by introducing the Clutter family, and their tight-knit community in Holcomb. On November
15, 1959, the Clutter family was brutally murdered in their own home. The investigation into the murders
quickly led the police to two ex-convicts, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith, who were soon arrested, tried and
convicted of the murders.

The book is a detailed and well-researched account of the murders, the investigation, and the trial. It's based on
interviews Capote conducted with the people involved in the case, as well as extensive research and
investigation. The book also provides a detailed examination of the killers, and their motivations for committing
the murders.

In Cold Blood is considered a classic of true crime literature, and is known for its journalistic style and its ability
to bring the reader into the story. The book is a chilling and powerful account of a senseless and brutal crime and
its aftermath, and it raises important questions about the nature of violence and the death penalty.

Overall, In Cold Blood is a true crime classic that tells the story of the murder of the Clutter family, and the
subsequent investigation, trial and execution of the killers. The book is a chilling and powerful account of a
senseless and brutal crime and its aftermath, and it raises important questions about the nature of violence and
the death penalty.

In Cold Blood was written by Truman Capote and published in 1966. The book tells the true story of the murder
of the Clutter family, which occurred in November of 1959, in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas. The book is
a detailed and well-researched account of the murders and the subsequent investigation, trial, and execution of
the killers, Richard "Dick" Hickock and Perry Smith.

The book was written during a time of great social and political change in the United States. The country was in
the midst of the Civil Rights Movement, and many Americans were beginning to question the government's
handling of crime and punishment. In Cold Blood reflects this sense of questioning, as the book raises important
questions about the death penalty, and the nature of violence.
Additionally, the book was written in the 1960s, a time of great social and cultural change in the United States.
The country was experiencing a cultural shift, as many Americans were beginning to question traditional values
and institutions. The book reflects this sense of questioning, as it raises important questions about the nature of
violence and the death penalty, and it challenges the reader to think about these issues in a different way.

The book also reflects the reality of crime in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The country
was in the midst of a crime wave, and many Americans were becoming increasingly concerned about the level of
violence in society. The book reflects this reality, as it provides a chilling and powerful account of a senseless
and brutal crime, and it raises important questions about the nature of violence and the death penalty.

Overall, In Cold Blood reflects the historical context of the United States in the 1960s, a time of great social and
political change, and a time when many Americans were questioning traditional values and institutions. It also
reflects the reality of crime in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and it raises important
questions about the nature of violence and the death penalty.

The moral message of In Cold Blood is complex, as the book raises important questions about the nature of
violence, the death penalty and the human condition. The book tells the true story of the murder of the Clutter
family and the subsequent investigation, trial, and execution of the killers, Richard "Dick" Hickock and Perry
Smith.

One of the main moral messages of the book is the idea that violence begets violence. The book illustrates how
the actions of the killers, Hickock and Smith, led to a tragic and senseless act of violence, and how the death
penalty ultimately resulted in more violence. The book also raises questions about the possibility of redemption
and the possibility of rehabilitation.

The book also suggests that society's obsession with punishment and retribution can lead to a lack of
understanding of the underlying causes of crime. It illustrates how the legal system focused on punishing the
killers, without trying to understand the reasons behind their actions.

Another moral message is the idea that people are complex and multifaceted, and it's not possible to understand
or judge them solely based on their actions or their past. The book provides detailed examination of the killers,
their lives, and their motivations, and it suggests that it's not easy to understand or explain why someone would
commit such a heinous crime.

In conclusion, the moral message of In Cold Blood is complex, as it raises important questions about the nature
of violence, the death penalty, and the human condition. The book suggests that violence begets violence, and
that society's obsession with punishment and retribution can lead to a lack of understanding of the underlying
causes of crime. It also suggests that people are complex and multifaceted and it's not possible to understand or
judge them solely based on their actions or their past.

AMERICKÁ POVÁLEČNÁ POEZIE

(3 poems)
ALLEN GINSBERG – A SUPERMARKET IN CALIFORNIA
"A Supermarket in California" is a poem by Allen Ginsberg, published in 1956 in his collection "Howl and
Other Poems." The poem is written in free verse and describes a surreal and dreamlike scene in which the
speaker, wandering through a supermarket in California, imagines encountering various literary and historical
figures, including Walt Whitman, who serves as a spiritual guide and mentor throughout the poem. The poem
also reflects on themes of consumerism, conformity, and the loss of authenticity in American culture. The poem
ends with the speaker's longing for a connection to the past and a sense of community.

"A Supermarket in California" was written by Allen Ginsberg in the mid-1950s and was first published in his
collection "Howl and Other Poems" in 1956. The poem was written during a time of significant cultural and
social change in the United States, as the country was experiencing post-World War II prosperity and a shift
towards a consumerist culture. The poem reflects on the sense of alienation and disconnection that many people
felt in the face of this rapidly changing society.

The poem also reflects Ginsberg's interest in the Beat movement, of which he was a prominent member. The
Beats were a group of writers, poets, and artists who rejected the conformist and materialistic values of
mainstream American society and sought to create a new, more authentic form of art and culture.
The poem also contains references to other literary figures, particularly Walt Whitman, who Ginsberg considered
a major influence and inspiration. In the poem, the speaker imagines encountering Whitman in the supermarket,
and the poem reflects on the connection between Whitman's celebration of the common people and the sense of
alienation and disconnection felt by the speaker in the supermarket.

In general, "A Supermarket in California" can be seen as a commentary on the state of American society and
culture in the mid-20th century, and the longing for a connection to the past and a sense of community.

The moral message of "A Supermarket in California" by Allen Ginsberg can be interpreted in a few different
ways, but it is generally seen as a criticism of the materialism and conformity of American culture in the mid-
20th century. The poem reflects on the sense of alienation and disconnection that many people felt in the face of
a rapidly changing society that placed a heavy emphasis on consumerism. The speaker imagines encountering
literary figures such as Walt Whitman in the supermarket, which serves as a symbol of the superficiality and
emptiness of contemporary American culture.

The poem also critiques the loss of authenticity and connection to the past, as the speaker longs for a sense of
community and connection to the values and ideals of figures like Whitman. The poem suggests that the
consumerist culture of the time was a shallow and inauthentic substitute for the deeper connections to
community and tradition that people had in the past.

In that sense, the moral message of the poem can be seen as a call to reject the superficial values of consumerism
and conformity, and to seek out deeper connections to history, culture, and community. The poem is a call to be
critical of the society and culture we live in and to seek out a more authentic and meaningful way of life.

SYLVIA PLATH – DADDY

"Daddy" is a poem by Sylvia Plath, first published in 1962, two years after her death. The poem is a powerful
and deeply personal exploration of Plath's complex relationship with her father, who died when she was eight
years old. The poem is written in the form of a dramatic monologue and is spoken by the speaker, who is
identified as Plath herself.

Throughout the poem, the speaker reflects on the pain and trauma caused by her father's death, as well as her
complicated feelings towards him. The speaker describes her father as a "black shoe" and "a fascist" and
compares him to a Nazi, using imagery from World War II to express the terror and oppression she felt as a
child. The poem also describes the speaker's feelings of betrayal and abandonment after her father's death and
her longing to reconnect with him.

The poem ends with the speaker saying that she has killed her father in her mind and that she has "done it so
much it feels like true." The poem is a powerful expression of Plath's grief, anger, and longing in the aftermath
of her father's death, and it has been widely acclaimed as one of the most powerful and moving examples of
confessional poetry.

In general, "Daddy" is a powerful and deeply personal reflection on the speaker's relationship with her father,
and the trauma and pain she experienced after his death. The poem is written in a vivid, powerful and symbolic
language, which makes it a significant example of the confessional poetry style.

"Daddy" is a poem by Sylvia Plath, written in 1962 and published posthumously in 1965. The poem was written
during a time of great personal and emotional turmoil for Plath, who was struggling with depression and a
difficult marriage. She wrote the poem just months before her suicide, and the poem reflects the intense emotions
and conflicts she was experiencing at the time.

The poem is heavily influenced by Plath's own life experiences and her complex relationship with her father,
Otto Plath, who died when she was eight years old. The poem describes the speaker's feelings of betrayal and
abandonment after her father's death and her longing to reconnect with him. In the poem, Plath uses imagery
from World War II to express the terror and oppression she felt as a child.

The poem also reflects the cultural and historical context of the time, as it was written during the Cold War, a
time of political and social tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. The use of imagery from
World War II and comparisons to fascism and Nazism reflect the political climate of the time and the anxieties
of the Cold War.

The poem is also an example of the confessional poetry style, which became popular in the 1950s and 1960s,
and which is characterized by its deeply personal and emotionally raw subject matter. The confessional poets,
such as Plath, Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton, and W. D. Snodgrass, wrote about their personal experiences,
struggles, and feelings, in a way that was considered very honest and intimate.

In summary, "Daddy" is a powerful and deeply personal reflection on the speaker's relationship with her father,
and the trauma and pain she experienced after his death. The poem is written in a vivid, powerful and symbolic
language, which makes it a significant example of the confessional poetry style and also reflects the historical
and cultural context of the time.

ANNE SEXTON – AFTER AUSCHWITZ

ETNICKÉ LITERATURY
(1 novel)
AMY TAN - THE JOY LUCK CLUB
"The Joy Luck Club" is a novel by Amy Tan that explores the relationships between Chinese-American mothers
and their daughters. The novel is set in San Francisco, California, and it is divided into eight sections, each of
which is told from the perspective of one of the characters.

The novel tells the story of four Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-born daughters, and how they
struggle to understand and connect with one another. Each of the mothers has a daughter, and each pair tells their
own story in alternating sections. The novel explores themes of identity, culture, and the immigrant experience.

The novel is known for its complex and nuanced exploration of the relationships between mothers and
daughters, and the cultural differences that often come between them. It also explores the themes of identity,
culture, and the immigrant experience, and it is known for its clear and accessible writing.

Overall, "The Joy Luck Club" is a novel that explores the relationships between Chinese-American mothers and
their daughters, and how they struggle to understand and connect with one another. The novel explores themes
of identity, culture, and the immigrant experience, and it is known for its complex and nuanced exploration of
the relationships between mothers and daughters, and the cultural differences that often come between them.

"The Joy Luck Club" is a novel by Amy Tan, which was first published in 1989. The novel is set in San
Francisco, California and it is based on the author's own experiences growing up as the daughter of Chinese
immigrants.

The novel was written during a time of increasing cultural and ethnic diversity in the United States, as the
country was becoming more multicultural and multiethnic. Many Americans were beginning to question
traditional values and institutions, and the novel reflects this sense of questioning.

The novel explores the themes of identity, culture, and the immigrant experience, which were becoming
increasingly relevant and important during this time period. The novel deals with the themes of cultural identity,
the immigrant experience, and the struggles of being a minority in the United States.

The novel was also written during a time of increased representation of Asian Americans in literature and the
media, which helped to give a voice to the Asian American community and its experiences.

The author, Amy Tan, is a Chinese-American writer, and her novel is considered to be one of the most
prominent works of Asian-American literature of its time. The Joy Luck Club has been widely popular and was
adapted into a film in 1993, which helped to bring the story to a wider audience.

Overall, The Joy Luck Club was written during a time of increasing cultural and ethnic diversity in the United
States and it reflects the reality of the immigrant experience, the struggles of being a minority, and the themes of
cultural identity. It is also considered a prominent work of Asian-American literature of its time and helped to
increase representation of Asian Americans in literature and media.

The moral message of "The Joy Luck Club" is complex and multi-faceted, as it explores a variety of themes and
issues throughout the novel. Some of the main moral messages include:

1. The importance of communication and understanding: The novel illustrates the difficulties that can arise
when people fail to communicate effectively and understand one another. The novel also shows how
communication can lead to understanding and healing.
 2. The importance of family and cultural heritage: The novel explores the theme of family and cultural
heritage through the relationships between the mothers and daughters. It illustrates how the past can
shape the present and how understanding one's cultural heritage can lead to a deeper understanding of
oneself.
3. The power of forgiveness and acceptance: The novel explores the theme of forgiveness and acceptance
through the relationships between the mothers and daughters. It illustrates how forgiveness and
acceptance can lead to healing and growth.
4. The complexity of human nature: The novel illustrates how people are complex and multifaceted, and
it's not possible to understand or judge them solely based on their actions or their past. It suggests that
every person has the potential to do good or bad things and it's important to look at the whole picture.
5. The value of self-discovery: The novel explores the theme of self-discovery through the experiences of
the daughters, who struggle to understand their identities and find their place in the world. It illustrates
how self-discovery can lead to personal growth and empowerment.

Overall, The Joy Luck Club is a novel that explores the themes of communication, family, heritage, forgiveness,
acceptance, complexity of human nature, and self-discovery through the relationships between the mothers and
daughters. The novel illustrates how understanding one's past, and oneself, can lead to personal growth and
empowerment.

SOUČASNÁ AMERICKÁ LITERATURA

(1 novel)
L. J. SMITH – THE VAMPIRE DIARIES
The Vampire Diaries is a series of young adult novels written by L.J. Smith. The series follows the story of
Elena Gilbert, a high school student who falls in love with a vampire named Stefan Salvatore. The series also
features Stefan's brother, Damon, who is also a vampire and is initially portrayed as the main antagonist.

The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, and follows Elena as she becomes embroiled in
the supernatural world of vampires, witches, and werewolves. The series explores themes of love, sacrifice, and
the struggle between good and evil.

Throughout the series, Elena finds herself torn between her love for Stefan and her growing attraction to Damon.
As she becomes more involved in the supernatural world, she discovers that she has a unique connection to the
vampire race and must navigate the dangerous politics of the vampire world.

The series includes several subplots and secondary characters, including Elena's friends and family, and other
supernatural beings such as witches and werewolves.

The Vampire Diaries series is known for its romantic and action-packed storyline, and its well-developed
characters. The series also focuses on the theme of the struggle between good and evil, and the sacrifices that
must be made in order to protect the ones you love.

Overall, The Vampire Diaries is a popular series of young adult novels that follows the story of Elena Gilbert, a
high school student who falls in love with a vampire named Stefan Salvatore, and becomes embroiled in the
supernatural world of vampires, witches, and werewolves. The series is known for its romantic and action-
packed storyline, and its well-developed characters.

The Vampire Diaries is a series of young adult novels written by L.J. Smith, which were first published in 1991.
The series was written during a time when vampire fiction was becoming increasingly popular, and it's
considered to be a part of the resurgence of vampire fiction in the late 20th century.

The series was also written during a time of great technological advancement and the rise of the internet. The
series explores the idea of technology and communication, and how it has changed people's relationships and the
way they interact with one another.

The series is set in the present day and its setting, Mystic Falls, Virginia, is a fictional small town, which is also
inspired by the author's own experiences of growing up in a small town. The series also reflects the reality of
high school life, and the struggles that teenagers face during that period of their life.

The series is also influenced by the supernatural literature that had been popular for centuries, particularly
vampire literature. It takes inspiration from the classic vampire novels such as Bram Stoker's "Dracula" and
Anne Rice's "The Vampire Chronicles" and also references to other vampire fiction, such as Stephenie Meyer's
Twilight series.
Overall, The Vampire Diaries is a series of young adult novels that was written during a time when vampire
fiction was becoming increasingly popular and when technology and communication have changed people's
relationships and the way they interact with one another. The series is set in the present day, in a fictional small
town and reflects the reality of high school life, and the struggles that teenagers face during that period of their
life, and it's also influenced by the supernatural literature that had been popular for centuries.

The moral message of The Vampire Diaries is complex and multi-faceted, as it explores a variety of themes and
issues throughout the series. Some of the main moral messages include:

1. The power of love and sacrifice: The series explores the theme of love and sacrifice through the
relationships between the characters, and it illustrates how the characters are willing to make sacrifices
for those they love.

2. The struggle between good and evil: The series explores the theme of the struggle between good and
evil through the actions of the vampire characters, and it illustrates how the characters must navigate the
dangerous politics of the vampire world and make difficult choices between good and evil.
3. The consequences of actions: The series illustrates how the actions of the characters have consequences,
and how their actions can impact not only themselves, but also those around them.
4. The importance of family and community: The series explores the theme of family and community
through the characters' relationships with each other, and it illustrates how the characters are able to
find support and belonging in their families and communities.
5. The complexity of human nature: The series illustrates how people are complex and multifaceted, and
it's not possible to understand or judge them solely based on their actions or their past. It suggests that
every person has the potential to do good or bad things and it's important to look at the whole picture.

Overall, the moral message of The Vampire Diaries is complex, as it explores a variety of themes and issues
throughout the series. The series touches on the power of love and sacrifice, the struggle between good and evil,
the consequences of actions, the importance of family and community, and the complexity of human nature.