CES 6106 – Advanced Structural Analysis J.

Bridge

Modified Stiffness and Fixed End Forces

Beam element with semi rigid connections

ka kb

E, I, L

ki L
ri = , i = a, b
EI + ki L

R = 12 − 8ra − 8rb + 5ra rb

 12(ra + rb − ra rb ) 6 Lra (2 − rb ) − 12(ra + rb − ra rb ) 6 Lrb (2 − ra ) 

 6 Lr (2 − r ) 4 L2 r a (3 − 2rb ) − 6 Lra (2 − rb ) 2 L2 ra rb 
[k '] = 3
EI  a b 
L R − 12(ra + rb − ra rb ) − 6 Lra (2 − rb ) 12(ra + rb − ra rb ) − 6 Lrb (2 − ra ) 
 
 6 Lrb (2 − ra ) 2 L2 ra rb − 6 Lrb (2 − ra ) 4 L2 r b (3 − 2ra )

 
 FEF1 − LR [(1 − ra )(2 − rb ) FEF2 + (1 − rb )(2 − ra ) FEF4 ]
6
 

ra
[(4 − 3rb ) FEF2 − 2(1 − rb ) FEF4 ] 
{FEF '} =  R 

 FEF3 +
6
[(1 − ra )(2 − rb ) FEF2 + (1 − rb )(2 − ra ) FEF4 ]
 LR 
 

rb
[(4 − 3ra) FEF4 − 2(1 − ra ) FEF2 ] 
R

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CES 6106 – Advanced Structural Analysis J. Bridge

Beam element with rigid end offsets

da E, I, L db

 12 6 L + 12d a − 12 6 L + 12db 
 2 L + 6 Ld a + 6 Ld b + 12d a d b 
EI 6 L + 12d a 4 L + 12 Ld a+12d a2 − 6 L − 12d a
2 2

[k '] = 3
L  − 12 − 6 L − 12d a 12 − 6 L − 12d b 
 
6 L + 12d b 2 L2 + 6 Ld a + 6 Ld b + 12d a d b − 6 L − 12d b 4 L + 12 Ld b+12d b
2 2


 FEF1 
 FEF + d FEF 
{FEF '} =  2 a 1 
 FEF3 
 FEF4 − d b FEF3 

Beam element including shear deformation

12 EIf s
β=
GAL2

 12 6L − 12 6L 
 6 L L2 (4 + β ) − 6 L L2 (2 − β ) 
[k '] = 3 EI  
L (1 + β ) − 12 − 6L 12 − 6L 
 
 6 L L (2 − β ) − 6 L L (4 + β )
2 2

FEFs are the same with and without shear deformation for symmetric loading

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