10

Electronics
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Diodes, Transistors and
Integrated Circuits
Electronics – Grade 10 Electives
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Diodes, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author: Robert Kevin A. Alindayu

Co- Author- Content Editor: Menandro S. Reyes
Co-Author- Language Reviewer: Annaliza S. Diomampo
Co-Author- Illustrator: Robert Kevin A. Alindayu
Co-Author- Layout Artist: Robert Kevin A. Alindayu
Co-Author- Team Leader:

DIVISION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Schools Division Superintendent
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Chief Education Supervisor, CID
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS
Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM
Education Program Supervisor, Science
Project Development Officer II, LRMDS
Division Librarian II LRMDS
Division Book Designer
: Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V
: Rolando M. Fronda, EdD, CESE
: Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD
: Edgar E. Garcia, MITE
: Romeo M. Layug
: Edwin R. Bermillo
: Joan T. Briz
: Rosita P Serrano
:

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
E-mail Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph
 10

Electronics
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Diodes and Transistors
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Diodes and Transistors!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Diodes and Transistors!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in
What I Need to Know the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s In

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
What’s New story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

3
 This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
What I Have Learned what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
What I Can Do skill into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
Additional Activities the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic concepts
of diodes, transistors and integrated circuits and appreciate their applications in
electronic devices that you use daily.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the basic construction of a diode.
2. Explain how a transistor acts as a switch.
3. Explain how integrated circuits work.

1
 What I Know

Encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. A diode is a __________.
a. linear device
b. nonlinear device
c. unidirectional device
d. both a and c
2. In a circuit, a reverse-biased diode acts like a(n) ______________.
a. insulator
b. closed switch
c. open switch
d. both a and b

3. To make diode in forward bias,

a. the anode voltage must be positive with respect to its cathode.
b. the anode voltage must be negative with respect to its cathode.
c. the cathode voltage must be positive with respect to its anode.
d. either a or b.

4. What is the charge of an anode?

a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
d. none of the above

5. What inhibits the movement of ions in the depletion region?

a. electric field
b. potential barrier
c. gravitational field
d. both a and b

6. Which lead does the current leave in a diode when it is forward biased?
a. anion
b. cation
c. anode
d. cathode

7. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. The diode is a superconductor
b. The reverse diode in biased has high conductivity.
c. A diode in reverse bias has very high resistance.
d. When a diode is in forward bias the resistance is very low.

2
8. A bipolar junction transistor has __________.
a. only one p-n junction
b. three p-n junctions
c. no p-n junctions
d. two p-n junctions

9. The four components that are most used in an IC are:

a. diodes, resistors, inductors, and capacitors
b. diodes, transistors, resistors, and inductors
c. diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors
d. transistors, resistors, inductors, and capacitors

10.What is an integrated circuit replacing?

a. Amplifiers
b. Inductors
c. Vacuum Tubes
d. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

11.Why was integrated circuit made?

a. To make devices bigger.
b. To make circuits more sophisticated and complex.
c. To add more wiring in the system.
d. None of the above.

12.What does the Moore’s Law state?

a. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit
doubles every 2 years.
b. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit triples
every 2 years.
c. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit
quadruples every 2 years.
d. The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit reduce
into half every 2 years.

13.Which is NOT true about integrated circuits?

a. It requires less power.
b. ICs are energy efficient.
c. It can be used in high voltage.
d. All of these.

14.What are the components of the integrated circuit made of?

a. n-type semiconductors
b. p-type semiconductors
c. npn semiconductors
d. pn-junctions

15.Integrated circuit is mainly made up of what material?

a. Bismuth
b. Silicon
c. Phosphorous
d. Selenium

3
 Lesson
Diodes and Transistors
1
In the previous module, you have learned the concepts of binary numbers
and logic gates. Logic gates are implemented by electronic components such as
transistors and diodes. They are used as switches in an electric circuit. Switches
controls the flow and direction of current. This is the reason why logic gates are
considered as electronic circuits.
In building electronic devices, you need to connect several components
together to build an electronic circuit. A basic electronic system is composed of four
main electronic building blocks: power supply, input, output, and control circuitry.
In this module, you will learn three devices under control circuitry namely: diodes,
transistors, and integrated circuits. First, let us discuss the basic concept of
control circuitry – the semiconductors.

What’s In

After learning about semiconductors, now you are ready to investigate

control circuitry devices. To begin, try joining a p-type semiconductor and n-type
semiconductor. The resulting material is known as a pn junction. There, you
created one of the most popular semiconductor devices. You have just created a
diode. It looks simply but there is science behind it. Now, let us explore the science
of the diode.

4
 You are familiar with some of the terms in the activity. Recall the definition
of those terms. This will help you understand how a diode works.

What’s New

Let us make a diode. As mentioned earlier, a diode is made from joining a p-

type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. Label the right side as p-type
and the left as n-type. Write the label on the lines provided above the device. Let us
represent the holes of the p-type as o (circle). Draw circles inside the p-type. Make
sure that the circles are organized just like a tray of eggs. Do the same thing for the
n-type but use – to represent the free electrons. There, now you have a diode. Label
it “diode” on the space provided below.

Now, what will happen to the holes and free electrons in each material close
to the junction (the region where the p-type and n-type are joined)? The free
electrons will fill up the holes. What do you think will happen to the charges in the
junction? Illustrate your answer by drawing “o” and “—" in the junction. Write the
label of the middle portion as depletion region in the line provided below.

5
 The depletion region is an important concept in understanding the function
and application of diodes. The migration of free carriers is known as charge
redistribution. Does this happen in the entire diode or is it just in a certain region?
You will find out more in the next section of this module.

What is It

What is a Diode?
A diode is a device made from a single pn-junction. Diode is a
semiconductor commonly made up of silicon. This device conducts electricity to
flow in only one direction. Diodes are contained in small capsules made of plastics
or glass. Leads are attached to both ends of the pn junction. This allows the diode
to be easily incorporate in the circuit.
Diodes have two terminal wires. One lead is attached to the p-type
semiconductor which is called the anode. This is the positive side of the diode.
Another lead is attached to the n-type which is known as the cathode or the
negative side. Usually, there is a colored band near one end of the diode to show
which terminal is the cathode. Below are illustrations of a diode and its schematic
symbol showing the anode (A) and cathode (C) terminals.

The charge distribution in a diode happens in a specific location known as

depletion region. The moment pn-junction is formed, the free electrons from the n-
type migrate to the holes of the p-type. The effect of this migration is it creates two
ions. The anode in the p-type and the cathode in the n-type. The name of this
region originates from the concept that the area has been depleted of all charge
carriers. The charges create an electric field and a potential barrier which make
them fixed in a crystalline structure and inhibits further movement.

6
 In the figure above, the anode is connected to the positive side of the voltage
source in the circuit. On the other hand, the cathode is connected to the negative
side of the circuit. If a diode is connected in a circuit this way, the arrangement is
said to be in forward bias. This means that electric current will flow. The
conduction of electricity is from negative to positive or from anode to cathode.
When a cathode is connected to the positive side of the voltage source, we
can conclude that it is in reversed biased. Electric current will not flow in reverse
bias. Below is an illustration of the depletion region of a reverse biased diode.

In reverse bias, the majority carriers (holes and free electrons) are forced
toward both ends of the diode. These movements caused the depletion region to
widen. This creates a very strong barrier that will effectively reduce the flow of
electric current to zero. Below are the schematic symbols of forward bias and
reverse bias.

The figure below illustrates forward and reverse bias with two very simple
circuits. Each circuit is composed of a lamp, battery, and diode. In the circuit on
the left, the diode is forward biased, so current flows through the circuit and the

7
lamp lights up. You may consider the arrow (anode) as a symbol that represents
the conventional flow of electric current which is from positive to negative. In the
circuit on the right, the diode is reverse biased, so current does not flow and the
lamp remains dark. You may consider the bar (cathode) as something that blocks
the flow of electric current.

You have read that a diode has unidirectional property. It will only allow the
flow of electric current if it is forward biased. The current will flow from the n-type
to the p-type of the diode. This leads us to its application as a switch. The forward
bias acts as a closed switch that allows current to flow. On the other hand, the
reverse bias is like an open switch where current will not pass through.
Explore how diodes work and the principle behind the pn junction by watching the
video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwj_d3uO5g8

What’s More

Before, you have joined two semiconductor materials, the p-type and n-type.
The resulting device is a diode. Now let us create a sandwich. Suppose the outer
buns of the sandwich must be similar conductors and the filling in the middles
must be a different semiconductor. Write p for p-type and n for n-type on the
square provided in the sandwich. There are two sandwiches that we can create with
the instruction above.

8
 There, you have just assembled a transistor. Specifically, a bipolar junction
transistor (BJT). A transistor is like a diode, but it has a third layer.
What is a transistor?
A transistor is a semiconductor device that is used as an amplifier or an
electronic switch. They act as an electronic switch in digital devices. The transistors
you have just created above is called as bipolar junction transistor or (BJT). The
term “bipolar refers to the two polarity carriers that carry charge in the device. The
term junction is used due to the two pn junctions made by sharing a common
middle layer. A transistor is a semiconductor with two pn junctions. From the
previous activity we can create to transistors, the npn transistor and the pnp
transistor. Both are functioning the same but in different polarities. Below are
illustrations of the two transistors.

Each of the regions of the transistor has a lead attached to it. The leads are
named as collector, base, and emitter. Collector is the lead attached to the largest
of the semiconductor regions. The second largest of the semiconductor regions is
attached to the emitter. The base is attached to the middle region. This region acts
as the gatekeeper. The base determines how much current can flow through the
collector-emitter circuit. Note that, when voltage is applied to the base, current
flows through the collector to the emitter (conventional).

9
 Below are illustrations of the schematic symbol for the two transistors. In an
npn transistor, the emitter is the negative side of the transistor. The collector and
base are the positive sides. The majority charge carriers in the npn transistor are
free electrons (negative). The voltage at the collector VC must be greater than the
voltage at the emitter VE by at least a few tenths of a volt (close switch); otherwise,
current will not flow through the collector-emitter junction (open switch), no matter
what the applied voltage is at the base.

In a pnp transistor, the emitter is the positive side of the transistor. The
collector and base are the negative sides. The majority charge carriers in pnp
transistor are holes (positive). The places where the emitter joins the base and the
base joins the collector are called junctions. For pnp transistor to work, the emitter
voltage must be greater than the collector voltage by a similar amount.

One of the most common uses for transistors is as simple switches. Just like
a gatekeeper. In short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-emitter
path only when a voltage is applied to the base. Computers often use npn
transistors. By sending varying levels of current from the base, the amount of
current flowing through the gate from the collector may be regulated. This process
is used to create the binary code for the digital processors in digital devices but in
this case a voltage threshold of five volts is needed to open the collector gate. In this
way, the transistor is being used as a switch with a binary function: five volts ' ON,
less than five volts ' OFF. When no base voltage is present, the switch is off. When
base voltage is present, the switch is on.
Explore how transistors changed the world by watching the video at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwS9aTE2Go4.

10
 What I Have Learned

Draw illustrations of the devices in the first column. Write a brief description about
the device. You may use your own words in writing the description.

Name Illustration Description

1. Diode

2. Forward
Biased Diode

3. Reverse
Biased Diode

4. Depletion
Region
(Forward Bias)

5. Depletion
Region
(Reverse Bias)

6. Transistor

7. npn
transistor

8. pnp
transistor

11
 What I Can Do

Part A

Diodes have different forms. There are diodes which are rarely used, but many are
commonly used. Most of the electronic devices that you have at home have diodes.
One of the most popular application of the diode is rectification. For this purpose, a
rectifier which consists of four diodes converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC). The model numbers 1N4001 to 1N4007 are identified as the most
common rectifier diodes.

We are aware that to make electrical appliances and devices function we use
DC power. Laptops and cellphones also work with DC. The type of electricity that is
commonly used at home is AC at 220 volts which can be found in household
outlets. Electrical devices such as television, radio, computer, and chargers work at
DC at 5 – 30 volts. In this case, a rectifier is integrated in a step-down transformer
to convert AC from the outlet to DC. The image below shows the components of a
mobile charge.

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the function of a rectifier?

2. What do you think may happen if there are no rectifiers in transformers and
electronic devices?

Part B

12
 In 1948, the transistor was unveiled to the public. It got little publicity and
do not made any popularity in the scientific field. The transistor gained its
popularity in the 1950’s. It was widely used in radios and industrial and military
applications. The transistor was a catalyst of technological advances in the mid-
20th century. The different applications of transistors allowed information to scatter
all around the world. The shrinking of electronic components made it possible to
create the microchip, computer and the internet. This allowed humans to explore
the Earth and even the outer space. About 15 years ago, televisions are heavy and
bulky and consume a lot of space but nowadays they are lighter and thinner.

1. Write five electronic devices that

have been become smaller or
compact over the years.

2. What kind of breakthroughs

made the smaller devices possible?

13
 Additional Activities

There are many types of diodes. One of which is the Light Emitting Diode or
LED. You are familiar with LED because it is used in various household electronic
devices and toys. Another is the Zener diode. Your task is to investigate these two
diodes. Complete the table below. You may draw, cut or print pictures and paste it.

Diode Illustration Schematic Characteristic Applications

Symbol s and
functions

1. Light
Emitting Diode
(LED)

2. Zener Diode

14
 Lesson
Integrated Circuits
2
In the previous modules, you have been familiarized with several
components that can be introduced in an electronic circuit. You have also learned
that characteristics, functions and applications of semiconductors such as diodes
and transistors. To further maximize their potential in the field of electronics, those
components can be combined to produce another device. This device served as a
catalyst in the electronics technology revolution. Now, let us explore integrated
circuits.

What’s In

You have learned different electronic components in the previous modules.

An integrated circuit is composed of a combination of those components. Your task
is to identify the electronic components that make up the integrated circuit. Select
your answer from the box. Write your answer on the space provided.

Capacitor Transistor Conductive Diode Resistor

Pathway

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

5. _____________________________
15
 What’s New

The patent of the integrated circuit was approved on April 25,1961 in Palo
Alto, Canada. The creator of this device is Robert Noyce. A month after that same
year, President John F. Kennedy announced that the United States of America was
going to the moon. But National Aeronautics and Space administration, popularly
known as NASA, had no idea how to get to the moon. They know that they need
computers to make the mission possible. The problem is they need to shrink a
computer as big as a room into a box.

What do you think made the challenge of President Kennedy possible? Explain
your answer briefly.
____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

16
 What is It

What exactly is an integrated circuit?

As mentioned earlier, integrated circuit is a bite-sized circuit which is
composed of capacitors, diodes, resistors, transistors and conductive pathways.
Integrated circuit is more popularly called as “microchip” or simply “chip.” It
replaces the bulky vacuum tubes. Those components are all placed in a single chip
of silicon crystal which is as small as your fingernail. Take note that it is not the
usual circuit that you know where components are installed on a circuit board. In
integrated circuits, the components are embedded directly in the silicon crystal.
How many of capacitors, diodes, resistors and transistors are there in a single
chip?
The number of components in a single chip may vary. It can be just few or it
can reach up to hundreds of thousands. Modern chips have millions or even
billions of these components. How does this happen? The secret is by making the
components using n-type and p-type. This means that a single chip also contains
numerous amounts of pn-junctions. The components are combined in an
aluminum plating. Some advanced computers have about at least three billion
transistors in a single piece of chip.
Integrated circuits (ICs) comes in three forms: analog, digital, and
analog/digital forms. Analog ICs (Linear) produce, amplify or respond to variable
voltages. Examples of linear include amplifiers, comparators, oscillators,
operational timers, and voltage regulators. Digital ICs (logic) respond to or produce
signals having only two voltage levels (high or low). Logic includes logic gates,
memories, processors, binary counters, encoders, and decoders. The use for ICs
varies wildly depending on the purpose. Some examples are, microcontrollers in
computers, audio amplifier, and computer memory. There are thousands of other
possibilities.
What are the advantages of using ICs in electronic devices?
1. Compactness
ICs reduce the overall size of an electronic device since they are very small.
This makes ICs more economic in terms of space. The design of ICs is ergonomic.
You can observe this in flat screen televisions, radios, and other miniaturized
devices.
2. Cost Efficient
ICs in appliances and other devices lowers maintenance cost. The process of
repair is more simplified when failures or malfunctions occur. In appliances, ICs
are embedded in sockets, you can simply unplug the faulty IC from the socket and
replace it with a new one.

17
3. Energy Efficient
ICs are extremely small and requires less power than equivalent discrete-
component circuits. The reason behind this is the use of small current. It also
produces less heat. It reduces the problems that may plague the equipment that
gets hot when used.
What are the limitations of the IC technology?
There is no perfect device. ICs have some setbacks. They are good at some
things, and poor at others. Due to its size, ICs cannot accommodate very large
current or voltages. Heat generated in small space would cause an increase in
temperature beyond the limit of the device. ICs cannot be implemented in electrical
devices such as inductors, transformers and large capacitors.
In this digital age, ICs are almost everywhere. Moore’s Law states that that
the number of transistors that can be placed on a single integrated circuit doubles
about every two years. You may expect advances in technology every year. It is very
evident that ICs exist in devices that you use at home or even in the school and
community. It is incorporated in most digital devices that you use in your day-to-
day life such as basic phones, smartphones, computers, laptops, personal digital
assistants and many more.
Explore more about integrated circuits and Moore’s Law by watching the video at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-tKOHICqrI.

What’s More

If you have used a computer or mobile phone it is possible that you have
encountered the word “memory.” This term is frequently used nowadays to describe
a new model of laptop or smartphone. The higher the memory the better the device.
Information in computers are stored using binary digital data, in the form of high
and low levels or logic 1 and logic 0. Specifically, that information is stored in
integrated circuits. Memory can take various forms.

The random-access memory (RAM) sometimes referred to as read/write

memory. It stores data in arrays which can be accessed anywhere in the matrix.
You can easily change and store back data in whole or in part. RAM stores data
temporarily. Data will be lost if power is turned off. It allows the computer to read
data rapidly to run applications. The downside is that it is more expensive.

Read-only memory (ROM) is the opposite of RAM. You can access data in
whole or in part but not written over. Manufacturers program a standard ROM
before releasing it from production. This is commonly known as firmware. This is
where instructions for the device are stored which is important in booting up or
turning on the system. ROM stores data permanently even in the absence of
electricity. This memory is cheaper.

18
 An IC whose memory is of the only read-only type but can be reprogrammed
is called as erasable programmable ROM (EPROM). As compared to RAM, it is
more difficult to rewrite memory in this type. Erasure of data may involve exposure
to ultraviolet radiation.

ICs and fashion are the same. They are always in trend. Every year, people
look forward on what clothes or style will become popular. That is the reason why
designers are always innovating clothes. Laptops and smartphones are always in
trend and almost every month manufacturers are releasing new models. This
results a large demand in ICs. Scientists and engineers are constantly researching
to develop ICs and minimize its drawbacks.

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are the components of an integrated circuit?

2. What are the functions of integrated circuit?

3. What features of integrated circuits have enabled them to revolutionize modern

electronics?

19
4. Write one limitation of ICs?

5. Give three examples of devices with ICs.

What I Can Do

Integrated circuit technology has a significant impact in our lives. It has

changed almost all aspects of life and society. What are the impacts of ICs in the
society? Write a short paragraph about how integrated circuits affect the three
sectors of society.

20
 Additional Activities

There are thousands of different types of integrated circuits available out

there. Each of the ICs were designed for a very specific function. There are some
that have been designed for general-purpose only, but they are used in a wide

21
variety of devices. One of which is the 555 Timer Chip. Your additional task is to
investigate this chip. Fill out the information sheet bellow.

Assessment

Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Diodes are commonly made up of ______________.

22
 a. arsenic
b. bismuth
c. selenium
d. silicon

2. What happens to the depletion region when the diode is in forward bias?
a. It narrows and allows electric current to flow.
b. It widens and allows electric current to flow.
c. It narrows and does not allow electric current to flow.
b. It widens and does not allow electric current to flow.

3. What happens to the depletion region when the diode is in reverse bias?
a. It narrows and allows electric current to flow.
b. It widens and allows electric current to flow.
c. It narrows and does not allow electric current to flow.
b. It widens and does not allow electric current to flow.

Refer to the figure for items 4 and 5.

4. The bar portion of the diode is known as what?

a. Anode or positive side
b. Cathode or negative side
c. Depletion Region
d. pn-junction

5. The arrow portion of the diode is known as what?

a. Anode or positive side
b. Cathode or negative side
c. Depletion Region
d. pn-junction

6. In a transistor, which is the largest of all the doped regions?

a. the emitter region
b. the collector region
c. the gate region
d. the base region

7. On the schematic symbol of a pnp transistor,

a. the arrow points out on the emitter lead.
b. the arrow points out on the collector lead.
c. the arrow points in on the base lead.
d. the arrow points in on the emitter lead.

23
8. What will happen to the electric current passing a npn transistor if the voltage at
the emitter VE is less than the voltage at the collector VC by at least a few tenths of a
volt?
a. The transistor acts as a close switch allowing the current to flow.
b. The transistor acts as an open switch and will not allow current to flow.
c. The voltage must be equal for the electric current to flow.
d. both b and c

9. What can happen to transistors because of wrong battery connection?

a. The transistors will work properly.
b. They will be seriously damaged.
c. The circuit will cool down.
d. Nothing will happen.

10. In a pnp transistor, what must be the condition for it to act as an open switch?
a. The emitter voltage must be equal to the collector voltage.
b. The voltage in the emitter and collector must be equal to zero.
c. The emitter voltage must be greater than the collector voltage.
d. The emitter voltage must be less than the collector voltage.

11. What is the name of the electronic circuit that is composed of individual
components such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes?
a. integrated circuit
b. chassis
c. circuit board
d. discrete circuit

12. The use of ICs in a design can

a. increase the number and size of parts.
b. increase cost.
c. lower reliability.
d. none of the above.

13. Which of the following is not practical for fabrication in an IC?

a. Capacitors
b. Diodes
c. Inductors
d. Transistors

14. The instructions contained in a computer program are stored in which type of
computer memory while the program is being used?
a. ROM
b. CD
c. RAM
d. floppy disk

15. Which of the following are not embedded in integrated circuits?

24
 a. Semiconductors
b. Diodes
c. Vacuum tubes
d. Transistors

Answer Key

What I Know Lesson 1 Lesson 1

What’s In What’s New

25
1. c

2. d

3. a

4. a

5. d

6. d

7. c

8. d

9. c

10. c

11. d

12. a

13. d

14. d

15. b

Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 1

What’s More What I Have Learned What I Can Do

Part A

1. A device made up of
four diodes which
converts AC to DC.

2. Electronic devices
may be seriously
damaged.

Part B

1. Answers may vary.

a. radios

b. computers

c. cameras

d. Speakers

e. Mobile phones

2. The discovery and

application of
semiconductors such as
diodes and transistors.

26
Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Lesson 2

What’s In What’s New What’s More What I Can Do

1. Transistor Integrated circuits Devices with higher Answers may vary.

made the challenge RAM capacity will run
2. Resistor possible. Large applications faster. It
computers have also minimizes lags in
3. Diode
shrunk because of the devices.
4. Capacitor integrated circuits
and fit those
5. Conductive computers in the
Pathway space rocket.

Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Assessment

What I Have Learned Additional Activity 1. d

2. a

3. c
1. Diodes, capacitors, 1. The basic 555 timer
transistors, resistors gets its name from the 4. b
and conductive fact that there are
pathways three internally 5. a
connected 5kΩ
2. Produce, amplify 6. b
resistors which it uses
and respond to varying to generate the two 7. c
voltages and respond comparators reference
and produce signals. 8. b
voltages. The 555
timer IC is a very 9. b
3. Compactness, cost
cheap, popular and
and energy efficient 10. d
useful precision timing
4. It cannot device which can act 11. a
accommodate high as either a simple
voltages. timer to generate 12. d
single pulses or long
5. Cellphones, TV, and 13. c
time delays, or as a
laptops (answers may relaxation oscillator 14. a
vary) producing a string of
stabilized waveforms of 15. c
varying duty cycles
from 50 to 100%.

27
 2. The 555 timer IC is
an integrated circuit
(chip) used in a variety
of timer, delay, pulse
generation, and
oscillator applications.

References
Lowe, Doug. “Working with Integrated Circuits.” Essay. In Electronics for Dummies,
2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017.

Ponick, Wes, and Mitchel E. Schultz. “Diodes and Diodes Application, Bipolar
Junction Transistors.” In Experiments Manual for Grob's Basic Electronics,
12th ed., 842–923. New York , NY: McGraw-Hill, 2016.

Shamieh, Cathleen. “Working with Diodes and LEDs and Working with
Transistors.” Essay. In Electronics for Dummies, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020.

Scherz, Paul. “Semiconductors.” Essay. In Practical Electronics for Inventors, 123–

40. New York ; Montréal: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Scherz, Paul. “Integrated Circuits.” Essay. In Practical Electronics for Inventors,

213–18. New York ; Montréal: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

28
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

29