COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Dr. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

March 19th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria

2013
CFD Training;
ANSYS-FLUENT;
First Group April 3rd (Wednesday)
Second Group April 11th (Thursday)
FLoEFD;
OneGroup April 10th (Wednesday)

STARCCM+ ;
First Group April 17th (Wednesday)
Second Group April 24th (Wednesday)
I will announce the schedule soon
If you did not register yet please send an email to
Mr Andre Maripiha urgently (maripiha@yahoo.com)
 Test -1
Question 1 (10 Marks)
• Specify the mass, momentum and energy equations
in the case of steady, incompressible, without heat
generation, and no velocity in the x direction.
• Mass Eq.

  ( u )  ( v)  ( w)
   0
t x y z

u v w v w
  0 no v in the x dir.  0 (1 Mark)
x y z y z
Momentum Eq
v
(  v.v)  p  f   2 v
t
Momentum Eq. x-direction;

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     f x    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 

Steady, incompressible and no velocity in the x direction

p
  f x  0 (2 Marks)
x
Momentum Eq. y-direction;

 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     f y    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 

 v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  v  w     f y    2  2  2  (2 Marks)
 y z  y  x y z 
Momentum Eq. z-direction;
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
   u v  w     f z    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Steady, incompressible and no velocity in the x direction
 w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
  v  w     f z    2  2  2 
 y z  z  x y z  (2 Marks)

Energy Eq.  T     T    T    T 
c  v.T       k    k    k   e gen
 t   x  x  y  y  z  z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

  2                        
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 
Steady, incompressible, without heat generation, and no velocity in the x direction
 T T     T    T    T 
c v  w       k    k    k 
 y z  
 x x  y  y  z  z 
(3 Marks)
 v  2  w  2  
 v
2
 w v 
2
 w 
2

  2                   
 y   z    x   y z   x 
• Question 2 [15 Marks]
• Consider the steady state flow of a viscous incompressible Newtonian
fluid down an inclined surface of slop α under the action of gravity,
as it is shown in the picture. The thickness of the fluid perpendicular
to the plane is h and the pressure on the free surface is Po (constant).
• Determine the pressure and velocity field.
• Assume: v x  U ( x, y), v y  0 , v z  0
 v x  U ( x, y), v y  0 , v z  0

(1 Mark) (1 Mark)

 U U U U  P   2U  2U  2U 
  U  vy  vz     f x    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 

(2 Marks)

(2 Marks)
 (2 Marks)

and from (5)

(2 Marks)

Pressure BC

(2 Marks)
and from (4)

BCs = ?
BC 1)

BC 2) a lot of mistake
Velocity Boundary Conditions

 water   air  Interface  0

BC 1)

BC 2)  Interface  0

(3 Marks)
Question 3 [5 Marks]
Explain under what assumption(s) the Continuity Equation for
Cartesian coordinates and cylindrical coordinates could be the same for
an unsteady and compressible flow, and then write that equation.

  ( vx ) ( v y ) ( vz )
 .( v)  0     0
t t x y z
1D assumption in z direction (2 Marks)

 ( vz )
 0 (3 Marks)
t z
Question 4 [20 Marks]
Consider heat conduction in a plain wall in the case of steady state and constant
property. Inside the wall there is a uniform heat generation of 2000W/m³. As it is
indicated in the picture, the left side of the wall has constant temperature of 50 oC and
on the right side there are convection and radiation together. The wall thickness is
20 cm , Assume Δx =1cm for domain discretization and k  10 W/m o C.
Specify:
• 3-1) The governing differential equation for this wall. (4 Marks)

• 3-2) The general algebraic equation for internal nodes. (4 Marks)

• 3-3) The algebraic equation for the second node. (3 Marks)
• 3-4) The algebraic equation for the needed boundary node (5 Marks)
• 3-5) The algebraic equation for the second node if the heat generation is
2000(1+10x)W/m³. (4 marks)
x  1cm  10 2 , egen  2000 W/m 3 , k  10 W/m o C, Assuming A  1m 2

3-1) The governing differential equation for this wall.

 T     T    T    T 
c  v.T       k    k    k   egen
 t   x  x  y  y  z  z 
Plain wall = 1D , Steady heat conduction

T 2
d 2
T egen
k 2  e gen  0 Steady, 1D   0 (4 Marks)
x dx 2
k
3-2) The general algebraic equation for internal nodes. (4 Marks)

d 2T egen
2
 0
dx k

L  20 cm and x  1 cm

Number of nodes  ? node  21

We must choose one of ;
 Assuming;

The general algebraic equation for internal nodes

d 2T egen
2
 0
dx k

10 4 (Tm 1  2Tm  Tm 1 )  200  0 , m  1,2,...,19 (4 Marks)

3-3) The algebraic equation for the second node. (3 Marks)

10 4 (Tm 1  2Tm  Tm 1 )  200  0 , m  1,2,...,19

m  1  10 (T0  2T1  T2 )  200  0

4

10 (50  2T1  T2 )  200  0

4
(3 Marks)
3-4) The algebraic equation for the needed boundary node (5 Marks)

T0  50 C o

Just right side


All sides
Q  Egen,element  0

 kA(T19  T20 )
Qright wall   egen ( Ax / 2)  0
x
   kA(T19  T20 )
QConv.  Qrad .   egen ( Ax / 2)  0
x
kA(T19  T20 )
hA(T  T20 )   A(T Surr  (273  T20 ) ) 
4 4
 egen ( Ax / 2)  0
x

h(T  T20 )   (T 4 Surr  (273  T20 ) 4 )  103 (T19  T20 )  10  0

(5 Marks)
3-5) The algebraic equation for the second node if the heat generation is 2000(1+10x)W/m³.

eg  2000(1  10 x)

(Tm 1  2Tm  Tm 1 ) 2000(1  10 xm )

  0 , m  1,2,...,19
x 2
k

xm  mx  m  1, x1  x  0.01

2000(1  10(0.01))
m  1  10 (T0  2T1  T2 ) 
4
0
10

10 4 (50  2T1  T2 )  220  0 (4 Marks)

The algebraic equation for the eleventh node if the heat
generation is 2000(1+10x)W/m³.

(Tm1  2Tm  Tm1 ) 2000(1  10 xm )

  0 , m  1,2,...,19
x 2
k

xm  mx  m  10, x10  10x  0.1 m

2000(1  10(0.1))
m  10  10 (T9  2T10  T11 ) 
4
0
10
10 4 (T9  2T10  T11 )  400  0
a10T9  b10T10  c10T11  S10
 d 2T e
2
 0
dx k

Boundary Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions
• Insulated Boundary Condition 23
Insulated boundary condition

Insulated boundary can be

treated as “zero” heat flux
0 T1  T0
Qleft surface  kA  e0  Ax / 2   0
x
The Mirror Image Concept (Thermal symmetry)
Insulated boundary can be
treated as “zero” heat flux
0 T1  T0
Qleft surface  kA  e0  Ax / 2   0
x
Another and more practical way is to
assume the node on an insulated boundary
as an interior node.
By replacing the insulation on the boundary by a mirror
(Thermal symmetry)and considering the reflection of the
medium as its extension
 M+1 algebraic equations in M+1 unknown
Node 0  a0T0  b0T1  S 0
Node 1  a1T0  b1T1  c1T2  S1
Node 2  a2T1  b2T2  c2T3  S 2

.
.
.
Node M  aM TM 1  bM TM  S M

[A][T]  [C]
 Finite Differences Solution
• Usually a system of N algebraic equations in N unknown
nodal temperatures that need to be solved simultaneously.

• There are numerous systematic approaches available which

are broadly classified as

– direct methods
• Solve in a systematic manner following a
series of well-defined steps

– iterative methods
• Start with an initial guess for the solution,
and iterate until solution converges
 direct methods
Solve in a systematic manner following a
series of well-defined steps

Node 0  a0T0  b0T1  S 0

Node 1  a1T0  b1T1  c1T2  S1

Node 2  a2T1  b2T2  c2T3  S 2

.
.
.
Node M  aM TM 1  bM TM  S M

1 1
[A][T]  [C] T]][[A
[[T C]][A
[C
]]
[T]  [C] /[ A]
 Iterative method;

S 0  b0T1
Node 0  a0T0  b0T1  S 0 T0 
a0

Node 1  a1T0  b1T1  c1T2  S1 T1  F (T2 )

Node 2  a2T1  b2T2  c2T3  S 2 T2  F (T3 )

.
.
TM 1  F (TM )
.
Node M  aM TM 1  bM TM  S M TM  ...
 Finite Differences Solution
• The direct methods usually require a large amount of
computer memory and computation time.

• The computer memory requirements for iterative methods

are minimal.

• The convergence of iterative methods to the desired

solution, however, may pose a problem.

The direct methods can not solve nonlinear problems

For steady two-dimensional heat conduction with heat
generation and constant thermal conductivity

For m=1, 2, 3, . . . , M-1

and n=1, 2, 3, . . . , N-1.

For x  y  l
em,nl 2
Tm1,n  Tm1,n  Tm,n1  Tm,n 1  4Tm,n  0
k
 Boundary Nodes
Is similar to the
development in the
one-dimensional case.

The basic equation to keep

in mind when writing an
energy balance on a
volume element is


All sides
Q  eVelement  0
For solving the system of equations it is important
to know if they are Linear or nonlinear equations

Linear and nonlinear equations

Obtain if the following Eqs. are linear or nonlinear?
If only u , v, w and T are the unknow variables
 T  T   50  T 
[1] ( c p vT )  ( c p v T )  k (    )  0
 x   y 
uv vw
[2]  0
x y
[3] u 2  v  w  kT  100

[4] uv  vw  w  kT  10
Nonlinear equations
1- Whenever, one of the unknown parameters(variables)
has a power more than one
2 2
T or u
2- If there is a multiplication of two unknowns (variables)

vT or uT
3- If There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a
differential of an unknown parameters, or u u
u or v
x y
4- A differential of an unknown parameters has a power more
2
 u   v 
2
than one
  or  
 x   y 
Now let’s back to previous question;
Nonlinear equations
1- Whenever, one of the unknown parameters has a power
more than one
2- If there is a multiplication of two unknowns
Obtain if the following Eqs. are linear or nonlinear?
If only u , v, w and T are the unknow variables
 T  T   50  T 
[1] ( c p vT )  ( c p v T )  k (    )  0 NL
 x   y 
uv vw
[2]  0 L
x y
[3] u 2  v  w  kT  100 NL

[4] uv  vw  w  kT  10 NL
Do not mix power with order, please
Whenever, one of the unknown parameters has a power more than one
Or
There is a multiplication of two unknown parameters
Or
There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a differential of an
unknown parameters, the equation is NON-LINEAR

Which of them can be applicable here?

v y ( x, y)
Nonlinear equations
1- Whenever, one of the unknown parameters(variables)
has a power more than one
2 2
T or u
2- If there is a multiplication of two unknowns (variables)

vT or uT
3- If There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a
differential of an unknown parameters, or u u
u or v
x y
4- A differential of an unknown parameters has a power more
2
 u   v 
2
than one
  or  
 x   y 
 Unannounced QUIZ 3
Allowance Time, 3 minutes
Obtain if the following Eqs. is linear or nonlinear?
If it is nonlinear, explain why (which term(s) make it
nonlinear) If only u, v, w and T are the unknow variables

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c  u  v  w     k  2  2  2   g
 t x y z   x y z 

 u  2  v  2  w  2 
  2     
   
x   y   z  

 
2 2
 v u   w v   u w 
2

         
 x y   y z   z x 
 Unannounced QUIZ 7- Solution
Allowance Time, 5 minutes
If only u, v, w and T are the unknow variables

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c  u  v  w     k  2  2  2   g
 t x y z   x y z 

 u  2  v  2  w  2 
  2     
   
x   y   z  

 
2 2
 v u   w v   u w 
2

         
 x y   y z   z x 
 Linear and nonlinear equations
For example, the governing equations for incompressible, steady and
constant properties (µ, Cp, k);

Conservation of Mass
u v w
  0
x y z

Conservation of Momentum
X-direction 

 u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  u  v  w     f x    2  2  2 
 x y z  x  x y z 
How many axis of symmetry does it have?
T2, , h2

T2, , h2 T1, , h1 T2, , h2

T2, , h2
How many axis of symmetry does it have?
T2, , h2

T2, , h2 T2, , h2
T1, , h1

T2, , h2
 What is the meaning of Isolation?
T2, , h2

T2, , h2 T1, , h1 T2, , h2

T2, , h2
The problem reduces to:
T2, , h2

T1, , h1
The problem reduces to:
T2, , h2

T1, , h1
 How many axis of symmetry does this have?

T3

T2, , h2 T1, , h1 T2, , h2

Only 2
T3
 The problem reduces to:
T3

T2, , h2
T1, , h1
 How many axis of symmetry does this have?

T3

T2, , h2 T1, , h1 T2, , h2

Only 1
T4
T2, , h1 T2, , h1

T3 T3
Only 1