ENGLISH

10
WITH MA’AM
VANESSA
ISSUE/TOPIC
STANCE STAND
TAKE

ARGUMENT
CLAIM PRO P O S IT IO N
 O R AGR
EP T EE O
ACC ECT DISA R
REJ GRE
E

WRITER’S STAND
ARGUE F R
OR R T O
OR S UP P O
ARGUE A UA DE
GAINST DIS S
 APPEAL OR
CONDEMN
WRITER’S STAND
APPROVE OR
DISAPPROVE
 ARGUMENTATION
•Seeks to convince readers to support a
stand on a certain issue

•Has the purpose of persuading the

reader to a particular point of view,
opinion, belief, attitude or feeling
 ARGUMENTATION
•To convince or persuade the
readers into considering your
stand or argument on an issue
 EDIT
AYS ORIA
ESS LS

ARGUMENTATIVE
TEXTS
LETTERS T S
O THE
E E C H E
EDITORS S P
ARGUMENTATION
 ARGUMENTATION

It is a reasoned, logical way of demonstrating that

the writer’s position or belief is valid. In short,
argumentation seeks to make people believe that
something is true or to persuade people to change
their belief.
ARGUMENTATION
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
The argumentative essay is a genre
of writing that requires the
student to investigate a topic,
collect, generate, and evaluate
evidence and establish a position
on the topic in a concise manner.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ARGUMENT

•The Claim (What do I think ? )

•The Reasons (Why do I think so ?)
•The Evidence (How do I know this is the case?)
 1.Exposition
üIntroduce a topic
Provide a strong opening sentence
that provokes your reader’s interest
or captures your reader’s attention.
üState your position
Write an overview of your
argument on the topic and the
points that you will make.
 1.Exposition
Thesis Statement
-states the writer’s clear
position on the issue
-presents the main idea
and makes an assertion
about the issue
-issue + claim + reasons
 SAMPLE THESIS STATEMENTS
• Smoking should be illegal because it can lead to serious health and
environmental problems.
• All students must be vaccinated to stop the spread of COVID-19, to
prevent further strains from developing and to protect oneself and
others from the virus.
• Online classes are a better option than face-to-face classes due to
flexibility, reduced costs as well as more time with self development,
family and friends.
• Students who engaged in cyberbullying should be expelled from
school for psychological damage and security threats to the victims.
 SAMPLE THESIS STATEMENT:
Situation: You won in a raffle draw and you were given a chance to choose any tourist
destination you would like to visit. Write about your dream place and explain why you
would like to go there.
Supports:
A. Palawan is a home to beautiful coral reefs and stunning beaches.
B. It is the best place for scuba diving and snorkeling.
C. The people in Palawan are friendly.
Thesis statement:
With stunning beaches and coral reefs, friendly people and a place for exciting water
activities, Palawan is the best place to relieve stress from the bustling noise of a city.
 EXAMPLE OF THESIS STATEMENT:

In this day and age, the line between the online and physical world is
almost non-existent. Cyberspace has become an integral part of our lives. We
heavily rely on digital technologies. As technology evolves and expands, so
does cyber security threats — ranging from spam and phishing, data
breaches, online privacy violations, distributed denial of service (ddos)
attacks, among many others, as well as cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure
that can affect national security and economic activity. We can no longer
resist this change, we just need to harness the benefits we can gain from it
and be vigilant against the dangers that it poses not only on our personal
lives, but even on our security and sovereignty as a nation.
 EXAMPLE OF THESIS STATEMENT:

Children are our most precious resources. The

government agencies should not be the only ones
concerned about protecting their health, well-being and
rights, we should all be part of making more “safe
places” for them – safe from bullies, safe from hunger.
Find out what you can do even after national children’s
month.
 EXPOSITION
INTRODUCTION
Aggressive driving is a phenomenon, which has only recently got
the public worried. The national highway traffic safety council (NHTSC)
defines aggressive driving as “the operation of a motor vehicle in a
manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property”.
Actions such as running red lights, improper passing, overtaking on the
left, improper lane change, failing to yield, improper turns, running stop
signs, tailgating, careless driving and speeding are examples of
aggressive driving. Such actions are dangerous to other road users.
Aggressive driving should be avoided because it causes crashes,
injuries and fatalities.
 2.Argument/Body
üMake a number of
points
• Begin each paragraph with
general statement.
• Then, provide supporting
reasons in the rest of the
paragraph.
Argument must include:

1.Proposition
Pros and Cons
2.Refutation
3.Proof/Evidence
 REMEMBER :

ELEMENTS
• Pro/Supporting Idea – shows support for the author’s thesis
statement (reasons, evidence, data, statistics)
• Con/Counterargument – explains the opposite point of view
• Refutation (Rebuttal) – a response to the counterargument,
that either disproves it or shows it to be weaker or less
important that the main argument
 COUNTERCLAIM
1.Some people believe that …
2.Critics argue …
3.Some people may rightly argue that …
4.On the other hand, one study has shown …
 REFUTATION
1.While this may be true for some people, the
… outweigh the ...
2.Although these critics may have been
correct before, new evidence shows that ...
3.This may have been accurate for some … ;
however, there are other methods …
 REMEMBER:

Think about the opposition!

•Who may disagree with me?

• What points will they disagree with?
• How strong will the opposition be?
• How can I refute their opinions?
• Which points are the most debatable?
 ARGUMENT

REASON 1

The first reason why aggressive driving should be

avoided is it causes crashes. According to NHTSC between 78
percent (excessive speed) and 100 percent (improper passing)
of the cases of aggressive driving resulted in traffic crashes and
96 percent of the drivers cited for “following too closely” or
tailgating caused crashes as a result of their aggressive driving.
 ARGUMENT

REASON 2

Another reason why aggressive driving should be

avoided is it causes injuries. NHTSC states that the
percentages of the injuries caused by aggressive driving
are, in almost all categories of aggressive driving, above
100 percent. Furthermore, the Department of Highway
Safety (DHS) reports that this is due to the fact that each
motor vehicle crash accounts for one or more injuries.
 ARGUMENT
REASON 3

Yet another reason why aggressive driving also

causes fatalities. “Overtaking on the left” appears to be
the most important contributing factor in traffic fatalities
as it relates to aggressive driving. “Improper lane
change”, “running stop sign” and “running red light” rank
second through four in terms of their contribution to
traffic fatalities (DHS, 2008).
3.Restatement of Position
üSum up the argument
üConclusion
• Make a statement about
what you see as a solution to
the problem.
• Make a statement about
what might happen if the
situation is not resolved.
• Call to action
 RESTATEMENT OF POSITION

CONCLUSION
The above evidences show that aggressive driving
causes crashes, injuries and fatalities; hence, aggressive
driving should be avoided. Since the opening of the North-
South Highway, the number of kilometers of roads in the
country has increased by one percent while the number of
vehicle miles driven has increased by 35 percent. More cars
and more drivers are also on the road, leading to more
aggressive drivers.
 PATTERNS OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

PATTERN A PATTERN B PATTERN C

a. Thesis statement a. Thesis statement a. Thesis statement

b. First pro b. Cons + Refutations b. First Con +Refutations
c. Second pro c. First Pro c. Second Con + Refutation
d. Cons + Refutations d. Second Pro d. Third con + Refutation
e. Conclusion e. Conclusion e. Conclusion
Language Features
 1. MODALS

The use of modal verbs should and must to express

suggestion or obligation .
 2. ADVERBS

It helps to indicate the mood and attitude of the writer

with respect to the ideas being presented.
 3. EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE

Reflects the writer’s idea towards a certain idea.

 4.TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
Also known as connectives, they help achieve the coherence of
writing.
 ADDING MORE TO A POINT
ALREADY MADE
moreover, furthermore, again, further,
what is more, in addition, besides,
above all, as well as, either, similarly,
likewise, neither, nor
 WRITING IN LISTS
First(ly), second(ly), yet another, in
addition, finally, to begin with, initially, in
the second place, moreover, additionally,
also, next, then, lastly, finally.
 INTRODUCING EXAMPLES
that is to say, in other words, for example,
for instance, namely, as follows, as in the
following examples, such as, particularly,
in particular, notably
 INTRODUCING AN ALTERNATIVE
VIEWPOINT
in contrast, another way of viewing this,
alternatively, otherwise, again, rather, on
the other hand, in comparison, on the
contrary, in fact, though, although
 RETURNING TO EMPHASIZE YOUR
EARLIER VIEWPOINT
however, despite, in spite of, though,
after all, at the same time, on the
other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless,
although, conversely
SUMMING UP THE IDEA STATED
in brief, on the whole, to sum up, thus,
hence, in conclusion, as a whole,
therefore, in general, to conclude,
lastly
 Children are not able to separate the virtual and
real world fully. That distinction is very blurry for the
undeveloped young mind. They often confuse the two
concepts, thus, believing that what is acceptable in
virtual world would be also fine in the real one.
(Likewise, Therefore) they carry that aggressive
violent attitude into their daily lives, harming the
people around themselves.
(Likewise, Thus), the opponents
strongly disapprove the use of
violent video games by children
as dangerous and unpredictable.
It is true that video games are just games.
(Moreover, However), it is a fact that they can
be harmful if used thoughtlessly and without
parental attention. It would be desirable to try
reaching a certain balance in this matter.
Games should be regarded as games, which
must be playing sparingly.
(Despite, Moreover) the parents have to
understand that instead of forbidding
such video games, they must provide
enough alternative, such as travelling,
time outside, family board games,
movies, reading, arts and sports.
 5. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
A declarative sentence are simply statements that relay information. Also are
used in making a claim, enumerating reasons, and presenting evidences.

1. Internet should be made free to everyone.

2. The government is doing everything to protect its
people against this deadly Corona virus.
3. Study shows that physical distances slows down
the spread of the virus.
 6. PASSIVE VOICE
It highlights the action and what is acted upon, rather
than the person performing the action.
 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
- The subject is the doer of - Subject is the receiver of
the action while the object the action. The doer is
is the receiver of the action. found at the end of
- = Subject + verb + object sentences.
(doer) (receiver) - Subject(receiver) + be +
past participle + by +
- Mary enjoys reading. doer of the action.
S V O - Reading is enjoyed by
Mary.
 7. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
It is a statement formed as a question to emphasize a point.
Language Features
Directions: On the assigned topic to your group, make an outline
of the arguments by filling in the table below. (Short Bond Paper)
 PERFORMANCE TASK 5: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

Imagine that you are a writer for a leading newspaper

company in the Philippines. You are asked to write an
argumentative essay about the topic assigned to your
group. Your output should not be less than 400 words
and should observe the key structural elements as
well as language features of argumentative essay.
 LONG QUIZ- WEDNESDAY
(DECEMBER 7, 2022)

Please review all the important

concepts in Lesson 2: Argumentation
for our long quiz next meeting.