CE211:

FUNDAMENTALS
OF SURVEYING

Engr. John Kenneth S. Asiñero

 CONTENT FOR TODAY
01
INTRODUCTION
Surveying defined

02
IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING
General Background

03
TYPES OF SURVEY
Classification of Surveying

DEVELOPMENT OF

04
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Evolution of surveying
instruments

05
MEASUREMENT
Definition and type
SURVEYING.
is the art and science of taking field
measurements on or near the surface of the
Earth. Survey field measurements include
horizontal and slope distances, vertical
distances, and horizontal and vertical angles.

In addition to measuring distances and

angles, surveyors can measure position as
given by the northing, easting, and elevation
of a survey station by using satellite-
positioning and remote-sensing techniques.

In addition to taking measurements in the

field, the surveyor can derive related
distances and directions through geometric
and trigonometric analysis.
 SURVEYING:
GENERAL BACKGROUND
Surveys are usually performed for one of
two reasons.

First, surveys are made to collect data,

which can then be plotted to scale on a plan
or map (these surveys are called preliminary
surveys or pre-engineering surveys).

Second, field surveys are made to lay out

dimensions taken from a design plan and
thus define precisely, in the field, the
location of the proposed construction works
 OF SURVEYING
CLASSIFICATION
PLANE SURVEYING
a type of surveying where the
earth is considered as a flat
surface, and where distances
and areas involved are of
limited extent

GEODETIC SURVEYING
surveys of wide extent which
take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth
CLASSIFICATION
OF SURVEYING
 SURVEYS
TYPES OF
CADASTRAL CITY CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYS SURVEYS SURVEYS
closed surveys in urban surveys in the city for planning surveys done at a
and rural locations to expansions, locating property construction site to provide
determine and define lines, fixing reference data regarding grades,
property lines and monuments, determining physical reference lines, dimensions,
boundaries, corners, and features of land, and preparing ground configuration, and
areas. maps. location and elevation of
structures.

FORESTRY HYDROGRAPHIC INDUSTRIAL

SURVEYS SURVEYS SURVEYS
survey in connection with surveys made to map shore lines, known as optical tooling -
forest management and chart the shape of areas surveys for ship building,
mensuration, and the underlying water surfaces, and construction and assembly
production and measure the flow of streams of aircraft, layout and
conservation of forest installation of heavy and
lands complex machinery, and for
industries requiring very
accurate dimensional
layouts.

MINE
SURVEYS
surveys to determine the
position of all underground
excavations and surface mine
structures, to fix surface
boundaries of mining claims,
determine geological
formations, calculate
excavated volumes, and
establish lines and grades for
other related mining work.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
SURVEYS
survey which uses photographs
taken with specially designed
cameras either from airplanes or
ground stations.
SURVEYS
TYPES OF
ROUTE
SURVEYS
determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities,
location of natural and
artificial objects in connection
with the planning, design, and
construction of highways,
railroads, pipelines, canals,
transmission lines, and other
linear projects
TOPOGRAPHIC
SURVEYS
surveys to determine the shape of
the ground, the location and
elevation of natural and artificial
features upon it
 DEVELOPMENT
OF SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
The extensive use of surveying instruments
came during the early days of the Roman
Empire.
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
ASTROLABE
- invented by Hipparchus in
140 BC and further improved
by Ptolemy
- used to determine the
altitude of stars

TELESCOPE
- invented by Lippershey (1607)
- Galileo constructed a refracting
telescope for astronomical
observations in 1609.
- Only used in surveying after the
cross hairs for fixing the line of
sight were introduced
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
TRANSIT
- invented by Young and
Draper (1830)
- the universal surveying
instrument

SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR
- used to measure and lay off
angles and establish lines of sight
by employing peep sights
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
PLANE TABLE
- used in field mapping
- consists of a board attached
to a tripod and can be leveled
or rotated to any direction

DIOPTRA
- invented by Heron of Alexandria
- used in leveling and measuring
horizontal and vertical angles
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
ROMAN
GROMA
- for aligning or sighting points
- consists of cross arms with
suspended plumb lines fixed
at right angles and pivoted
upon a vertical staff.

LIBELLA
- used by Assyrians and Egyptians
- had an A-frame with a plumb
line suspended from its apex -
used to determine the horizontal
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
VERNIER
- invented by Pierre Vernier
- a short auxillary scale placed
alongside the graduated scale
of an instrument to determine
the fractional parts of the
main scale without
interpolating. (a) Vernier Compass (b) Vernier Scale

DIOPTER
- developed by Greeks in 130 BC
- used for leveling, laying off right
angles, and measuring horizontal
and vertical angles.
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
COMPASS
- for determining direction of
lines and calculating angles
between lines
- consists of a magnetized
steel needle which points at
the magnetic north

GUNTER’S CHAIN
- invented by Sir Edmund Gunter
(1620)
- used for taping distances
- 66 ft long and contains 100 links
 INSTRUMENTS
OF SURVEYING
DEVELOPMENT
CHOROBATES
- for leveling work
- consists of a horizontal
straight-edge about 6 m long,
a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5
m long on top.
- water is poured into the
groove for leveling

MERCHET
- for measuring time and meridian
- used by Chaldeans in 4000 BC
- consists of a slotted palm leaf
through which to sight and a
bracket from which a plumb bob
was suspended
MEASUREMENT.
process of determining the extent, size, or
dimension of a particular quantity in
comparison to a given standard
 MEASUREMENT
TYPES OF
DIRECT
MEASUREMENTS
comparison of the measured
quantity with a standard
measuring unit (makes use of
instruments to measure the
quantity

measuring exactly the thing

that you are looking to
measure

INDIRECT
MEASUREMENTS
made when it is not possible to
apply a measuring instrument
directly to a quantity

a method of using proportions

to find an unknown length or
distance in similar figures
 MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF
1.) Linear, Area, and 2.) Angular
Volume Measurements Measurements
Most common and basic Radian – SI unit for plane angles
measurements (the angle subtended by an arc of
a circle having a length equal to
the radius of a circle)

a.) Sexagesimal b.) Centesimal

Units Units
the degree, minute, - uses grads (360° = 400 grads)
second - the grad is divided into 100
centesimal minutes and the
minute is divided into 100
centesimal seconds
 THE FIELD
SURVEY PARTY
Group of people that performs surveying.

Chief of Party
responsible for the overall
direction, supervision, and
operational control of the
survey party
PARTY
FIELD SURVEY
Assistant Chief
Instrument Man
of Party
assists the chief of party in the sets up, levels, and operates
accomplishment of the task the surveying instruments.
assigned to the survey party

Technician Computer Recorder

responsible for the use
and operation of all
electronic instruments
required in the field.
performs all computations of
survey data and works out
necessary computational checks
required in the field.
keeps the record of all
sketches, drawings,
measurements, and
observations taken in the
field.
 PARTY
FIELD SURVEY
Head Tapeman Rear Tapeman Flagman
- responsible for the - assists the head tapeman during holds the flagpole or range
accuracy and speed of all taping operations and in other pole at selected points as
linear measurements with related work. directed by the instrument
tape. - holds the 30-m end or any man.
- carries the zero end of intermediate meter mark of the
the tape ahead tape during measurement

Rodman Pacer Axeman/Lineman

holds the stadia or checks all linear measurements clears the line of sight of
leveling rod when sights made by the tapeman. May also trees, brush, and other
are to be taken on it. perform the job of the rodman. obstructions in wooded
country
 PARTY
FIELD SURVEY
Aidman Utilitymen
renders first aid treatment renders other forms of assistance
to members of the survey needed by the survey party or as
party who are involved in directed by the chief of party
snake or insect bites,
accidents and other health
issues. May also be
designated as assistant
instrument man.
 ERROR.
difference between the true value and the
measured value of a quantity

MISTAKE.
- inaccuracies in measurements which occur
because some aspect of a surveying
operation is performed by the surveyor with
carelessness, inattention, poor judgment,
and improper execution.
- large mistake → blunder
- not classified as errors (so large in
magnitude)
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

ERRORS
TYPES OF
- one which will always have the same sign
and magnitude as long as field conditions
remain constant and unchanged.
- an error that is not determined by
chance but is introduced by an inaccuracy

- An example of a systematic error is the

effect of temperature on a steel tape. If
the temperature is quite warm, the steel
expands, and thus the tape is longer than
normal

RANDOM ERRORS
(ACCIDENTAL ERRORS)
- the occurrence of such errors are
matters of chance as they are likely to be
positive or negative, and may tend in part
to compensate or average out according
to laws of probability
- are associated with the skill and vigilance
of the surveyor
- introduced into each measurement
mainly because no human can perform
perfectly

INSTRUMENTAL
ERRORS
due to imperfections of the
instrument used, either
from faults in their
construction or from
improper adjustments
between the different parts
prior to their use.
ERRORS
SOURCES OF
NATURAL PERSONAL
ERRORS ERRORS
caused by variations in arise from the limitations
the phenomena of of the senses of sight,
nature such as changes touch and hearing of the
in magnetic declination, human observer which
temperature, humidity, are likely to be erroneous
wind, refraction, gravity, or inaccurate
and curvature of the
earth
 DIFFERENCES
ACCURACY PRECISION PROBABILITY
- how close a given - degree of refinement -number of times
measurement is to the and consistency with something will probably
absolute or true value of which any physical occur over the range of
the quantity measured. measurement is made possible occurrences.
- For a set of - how close or dispersed
measurements to be the measurements are
considered accurate, the to each other
most probable value or
sample mean must have a
value close to the true
value
 THEORY OF
PROBABILITY
- small errors occur more often than large
ones and that they are more probable
- large errors happen infrequently and are
less probable
- positive and negative errors of the same
size happen with equal frequency, and they
are equally probable
- the mean of an infinite number of
observations is the most probable value
 PROBABILITY
THEORY OF
MOST PROBABLE
VALUE
refers to a quantity which,
based on available data, has
more chance of being correct
than has any other

RESIDUAL (DEVIATION)
- difference between any
measured value of a quantity
and its most probable value

- residuals and errors are

theoretically identical but
errors cannot be calculated
because there is no way of
knowing true values.
 PROBABILITY
THEORY OF
PROBABLE ERROR
quantity which, when added to
or subtracted from the most
probable value, defines a range
within which there is a 50%
chance that the true value of
the measured quantity lies
inside (or outside) the limits
thus set.

RELATIVE ERROR
(RELATIVE PRECISION)
ratio of the error to the
measured quantity
 PROBABILITY
THEORY OF
INTERRELATIONSHIP
OF ERRORS
-

PROBABLE ERROR