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574 Appendix A The Laplace Transform

Thus in the limit as k S 0 the Laplace transform tends to the value 1:

L5d 1 t 2 6 5 1
Since the area of the above impulse is 1 we can define the size of such an
impulse as being 1. Thus the above equation gives the Laplace transform for
a unit impulse. An impulse of size a is represented by ad 1 t 2 and the Laplace
transform is
L 5 ad 1 t 2 6 5 a

A.3 Standard Laplace

transforms In determining the Laplace transforms of functions it is not usually neces-
sary to evaluate integrals since tables are available that give the Laplace
transforms of commonly occurring functions. These, when combined
with a knowledge of the properties of such transforms (see the next sec-
tion), enable most commonly encountered problems to be tackled. Table
A.1 lists some of the commoner time functions and their Laplace trans-
forms. Note that in the table f 1 t 2 5 0 for all negative values of t and the
u 1 t 2 terms have been omitted from most of the time functions and have
to be assumed.

Table A.1  Laplace transforms.

Time function f (t) Laplace transform F (s)

1 d 1 t 2 , unit impulse 1
2 d 1 t 2 T 2 , delayed unit impulse e 2sT

3 u 1 t 2 , a unit step 1
s
4 u 1 t 2 T 2 , a delayed unit step e 2sT
s
5 t, a unit ramp 1
s2
6 tn, nth-order ramp n!
sn11
7 e 2at, exponential decay 1
s1a
8 1 2 e 2at, exponential growth a
s1s 1 a2
9 t e 2at 1
1s 1 a22
10 tn e 2at n!
1 s 1 a 2 n11

(Continued)

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Appendix A The Laplace Transform 575

Table A.1  (Continued)

Time function f (t) Laplace transform F (s)

11 1 2 e 2at a
t2 s s 1 a2
2
1
a

12 e 2at 2 e 2bt b2a

1s 1 a2 1s 1 b2
13 1 1 2 at 2 e 2at s
1s 1 a22
14 b a ab
12 e 2at 1 e 2bt
b2a b2a s1s 1 a2 1s 1 b2
15 e 2at e 2bt e 2ct 1
1 1
1b 2 a2 1c 2 a2 1c 2 a2 1a 2 b2 1a 2 c2 1b 2 c2 1s 1 a2 1s 1 b2 1s 1 c2

16 sin vt, a sine wave v

s2 1 v 2
17 cos vt, a cosine wave s
s2 1 v 2
18 e 2at sin vt, a damped sine wave v
1 s 1 a 2 2 1 v2

19 e 2at cos vt, a damped cosine wave s1a

1 s 1 a 2 2 1 v2
20 1 2 cos vt v2
s 1 s 1 v2 2
2

21 t cos vt s2 2 v 2
1 s2 1 v 2 2 2
22 t sin vt 2vs
1 s2 1 v 2 2 2
23 sin 1 vt 1 u 2 v cos u 1 s sin u
s2 1 v 2
24 cos 1 vt 1 u 2 s cos u 2 v sin u
s2 1 v 2
25 v v2
e 2zvt sin v"1 2 z2 t
2
"1 2 z s 1 2zvs 1 v 2
2

26 1 v2
12 e 2zvt sin 1 v"1 2 z2 t 1 f 2 , cos f 5 z
"1 2 z 2 s 1 s 1 2zvs 1 v 2 2
2

A.3.1 Properties of Laplace transforms

In this section the basic properties of the Laplace transform are outlined.
These properties enable the table of standard Laplace transforms to be used
in a wide range of situations.

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