Microorganisms

Lecture # 6
Advance
Class VIII
BIOLOGY
Microorganism as friend
Formation of bread
 Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) provides
variety of enzymes that breaks down carbohydrate to
produce sufficient CO2 that rises the dough and make it
fluffy and soft and give characteristic texture.
 As stabilizing agent : Moss is an excellent stabilizer in milk
products. It reacts with milk protein casein and other
products include pet foods, toothpaste, ice creams,
lotions etc.
 Kelps are also much used as fertilizer and kelp ash is
used industrially for its potassium and sodium salts.
Microorganism as friend
In pharmaceutical industry
In Antibiotics preparation
 Antibiotics are chemical substance that kills or inhibit
the growth of other microorganisms.
 There are number of antibiotics produced by bacteria
and fungi
 For bacteria
 Bactericidal – antibiotics that kills bacteria
 Bacteriostatic – antibiotics that inhibit the growth of
bacteria
 Alexander flemming, in 1929 discovered penicellin.
 Microorganism as friend
 List of some common antibiotic
Antibiotic Isolated from Function
Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum (fungus) Treat fungal infections of skin
Penicillin & its chemical Penicillium chrysogenum/notatum Bactericidal, Treat bacterial
derivatives (fungus) infection
Streptomycin & its Streptomyces griesus (bacteria) Bactericidal, Treat bacterial
chemical derivatives infection
Tetracycline & its Streptomyces aureofaciens Bacteriostatic, Treat bacterial
chemical derivatives (bacteria) infection
Erythromycin Saccharopolyspora erythraea Bacteriostatic, Treat bacterial
(formerly streptomyces erythreus) infection
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae (Bacteria) Bacteriostatic in less conc.
(Chloromycetin) And bactericidal at higher
conc. Treat bacterial infection
of eyes
Microorganism as friend
 Antibiotics are used to cure variety of diseases in human
beings, plants and animal.
Precautions to be taken while using antibiotics
 Should be taken only on the advice of qualified doctor.
 Must complete the entire course as prescribed by
doctor.
 Excess dose must not be taken.
Microorganism as friend
 For preparation of vaccines
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
 Vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease causing microorganisms, and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbes or its
toxins.
 Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for small pox in
1798.
 When these vaccines are injected or given orally, then
antibodies are formed against these microbes.
Microorganism as friend
 Antibodies are proteins that is formed in our body
against any infection.
 Before creating vaccine scientist consider, response of
immune system to germs, who needs to be vaccinated
and best technology to create vaccine.
Types of vaccine (4 types)
 Live attenuated vaccine
 Inactivated vaccine
 Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate
vaccine
 Toxoid vaccine
Microorganism as friend
Live attenuated vaccine
 It uses weakened (negligible pathogenicity) or
attenuated form of germ that cause disease.
 Just 1 or 2 dose can create strong and long lasting
immune response
 Eg. Protect aginst Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR),
Rotavirus, small pox, Tubeculosis (BCG vaccine)
Inactivated vaccines
 It uses killed version of the germ that cause disease.
 It do not provides strong immunity as attenuated
vaccine so several doses (booster) are required over
time. Eg. For Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio, Rabies
Microorganism as friend
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate
vaccine
 These uses specific pieces of germ like protein, sugar or
capsid.
 A strong immune response is produced against these
key parts of the germ.
 Pieces of bacteria cant cause illness but generate
immunity against future infection
 Protects against Hepatitis B, HPV, Whooping cough,
Influenza, Haemophilus Influezae Type B, Pertussis part of
DPT, Pneumococcal
Microorganism as friend
Toxoid vaccine
 It uses toxin made by the germs that cause disease.
 Booster shots may be required
 It create immunity to the parts of germ instead of whole
germ. Eg. Diphtheria, Tetanus (DPT).

 Note :- No vaccine till now for sleeping sickness caused

by protozoa, but research work is going on.
 No vaccine for Dengue caused by virus.
 Only preventive measures are taken.