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CH 3 - 1674008554
CH 3 - 1674008554
OPERATION
The ultrasonic sensor placed on the vehicle detects the obstacle and sends the
signal to the control unit. Therefore, the distance between the vehicle and the obstacle
is measured through the control unit. The control unit also operates the relay
according to the input signals provided to the control unit. The control circuit is used
to activate the solenoid valve. The operating principle of solenoid valve is already
explained in the above chapter. If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air
passes to the double acting pneumatic cylinder. The compressed air-activate the
pneumatic cylinder and moves the piston rod.
If the piston moves forward, then the breaking arrangement activated. The
breaking arrangement is used to break the wheel gradually or suddenly due to the
piston movement. The breaking speed is varied by adjusting the valve is called flow
control valve.
In our project, we have to apply this arrangement in one wheel as a model.
The compressed air drawn from the compressor in our project. The compressed air
flow through the polyurethene tube to the flow control valve. The flow control valve
is connected to the solenoid valve as mentioned in the block diagram.
Sliding Spool Valves- are designed to make more complex flow control
operations. That equipment can be used in cross-sections with a high flow rate
and a complicated circuit. Spool valves can work in systems with 4-5 working
lines, as well as in simpler circuits, due to their versatility. The spool moves
perpendicular to the flow axis.
To start ranging with HC-SR04, first, we apply 10µs pulse to the trigger pin of
the HC-SR04 sensor from the ESP8266 NodeMCU digital output pin.
As soon as 10µs input trigger signal becomes active low, the transmitter
circuit produces a burst of 8 ultrasonic sonar pulses. At the same time, the
Echo pin also makes a transition from a logic low level to a logic high level.
When the Echo pin goes high, start to measure time with the ESP8266
NodeMCU duration measurement function.
These waves travel through the air and if there is any object placed in parallel
to the sensor, these waves reflect back after a collision with the object.
As soon as the ultrasonic waves received by the receiver circuit after striking
with an object, the echo pin goes low. ESP8266 NodeMCU detects this
transition of echo output signal from active high to an active low level and
stops the measurement.
Figure 3.6. Pin Diagram of Sixteen Characters and Two Lines LCD
3.6.1. Programming
This chapter deals with installing Arduino IDE in windows, another operating
system may differ. It’s pretty straightforward to install Arduino IDE on a windows
machine. Firstly, Download the IDE start by visiting the Arduino’s software page.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software) The Arduino IDE is available almost all
the operating system including Linux, Mac OS, and window, make sure to download
the right flavor of IDE that suitable to your operating system. If you are using an
earlier version like windows 7 or older operating system, do not download the
windows app version, as this needs Windows 8.1 or later.
Once you downloaded the Arduino IDE, go ahead and install the IDE, enable
all the options during installation, including libraries and any USB drivers and make
sure to read the EULA.
The middle section of the Arduino IDE is like a text editor where all the
programming coding is done here. The bottom section of the IDE called as Output
console, that is used to see the status of the compilation, any errors in the program,
how much memory has been used, and various useful messages are displayed in the
console.
Projects made using Arduino IDE are called as sketches, and these sketches
are usually written in a short version of C++ (many features of C++ is not included in
the Arduino IDE). Arduino hardware like – reading a pin, writing to a pin, reading
analog values and other hardware specific functions.
Most projects in Arduino relay on these 6 buttons found below the menu bar.
1. The Tick mark icon is used to verify your Arduino Sketch. When you are done
with your Arduino Program, you can click this once to verify the code you
have written.
2. The Right arrow transfers the code to the Arduino.
3. The dotted paper icon will create a new file.
4. The upward arrow icon is used to open an existing Arduino sketch.
5. The downward arrow icon is used to save the current Arduino Sketch.
6. The far-right button looks like a zoom glass is a serial monitor, which is very
handy for sending and receiving data from the Arduino to the PC for
debugging purposes.
move away from your Arduino IDE to complete the task. The library manager can be
loaded by navigating to Sketch => Include Library => Manage Libraries.
Internally Piloted: For high flow rate and high-pressure applications, internally
piloted solenoid valves are used. In this type of valve, pressure across the
valve opens or closes the valve. To achieve this, an orifice or an equalizing
hole is installed. The usual design involves the core blocking flow on the
orifice. When the valve is closed, the fluid passes through the orifice and
pressure builds up on both sides of the diaphragm. As long as fluid flow is
blocked, a shut-off force is created due to the larger effective area on top of
the diaphragm. When the valve is opened, the core opens the orifice and
pressure is relieved from the top of the diaphragm. The line pressure then
opens the valve.
Externally Piloted: This type of valve applies the same concept from internally
piloted valves, but the pressure used to actuate the valve comes from a fluid
from an external source. A separate fluid circuit is integrated to the valve
through an extra port. Both the internal and external piloted solenoid valves
are called indirect or servo-assisted valves where the main actuating force
comes for the differential pressure between upstream and downstream of the
valve.
Semi-direct Acting: Semi-direct acting combines the principles of direct and
indirect acting valves. Aside from the magnetic force from the solenoid, pressure
differential across the valve assists in opening or closing the valve. When the
plunger is actuated, the diaphragm is lifted to open the valve. At the same time, an
orifice is opened causing pressure to be relieved on top of the diaphragm. Closing
this orifice by the plunger creates a larger pressure on top of the diaphragm
closing the valve.
3.8. Dual-Channel Relay Module Working Principle
The relay has two outputs-normally open and normally closed (NO and NC).
When the IN1 or IN2 pin is connected to ground, NO will be open and NC will be
closed, and when IN1 or IN2 is not connected to ground the opposite occurs.
Connecting a circuit or device between one of these two pins, the common pin on the
relay output, and a power source will allow you to toggle power to a circuit or device.
Connect an LED and 220ohm resistor in series between the NO pin (the right
pin) on the terminal block on one of the relays and ground, then connect a 5V
power source to the common pin (the left pin) on one of the relays. Nothing
will happen (yet).
Next connect a toggle switch or button between ground and one of the middle
two pins on the header strip on the relay module. The middle-left one
corresponds to the left relay, and the middle-right one corresponds to the right
relay. Connect the rightmost pin to 5V and the leftmost pin to ground.
When the switch is flipped or the button is pressed, either IN1 or IN2 will
become connected to ground. The relay should make a loud click and the LED
should turn on. A microcontroller can also be used to control IN1 and/or IN2
and cause the relay to trip.
3.9. Summary
In this chapter, the operation of components and overall working principle are
described. And, about Arduino program are explained. The tests and results of this
system will be described in the next chapter.