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 CHEMISTRY CAPSULES
HOW TO SKY ROCKET YOUR MARKS IN
CHEMISTRY
Important formulae and Data:
1.Total number of atoms per unit cell(Z) in SCC:1

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2. Total number of atoms per unit cell (Z)in BCC:2
3. Total number of atoms per unit cell (Z)in FCC:4
4. If the number of close packed spheres be N, then:
The number of octahedral voids generated = N
The number of tetrahedral voids generated = 2N
5. Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp(FCC): 74%
6. Packing Efficiency in BCC= 68%
7. Packing Efficiency in simple cubic lattice: 52.4%
8. Density of the unit cell is d= zM/a3NA

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9.Relation between edge length and radius:
1. a =2√2r (FCC) 2. a=4r/√3(BCC) 3. a = 2r(SCC)
10. Conductivity in conductors:104 to 107 ohm–1m–1
Conductivity in insulators: 10-20 to 10-10ohm-1m-1 .
Conductivity in semiconductors: 10-6 to 104 ohm-1 m-1 .
11.

12.
M
S
13. Mass by volume percentage (w/v) :It is the mass of solute dissolved in 100 mL of the
solution.

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15.
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18. Henry‟s law: Henry‟s law states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p)
is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is expressed as: p =
KH X
19. Raoult‟s law which states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour

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pressure of each component in the solutionis directly proportional to its mole fraction.
Thus, for component 1 p1 ∝ x1

20. Raoults law for non volatile solute:

Po –P = X2
i.e

M
Po
21.Molecuar mass of solute:

M2 W2 M1 Po
=
W1 (p0-P)
22. ΔTb = 1000 × Kb × w2
M2 × w1 . ΔTb =T -To

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23 ΔTf = 1000 × Kf ×w2
M2 × w1 . ΔTf = To –T

24. M2 = w2R T/ Π V

25. Vanthoff factor:

26. Daniel cell reaction : Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Daniel cell representation : Zn ‫ ׀‬Zn 2+ (aq,1M) ‫ ׀׀‬Cu 2+ (aq,1M) ‫ ׀‬Cu
27. SHE cell representation : Pt(s)⎥ H2(g,1bar)⎥ H+(aq,1M),
SHE cell reaction: H+(aq) + e− → 1/2 H2(g)
28.Nernst equation

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29.Relation between Equilibrium Constant and Standard electrode potential

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30. Relation between Gibbs free energy and Standard electrode potential
ΔGΘ = -nFEΘ(
31. Relation between Gibbs free energy and Equilibrium Constant
ΔGΘ = -2.303RT log10Kc
32.SHE with copper
Pt(s) ⎥ H2(g, 1 bar) ⎥ H+ (aq, 1 M) ⎜⎜ Cu2+ (aq, 1 M)⎥ Cu
33. SHE with Zinc:
Pt(s) ⎥ H2(g, 1 bar) ⎥ H+ (aq, 1 M) ⎜⎜ Zn2+ (aq, 1M) ⎜ Zn

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34. Primary battery or dry cell or Leclanche cell:
Electrolyte: ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2).
Anode: zinc , Cathode: carbon
Reaction at Anode:Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–
Reaction at Cathode:MnO2 + NH4++ e–→ MnO(OH) + NH3
The cell has a potential of nearly 1.5 V.
35. Secondary cell or lead storage battery:
Electrolyte: 38% solution of sulphuric acid

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Anode: Spongy lead , Cathode: Lead dioxide
Reaction at Anode: Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2e–
Reaction at Cathode: PbO2(s) + SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l )
The cell has a potential of nearly 2 V.
36. Fuel cell:
Electrolyte: Aqueous solution of KOH
Anode: Porous carbon electrode impregnated with finely divided platinum or palladium
catalysts
Cathode: Porous carbon electrode impregnated with platinum or silver catalyst.
Reaction at Anode: 2H2 (g) + 4OH–(aq)→ 4H2O(l) + 4e–
Reaction at Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l ) + 4e–→ 4OH–(aq)
37. G* = l/A =R k
38. κ = cell constant/R = G*/R
39. ρ l = RA . (ρ= Resistivity)
40. Molar conductivity =Λm = κ/c
41.1cm=10-2m
42. SI unit of Molar conductance S m2 mol–1
43.Fardaaya first law: m =ItZ or m =QZ
44. Faradays Second law: m α E, E= A/ V , Z= E/96500
45.IMPORTANT SI UNITS:
1. The SI unit of conductance is siemens, represented by the symbol „S‟
2. The SI units of conductivity(specific conductance or K) are S m –1
3. The Unit of Kb (Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation Constant or
Ebullioscopic Constant is K kg mol-1.
4. The Unit of Kf Depression Constant or Molal Depression Constant or
Cryoscopic Constant is K kg mol-1
5. Unit of rate : mol L-1 s–1
6. .Unit of concentration : mol L–1

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7. Unit of rate constant: k = mol1-n lit n-1 s-1
For zero order: k = mol lit 1 s-1
For First order: k = s-1
For second order: K= mol-1 lit s-1
8. SI unit of density : g cm-3
9. SI unit of atomic mass or molecular mass : g mol-1
10. SI unit of egde length: pm
11. SI unit of of EMF= V

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12. SI unit of Standard free energy: kj
13. SI unit of Cell constant: m-1 or cm-1
14. SI unit of electrochemical equivalent = gC-1
15. SI unit of Equivalent mass= g
46. The quantity l/A is called cell constant denoted by the symbol, G*
47. Corrosion :
Reaction at Anode: 2 Fe (s)→ 2 Fe2+ + 4 e– EΘ (Fe2+/Fe) = – 0.44 V
Reaction at Cathode: Cathode: O2(g) + 4 H (aq) + 4 e–→ 2H2O (l ) EΘ H+ | O2 | H2O = 1.23 V
+

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overall reaction :2Fe(s)+O2(g) + 4H+(aq)→ 2Fe2+ (aq)+ 2 H2O (l )EΘ(cell) =1.67 V
48.Rust is hydrated ferric oxide :Fe2O3. x H2O
49. Integrated Rate Equation for Zero Order Reaction:

50. Integrated Rate Equation for first Order Reaction:

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51. Integrated Rate Equation for first Order gas phase Reaction:

52. Relation between Half-Life and Rate constant of zero order Reaction:

53. .Relation between Half-Life and Rate constant of first order Reaction:
54. .Relation between Half-Life and order :

Eg:

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55. Arrhenious equation : k = A e -Ea /RT
56. Arrhenious equation at two different temparatures:

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57.Relation between Orientation factor and Rate constant
k =P ZAB e -Ea / RT
where ZAB represents the collision frequency of reactants, A and B and e-Ea /RT represents the
fraction of molecules with energies equal to or greater than Ea, P= orientation factor
58 .Temparature coefficient: KT+ 10/KT =2 or 3
59. ET= Ea + ER (Relation between threshold energy and activation energy)

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61. Spin only formula to calculate magnetic moment:

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"Believe in yourself! Have faith in your abilities! Without a

humble but reasonable confidence in your own powers you
cannot be successful or happy."