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NEI]CPE@ @M ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY \ E@OLHLYPTEPLÊY
MYI]MCE VTGNMYLGHEC @M ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY
VGTPENGCLG OEPMOEPLIE DEYLIE L
YMK]H@E ]HL@E@
VTMYMHPE@G VGT:
M@[LH IGCU]M CLOEIBL
@GIMHPM:
@r. TGKMT IIEOE ECMJG
YMOMYPTM: L
KT]VG: E
V]HG VMTÚ
4645
5


M.V. ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY
4


LL ]HL@E@
YMOEHE 5
559. @lstehiles mh uhe iluè` ]he iluè` tlmhm ieccms qum igrrmh `m hgrtm e
sur y evmhlès qum igrrmh `m grlmhtm e pghlmhtm, tgès lkuecomhtm mspeileès.
Ieccms y evmhlès mståh huomreès mh ngroe smiumhilec, igog sm vm mh ce nl
kure slkulmhtm. Ce `lstehile e plm mhtrm cgs puhtgs E y D ms `m ; oehzehes, ms
`milr, 9 oehzehes ec grlmhtm y 0 oehzehes ec hgrtm. Vere beccer ce `lstehile `
mh cïhme rmite, `mdmogs user ce Nùrouce pere @lstehiles.
e) Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite (mh oehzehes) mhtrm E y D.
` ( E , D ) ?√ 9 + 0
4 4
· √ < + 5>
· √ 4=
·=
d) Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile e plm y ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite mhtrm ce msqulhe `m

ce Ieccm 0 y ce Evmhlè 4, y ce msqulhe `m ce Ieccm 55 y ce Evmhlè 4>.
Uumrmogs ces `lstehiles `m I ? (0,4) @ ? (55, 4>)
|0 ∔55|+|4 ∔4>|
|∔;|+|∔40|
; + 40
95
Ce `lstehile e plm ms 95
√ · ·
√ ; + 40
4 4
√ 0< + =;>
√ >4=
>4=
4=
Ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite ms 4=

i) ·Uuì `mdm smr ilmrtg mh rmceilùh igh cgs puhtgs V y U sl ce `lstehile e plm
mhtrm V y U ms lkuec e ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite mhtrm V y U7
T/?Cgs `gs puhtgs mståh mh ce olsoe evmhlè g ce olsoe ieccm
550. Vuhtg om`lg @gs eolkgs vlvmh mh ce iluè` `msirlte mh mc Mjmrililg 559,

uhg mh ce msqulhe `m ce Ieccm 9 y ce Evmhlè ;, mc gtrg mh ce msqulhe `m ce Ieccm
9


4; y ce Evmhlè 5;. Igh nrmiumhile sm vmh mh uhe ienmtmrïe qum mstå e ce olte`
`m `lstehile mhtrm sus ieses.
ieses.
e) ·Mh iuåc iruimrg mstå udlieè ce ienmtmrïe7

d) ·Iuåhtg `mdm ieolher ieè uhg pere ccmker e ce ienmtmrïe7
55=. Ùrdlte `m uh setìcltm ]h setìcltm mstå mh ùrdlte ecrm`m`gr `m ce Cuhe. Ym

mcedgre uh pcehg `m iggr`mheès qum ightlmhm ce ùrdlte, igh mc imhtrg `m ce
Cuhe mh mc grlkmh igog sm oumstre mh ce krånl ie, igh `lstehiles om`lès mh
omkeomtrgs 5Oo4. Ce miueilùh `m ce ùrdlte `mc setìcltm ms:
( x  9) y4
 5
4= 5>
e) @m ce krånlie
krånlie,, `mtmrolh
`mtmrolhmm mc puh
puhtg
tg oås imrieh
imriehg
g y mc oås cmjehg
cmjehg qum
qum mc
setìcltm ccmke ec imhtrg `m ce Cuhe.
Oås imriehgs ? 4 oo
Oås cmjehgs ? 2 oo
d) Bey
Bey `g
`gss pu
puht
htgs
gs mh ce ùr
ùrdl
dlte
te ig
igh
h ig
iggr
gr`m
`mhe
heè
èss y 4. MhMhiu
iumh
mhtr
trm
m ce
cess
iggr`mheès x `m mstgs puhtgs y `mtmrolhm sus `lstehiles ec imhtrg `m
ce Cuhe.
Ygcuilùh
Ygcuilùh
]tlclzeh`g mc vecgr `m y ? 4
··
··
··
··
··
··
·
·
√
;=
x ∔9 ?µ
0
√
;=
x ∔9 ?µ
0
= √ 9
x ∔9 ?µ
4
= √ 9
x ?9 µ
4
0
;= 9
4= =
= =
M.V. ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY 5
√ = . 9
4
= √ 9
x ( 5)? 9∔ =√ 9
4
x ( 5)?∔5.99
= √ 9
x ( 4 )?9 +
4
x ( 4 )?;.99
Ce `lstehile `m (-5.99, 4) beile mc imhtrg (6,6)

( 6,6) ms
` ? √ · ·
` ? √ 5.;>2<
5.;>2< + 0
` ? √ =.;>2<
=.;>2<
` ? 4.06
Ce `lstehile `m (;.99, 4) beile mc imhtrg (6,6) ms

` ? √ · ·
` ? √ =9.;42<
=9.;42< + 0
` ? √ =;.;2<
=;.;2<
` ? ;.>6
YMOEHE 4
;6. Årme `m uhe msnmre Mc årme supmrnlilec Y `m uhe msnmre ms uhe nuhilùh `m
su re`lg r è`g pgr
s  r   0  r 4
e) Mhiumhtrm Y (4) y Y(9).
Y ( 4)  0 (4
( 4) 4
Y ( 4)  5>
Y (9)  0 (9) 4
Y (9)  9>
i) ·Uuì rmprm
rmprmsmht
smhteh
eh sus
sus rmspums
rmspumstes
tes mh
mh ce pertm (e)7
Uum ce nuhilùh mste mh desm ec Te`lg
;5. Cmy `m Pgrrlimccl ]h tehqum ightlmhm =6 kecghms `m ekue, qum sm `msierke
pgr uhe nuke mh mc ngh`g, beilmh`g qum mc tehqum sm veiïm mh 46 olhutgs. Mc
tehqum sm `msierke igh oås repl`mz iueh`g mstå iesl ccmhg pgrqum ms oeygr ce
prmslùh sgdrm ce nuke.
Ce Cmy `m Pgrrlimccl è mc vgcuomh `m ekue rmstehtm mh mc tehqum `mspuìs `m t

olhutgs igog
=


4
 t 
^(t )  =6  5   6  t  46
 46 
e) Mhiumhtrm ^(6) y ^(46).

4
 6 
^ (6)  =6 5  
 46 
^(t )  =6 C
4
 46 
^ (46)  =6 5  
 46 
^(46)  6C

d) ·Uuì rmprmsmhteh sus rmspumstes e ce pertm (e)7
^(6) rmprmsmhte mcmc vgcuomh lhilec `m cïqul`g mh mc `mpùsltg
`mpùsltg y ^(46)
^(46) rmprmsmhte
ce iehtlè` `m cïqul`g qum bedrå cumkg `m 46 olhutgs.
i) Beke uhe tedce `m vecgrms
vecgrms `m ^(t) pere t 6, =, 56, 5=, 46.
46.
6t P=6
(t)
= 42.54
56 54.=
5= 9.54=
46 6
;4. ·E quì `lstehile pum`m ustm` vmr7 @mdl`g e ce iurveture `m ce Plmrre, ce

`lstehile
`lstehile @ oåxlo
oåxloee e qum sm pum`
pum`mm vmr `ms`
`ms`mm ce pertm supmrlgr `m uh m`lnl
m`lnlilg
ilg
ectg g uh evlùh e uhe ectltu` b mstå èè pgr ce nuhilùh
@( b)  4rb  b 4

`gh`m r ? 9<>6 olcces ms mc re`lg `m ce Plmrre y @ y b sm ol`mh mh olcces.
e) Mhiumhtrm @(6.5) y @(6.4).
@(6.5))  4(
(6.5 4(5<
5<>6
>6)(
)(6.5)  (6.5)
6.5 (6.5) 4
@(6.5))  42
(6.5 42.5
.504
04Occ
@(6.4))  4(
(6.4 4(5<
5<>6
>6)(
)(6.4)  (6.4
6.4) (6.4)) 4
` (6.4))  9<.2
(6.4 9<.2Occ
d) ·E quì `lstehile pum`m ustm` vmr `ms`m ce iudlmrte `m gdsmrveilùh `m ce
Pgrrm IH `m Pgrghtg, e 559= plms `mc sumcg7
i) Cgs evlghms igomrilecms vumceh e uhe ectltu` `m uhes ; olcces. ·E quì
`lstehile pum`m vmr mc plcgtg7
>


(;))  4(5<>6)(;
@(; (;))  (;)
(;) 4
(;)  49=.=
@(;) =.=>Occ
;9. Ilriuceilùh sehkuïhme Iueh`g ce sehkrm ilriuce pgr uhe vmhe g uhe ertmrle,
su vmcgilè` v ms oåxloe e cg cerkg `mc mjm imhtrec y `lsolhuym e om`lè qum ce
`lstehile r `ms`m mc mjm imhtrec euomhte (vme ce nl kure). Ce nùrouce qum è v
igog nuhilùh `m r sm cceoe cmy `m ncujg ceolher. Vere uhe ertmrle igh re`lg 6.=
io, ce rmceilùh mhtrm v (mh io/s) y r (mh io) mstå èè pgr ce nuhilùh
v (r )  52.=66(6.4=  r 4 ) 6  r  6.=
^ (6.5))  52
(6.5 52=6
=66(6
6(6.4=  6.
.4= 54 )
6.5
(6.5))  52=66(6.40
^ (6.5 52=66(6.40))
^ (6.5))  0006
(6.5 0006
^ (6.0))  52=6
(6.0 52=66(
6(6.4=  6.
6.4= 04 )
6.0
(6.5))  52=66(6.6<
^ (6.5 52=66(6.6<))
e) Mhiumhtrm v(6, 5) y v(6, 0). ^ (6.5))  5>

(6.5 5>>=
>=
d) ·U
·Uuì
uì cm `l
`lim
imhh su
suss rm
rmsp
spum
umst
stes
es e ce pe pert
rtm
m (e
(e)) ei
eimr
mrie
ie `m ce il
ilri
riuc
ucei
eilù
lùh
h
sehkuïhme mh mste ertmrle7
qum e oeygr re`lg ce vmcgilè` `lsolhuym
i) Beke uhe tedce `m vecgrms `m v(r) 6, 6.5, 6.4, 6.9, 6.0, 6.=.
T ^(r)
6 0>4=
6.5 0006
6.4 922=
6.9 4<>6
6.0 5>>=
6.= 6
;


;0. Peoeõg `m ce puplce Iueh`g euomhte ce drlccehtmz x `m uhe numhtm `m cuz,

mc gjg rmeiilghe ec `lsolhulr mc re`lg T `m ce puplce. Ce `mpmh`mhile `m T mh x
mstå èè pgr ce nuhilùh
59  ; x 6.0
T( x ) 
5  0 x 6.0

`gh`
`gh`m
m T sm ol
ol`m
`m mh ol
olcïcïom
omtr
trgs
gs y x sm ol
ol`m
`m mh uh
uhl`
lè`
e`ms
ms `m dr
drlclcce
ceht
htmz
mz
eprgpleès.
e) Mhiumhtrm T(5), T(56) y T(566).
2


59  ;(5
;(5) 6.0
T(5) 
5  0(5
0(5) 6.0
59  ;
T(5) 
5 0
46
T(5) 
=
T(5)  0
T(5)  4
59  ;(56)) 6.0
;(56
T(56) 
5  0(56)) 6.0
0(56
59  ;(4.=
;(4.=))
T(56) 
5  0(
0(4.
4.=
=)
59  5;.=
5;.=
T(56) 
5  56
T(56)  96.=
55
T(56)  4.;;
56))  5.>>
T(56 5.>>
59  ;(
;(566)6.0
566)
T(566) 
5  0(
0(566)6.0
566)
59  ;(
;(>.95)
>.9
T(566) 
5  0(
0(>.
>.95
95))
59  ;(>.9
;(>.95
5)
T(566) 
5  0(
0(>.
>.95
95))
59  00.5;
0.5;
T(566) 
5  4=.4
.40
0
=;.5;
T(566) 
4>.40
T(566)  4.52
T(566)  5.02
566) 5.02
<


;=. Tmcetlvlè` Ymkúh ce Pmgrïe `m ce Tmcetlvlè`, ce cghkltu` C `m uh iumrpg

ms uhe nuhilùh `m su vmcgilè` v igh rmspmitg e uh gdsmrve`gr. Vere uh iumrpg
iuye cghkltu` mh rmpgsg ms 56 o, ce
c e nuhilùh mstå èè pgr: 4
v
C(v )  56 5  4
i
`gh`m i ms ce vmcgilè` `m ce cuz (966,666 ao/s).
e) Mhiumhtrm C(6.=i), C(6.;=i) y C(6.<i).
5=6666 4
C(5=6666))  56 5 
5=6666
966666 4
5=4
C(5=6666))  56 5 
5=6666
964
44=
C(5=6666))  56 5 
5=6666
<66
C(5=6666))  56 5  6.4=
5=6666 6.4=
C(5=
5=6666))  56 6.;=
6666 6.;=
5=6666)  56(6.2>
C(5=6666) 56(6.2>>6)
>6)
C(5=6666)  2.>>
5=6666) 2.>>
44=666 4
C(4
(44 666)  56 5 
4=666
966666 4
44=4
C(4
(44 666)  56 5 
4=666
966 4
C(4
(44 666)  56 5  6.=>4=
4=666
C(44
(44=666))  56 6.=>
=666 6.=>4=
4=
C(44=
(44=666)  56  6.;=
666) .;=
C(44
(44=666))  ;.=
=666 ;.=
4;6666 4
C(4
(4; 666)  56 5 
;6666
966666 4
4;6 4
C(4
(4; 666)  56 5 
;6666
966 4
;4<66
C(4
(4; 666)  56 5 
;6666
<6666
C(4
(4; 666)  56 5  6.25
;6666
C(4;6
(4;6666)  56 6.5<
666) 6.5<
C(4;
(4;6666)  56(6.
6666) 56(6.09=
09=))
C(4;
(4;6666))  0.9=
6666 0.9=
d) ·Iùog ieodle ce cghkltu` `m uh iumrpg iueh`g euomhte su
vmcgilè`7
E oeygr vmcgilè` omhgr
omhgr cghkltu`
56


;>. Lopumstg sgdrm ce rmhte Mh ilmrtg peïs, mc lopumstg sgdrm ce rmhte P sm

vecgre `m eiumr`g igh ce slkulmhtm nuhilùh `m lhkrmsg x:
6 sl 6  x  56666 
 
P ( x )  6.62 x sl 56666  x  46666 
5>66  6.5= x sl 46666  x 

(e) Mhiumhtrm P(=,666), P(54,666) y P(4=,666)
P (=666)  6
54666)  6.62(
P (54666) 6.62(54666)
54666)
P (54
54666)  <>
666) <>6
6
P (4=
(4=666)  5>
666) 66  6.5=
5>66 6.5=(4=
(4=66
666)
6)
P (4=666))  5>66
(4=666 5>66  9;=6
9;=6
P (4=666))  =9=6
(4=666 =9=6
(d) ·Uuì rmprmsmhteh sus rmpumstes mh mc lhilsg (e)7
Tmprmsmhteh mc lopumstg e ce rmhte `m eiumr`g e cgs oghtgs
;;. Igopres pgr Lhtmrhmt ]he cldrmrïe `m vmhtes pgr Lhtmrhmt igdre $5= pgr
mhvïg `m pm`l`gs `m omhgs `m $566 pmrg hg igdre heè pgr pm`l`gs `m $566 g
oås. Mc igstg I `m uh pm`l`g ms uhe nuhilùh `mc prmilg tgtec x `mc cldrg
igopre`g, è`g pgr
 x  5= sl x  566 
I ( x)   
 x sl x  566
e)
I (;Mhiumhtrm
=)  ;=  5= I(;=), I(<6), I(566) y I(56=).
(;=)  56
I (;= 566
6
I (<6)  <6  5=
(<6)  56
I (<6 56=
=
I (566)  56
566) 566
6
I (56=)  56
56= 56=
=

d) ·Uuì rmprmsmhteh sus rmspumstes mh ce pertm (e)7
Tmprmsmhteh igog ms ce oehmre `m igdrer `m ce cldrmrïe
55


;2. Igstg `m uhe mstehile mh bgtmc ]he ie`mhe bgtmcmre igdre $;= pgr hgibm
pgr ces prlomres `gs hgibms y $=6 pgr ieè hgibm e`lilghec `m mstehile. Mc
igstg tgtec P ms uhe nuhilùh `mc húomrg `m hgibms x qum pmroehmzie uh
buìspm`.
e) Igopcmtm ces mxprmslghms `m ce slkulmhtm nuhilùh `mnlhlè.

pgr treogs
 x(;=) sl 6  x  4 
P ( x)   
5=6  =6( x  4) sl x  4 
d) Mhiumhtrm P(4), P(9) y P(=).

(4)  ;=(4)
P (4) (4)
(4)  5=6
P (4)
P (9)  5=6  =6(9  4)
P (9)  5=6  =6
P (9)  466
P (=)  5=6  =6(=  4)

P (=)  5=6  5=6
P (=)  966
`) ·Uuì rmprmsmh
rmprmsmhteh
teh sus rmspums
rmspumstes
tes `m ce pertm
pertm (d)7
Tmprmsmhte mc ieciucg `m cgs prmilgs igh rmspmitg ec e`lilghec qum
sm peke pgr qumèrsm oes `m 4 `ïes
54


YMOEHE 9 MJMTILILGY VETE MRVGYLILGH
5. Årme ]h cgtm rmitehkucer pere ighstruiilùh ms trms vmims oås cerkg qum
ehibg. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm su årme E mh tìrolhgs `m su ehibg
w.
@EPGY
[
Ehibg ? w
Cerkg ? 9 (e) ?9w
9[
YGC]ILGH:
Ermi  C  e
E  C  e
E( w)  9w  w
4
n ( w)  9w

4. Årme ]h iertmc ol`m 56 puckeès oås `m cerkg qum `m ehibg. Mhiumhtrm uhe
nuhilùh qum og`mcm su årme E mh tìrolhgs `m su ehibg.
e+56
e ? ehibg (mh Vuckeès)

Cerkg ? C ? e + 56 (mh Vuckeès)
YGC]ILGH
Ermi  C  e
Ermi  ( e  56)  e
n (e)  e 4  56e
59


0. ^gcuomh ]he ieje rmitehkucer tlmhm desm iue`reè. Yu ecture ms ce olte`

`mc ehibg `m ce desm. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm su vgcuomh ^ mh
tìrolhgs `m su ehibg.
Pmhmogs qum, ce nùrouce `m vgcuomh ms: ^  C  d  b

YGC]ILGH
^ ? ( w )∛( w )∛ ( )
w
4
9
w
^ (( w )?
4
=. ^gcuomh Ce ecture `m uh ilclh`rg ms iuetrg vmims su re`lg. Mhiumhtrm uhe

nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc vgcuomh ^ `mc ilclh`rg mh tìrolhgs `m su re`lg r.
Pmhmogs qum, ce nùrouce `m vgcuomh `m uh ilclh`rg ms:
^   (b)r 4
YGC]ILÙH:
Tmmopcezeogs mh ce ngrouce:
^   (b)r 4
^   (0r )r 4
^   0r 9
n ( r )   0r 9
Årme ]h rmitåhkucg tlmhm uh pmrïomtrg `m 46 plms. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh

>. Årme
qum og`mcm su årme E mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` x `m uhg `m sus ce`gs
E  x  y
ce nùrouce
nùrouce `mc årm
årme
e `m uh rmirmitåh
tåhkuc
kucg
g ms y mc pmrïomtrg ms ce
suoe `m sus ce`gs V  4 x  4 y :
50


V?4 x + 4 y
46 ?4 ( x + y )
46
x + y ?
4
x + y ? 56
y ?56 ∔ x
Mhtghims, tmh`rïeogs qum:
E ? x∛b
E ? x∛( 56∔ x )
n (( x
x )? 56 x ∔ x
4
;. Vmrïomtrg ]h rmitåhkucg tlmhm uh årme `m 5> o 4. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum

og`mcm su pmrïomtrg V mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` x `m uhg `m sus ce`gs.
Vere mc årme
E  x y
5>  x y
5>
y 
x
Vere mc pmrïomtrg
V ( x )  4 x  4 y
rmopcezeh`g
5>
V ( x )  4 x  4( )
x
94
n ( x )  4 x 
x
2. Årme: Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme E `m uh trlåhkucg

mqulvecmhtm mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` x `m uhg `m sus ce`gs.
Ygcuilùh:
d Ûb R
Årme ? b ? √ 9 1 d ? R
4 4
TMMOVCEZEOGY:
5=


R √ 9
E ? R Û
4
√ 9 4
E ? R
0
√ 9 R 4
E ( R )?
)?
0
Årme:: Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme supmrnlilec Y `m uh iudg mh
<. Årme
tìrolhgs `m su vgcuomh ^.
Ygcuilùh:
^  e9
9
^  9 e 9
9
^ e
 E( s )  >e 4
9 4
E( s )  >  ^ 
4
E( s )  >  ^ 5/9 
E( s )  >  ^ 4/9 
E( s )  >^ 4/ 9

Ce nuhilgh qum og`mce mc årme supmrnlilec Y `m uh iudg mh tìrolhgs `m su
n (^ )  >^ 4/9
vgcuomh ms
<. Te`lg: Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc re`lg r `m uh iïriucg mh
tìrolhgs `m su årme E.
Ygcuilùh:
4
E ?φ r
Ygcg `mspmjer –r‟

4 E
r?
φ
√
E
r?
φ
E
r ( E )? φ
√
5>


56. Årme:`m
tìrolhgs Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh
su ilriuhnmrmhile I. qum og`mcm mc årme E `m uh iïriucg mh
Ygcuilùh:
4
I ? 4 φ r
4
E ?φ r
I
Gdtmhmogs r ↔ r ?
4 φ
∰ E ( I )? φ r 4
( )
4
I
E ( I )? φ
4 φ
4
I
E ( I )?
0
55. Årm
Årme:
e: uh
uhe
e ie
ieje
je rm
rmit
iteh
ehku
kuce
cerr ig
igh
h vg
vgcu
cuomh `m >6 plms9 tltlmh
omh mhm
m uh
uhe
e de
desm
sm
iue`reè. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm su årme supmrnlilec Y mh tìrolhgs
`m ce cghkltu` x `m uh ce`g `m su desm.
Ygcuilùh:
Y ( R )?
)? 4 E 5+ 4 E 4 +4 E 9
4
Y ( R )?
)? 4 R + 4 R\ +
+4 R\
4 >6 >6
Y ( R )?
)? 4 R + 4 R (( 4
)+ 4 ( 4
)
R R
4 546 546
)? 4 R + R + R
Y ( R )?
5;


4 406
Y ( R )?
)? 4 R +
R
54. Cghkltu`: ]he oujmr `m = plms `m msteture mstå `m plm imrie `m uh nergc

qum ms `m 54 plms `m ecture, igog sm vm mh ce nlkure. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh
qum og`mcm ce cghkltu` C `m su sgodre mh tìrolhgs `m su `lstehile ` `ms`m ce
desm `mc nergc.
Ygcuilùh:
C+ ` ? C
54 =
= C + = ` ?54 C
=` ?; C
=
` ? C
;
=
C ( ` )? `
;
@lstehile: @gs derigs secmh `m pumrtg ec olsog tlmopg. ]hg hevmke ec sur

59. @lstehile:
e 5= olh/b y, mc gtrg, hevmke ec mstm e 46 ol/b. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum
og`mcm ce `lstehile
trehsiurrl`g `ms`m su@ mhtrm
seclè.cgs derigs mh tìrolhgs `mc tlmopg (mh
t (mh bgres)
YGC]ILGH:
52


^x  5=ol / b
^y  46 ol / b
@lstehiles lh`lvlùecms:
`x  5=ol * b * t

`x 5=t
46 ol
`y 
b * t
`y  46t
@  `x 4  `y 4
@  (5=t ) 4  (46t ) 4
@  44=t 4  066t 4
Mhtghims ce `lstehile @ mhtrm cgs derigs mh tìrolhgs `mc tlmopg t ms:

@ (t )  4=t
50. Vrgùitg: Ce suoe `m `gs húomrgs pgsltlvgs ms >6. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh
qum og`mcm su prgùitg V mh tìrolhgs `m x, uhg `m cgs húomrgs.
YGC]ILGH:
e  d  >6
e  >6  d
V  ed
V  (>6  d )d
V  >6d  d 4
V° >6
> 6  4d
>6  4d  6
 >6  4d
>6
d
4
96  d  e  96
Mhtghims su prgùitg mh tìrolhgs `m x ms:

V(x)?96
5<


5=. Årme: uh trlåhkucg lsùsimcms tlmhm uh pmrïomtrg `m 2 io. Mhiumhtrm uhe

nuhilùh qum og`mcm su årme E mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` `m su desm d.
YGC]ILGH:
Årme `mc trlåhkucg lsùsimcms:
lsùsimcms:
d/4
d*b
E 
4
V  4e  d
 2  4e  d
4*e  2  d
2 d
e
4
Vgr Vltåkgres:
4 4
 d  2d 
b    
4

4  4 
tmhmogs dlhgolg iue`re`g:
d 4 (2  d) 4
4
 
b 0 0 1
d 4 >0  5>d  d 4
b 
4

0 0
>0  5>d  d 4 d4
b 
4

0 0
>0  5>d  d 4  d 4
b 
4
>0  5>d
b4 
0
b 4  5>  0d
46


b  5>  0d
Ebgre pere becces mc årme E mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` `m

`m ce desm d
rmmopcezeogs:
d*b
E 
4
d * 5
5>>  0d
E 
4
 E(d)  d 0  d
5>. Vmrïomtrg: ]h trlåhkucg rmitåhkucg tlmhm uh ietmtg `mc `gdcm `m cerkg qum mc
gtrg. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc pmrïomtrg V mh tìrolhgs `m ce
cghkltu` x `mc ietmtg oås igrtg.
YGC]ILGH:
Vltåkgres pere beccer y:
y:
(4 x) 4  ( x) 4  y 4
0 x 4  x 4  y 4
= x 4  y 4
y  =x4
pgr x = :
Tmmopcezeogs y pgr
V  4 x  x  y
Mhtghims Vg`mogs `milr qum mc pmrïomtrg V mh tìrolhgs `m ce cghkltu` x ec

ietmtg oås igrtg ms:
V( x)  9 x  x =
45


5;. uhcermitåhkucg
Årme:mh
oumstre mstå lhsirltg
nlkure. Mhiumhtrm mh uh smoliïriucg
uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm`mmcre`lg
årme 56, igog sm
E `mc
rmitåhkucg mh tìrolhgs `m su ecture b. b.
56
d/4
YGC]ILGH:
Årme `m uh rmitåhkucg:
rmitåhkucg:
E  b * d
i 4  e 4  d4
4
d
56     b 4
4
4
d4
566  b  4
44
d4
566  b 4 
0
0(566  b 4 )  d 4
0(566  b 4 )  d
4 566  b 4  d
Tmmopcezer mh ce miueilùh qum qumrmogs beimr ce nuhilùh:

E  b * d
E  b(4 566  b 4 )
E  4 b 566  b 4
Mhtghims Vg`mogs `milr qum mc årme mstå mh tìrolhgs `m ce ecture:
E(b)  4b 566  b 4
44


9
Ecture:: Mc vgcuomh `m uh ighg ms 566 puc . Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum
52. Ecture
og`mcm ce ecture b `mc ighg mh tìrolhgs `m su re`lg r.

YGC]ILGH:
 r4b
^ 
9 , vecgr `m   9.50
5<. Oexlol
Oex
húomrgs lolzer
zersuoe
iuye uh ms
prgù
prg ùitg
5< yitg Ighsl`
iuygIghsl`mrm
mrm ms
prgùitg mc teh
slkulm
slkulmhtm
htm prg
kreh`m prgdcm
dcmoe:
igog oe: Becce
Be ccerr `gs
sme pgsldcm.
e) Mxpmrlomh
Mxpmrlomhtm tm igh mc prgdcmoe,
prgdcmoe, beilmh`g
beilmh`g uhe tedce
tedce igog ce slkulmht
slkulmhtm,
m, qum
oumstrm mc prgùitg `m perms `lnmrmhtms `m húomrgs qum tgteclzeh 5<.
Igh desm mh ce mvl`mhile `m ce tedce, mstlom ce rmspumste ec prgdcmoe.
d) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc prgùitg mh tìrolhgs `m uhg `m
cgs `gs húomrgs.
i) ]sm su og`mcg pere rmsgcvmr mc prgdcmoe y igopårmcg igh su rmspumste
e ce pertm (e).
YGC]ILGH VETE (e):
Huomrg 5 Huomrg 4 suoe Ouctlpclieilùh

5 52 5< 52
4 5; 5< 90
9 5> 5< 02
0 5= 5< >6
= 50 5< ;6
> 59 5< ;2
; 54 5< 20
2 55 5< 22
49


< 56 5< <6

56 < 5< <6
YGC]ILGH
Yuoe: VETE (d):
x + y ?5<
y ? 5< ∔ x
Vrgùitg V :
V? x Û y , igog ye tmhmogs mc vecgr `m y rmmopcezeogs
V? x Û ( 5<∔ x )
4
V?5< x ∔ x
4
V( x )?5< x ∔ x
TVPE: Ce nuhilùh qum og`mce mc prgùitg mh tìrolhgs `m uhg `m cgs `gs

4
húomrgs ms: V( x x ) ?5< x ∔ x .
YGC]ILGH VETE (i):

4
V( x )?5< x ∔ x
4
V( x )?5< ( 5)∔(5 )
V( x )?5< ∔5
V( x )?52
4
V( xx )?5< ( 56)∔(56 )
V( x )?5<6 ∔ 566
V( x )? <6
4
V( x )?5< ( < )∔
)∔(( <)
V( x )?5;5 ∔25
V( x )? <6
46. Tmùilr ec oïhlog uhe suoe Mhiumhtrm `gs húomrgs pgsltlvgs iuye
suoe ms 566 y ce suoe `m iuygs iue`re`gs ms oïhloe
YGC]ILGH:
e + d?566
e ?566∔ d
Ce suoe `m sus iue`re`gs (Y ))::
4 4
Y? e + d
40


4 4
Y?( 566 ∔d ) + d
4
Y? 4 d ∔466 d + 56666
∰d ? =6
∰e ?566 ∔d
∰e ? 566 ∔=6
∰e?=6
TVPE: Mc prlomrg huomrg ms =6 y mc smkuh`g teodlìh ms =6.
45. Imrie ecrm`m`gr `m uh ieopg Ig Ighsl

hsl`mr
`mrm
m mc slk
slkulm
ulmhtm
htm prg
prgdcm
dcmoe:
oe: ]h
ekrliuctgr tlmhm 4066 plms `m oecce pere imrier y `msme imrier uh ieopg
rmitehkucer qum dgr`me uh rïg rmitg. Hg hmimslte imrie e cg cerkg `mc rïg (vme ce
nl kure). ·Iuåcms sgh ces `lomhslghms `mc ieopg `m årme oåxloe qum ìc pum`m
imrier7
e) Mxpmrlomh
Mxpm rlomhtm
sltueilùh. tm igh mcmcprgdcmoe,
Ieciucm prgd cmoe,
årme trezeh`g
trezeh`g
`m ieè verlgs `lekreoe
verlgs `lekreoes
ighnlkureilùh y usmssus
qumrmsucte`gs
lcustrmh ce
lcustrmh
pere mstloer ces `lomhslghms `mc ieopg oås kreh`m pgsldcm.
x 4066-4x E(x)?x(4066-4x)
566 4466 446666
466 4666 066666
966 5266 =06666
066 5>66 >06666
=66 5066 >06666
>66 5466 ;46666
;66 5666 ;66666
266 266 >06666
d) Mhiumh
Mhiumhtrm
trm uhe nuhilù
nuhilùh
h qum og`mcm
og`mcm mc årme `mc ieopg
ieopg mh tìr
tìrolh
olhgs
gs `m
uhg `m sus ce`gs.
Ygcuilgh :
4 x  s  4066
s  4066  4 x
E  x  s
E  x(4066  4 x)
(40
 E( x)  x(4066  4 x)
4=


i) ]sm su og`mcg
og`mcg pere
pere rmsgcvmr
rmsgcvmr mc prgdcmoe
prgdcmoe,, y igopårmcg
igopårmcg igh
igh su rmspumste
rmspumste
e ce pertm (e).
E( x)  x( 4066  4 x)
E( x)  4 x 4  4066 x
4066
x  4( 4)
 x  >66
x  >66  4066  4 x  4066  4(>66)
 5466 plms qum sgh ces olsoes `lo mhslghms qum sm mhightrergh mh ce pertm (e)
44. @lvl`lr uh igrrec ]h rehibmrg igh ;=6 plms `m oecce pere imrier `msme
mhimrrer uh årme rmitehkucer, y cumkg `lvl`lrce mh iuetrg igrrecms igh imries
perecmces e uh ce`g `mc rmitåhkucg (vme ce nlkure).
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme tgtec `m cgs iuetrg igrrecms.
d) Mhiumhtrm mc årme tgtec oåxloe pgsldcm `m cgs iuetrg igrrecms.
V  ;=6
V  = x  4 y
;=6  4 y  = x
;=6  4 y
 x
=
4 y 4
 R  5=6 y 
= ms ce nuhilùh qum og`mce mc årme tgtec `m cgs iuetrg igrrecms.
4
4 y
E( t )?5=6 y ∔
=
∔4 4
E( t )? y + 5=6 y
=
Årme tgtec oåxloe:
4>

x ? ( )
∔d
4e
( ( ) )
∔5=6
y ?
∔4
4
=
y ? ∔
( )
5=6
∔0
=
( )
5=6
y ?
0
=
y ? ( )
;=6
0
9;=
y ?
4
y ? 52;.=
Tmmopcezeogs –y –mh humstre ngrouce:

4
4 y
E( t )? 5=6 y ∔
=
E( t )?506>4.=
Vgr cg tehtg: Mc årme tgtec oåxloe pgsldcm `m cgs iuetrg igrrecms ms
506>4.=.
49. Imrier uh tmrrmhg pere jer`ïh Mc ùmõg `m uhe prgplmè` `msme imrier uh
tmrrmhg pere jer`ïh e`yeimhtm e uh ieolhg, igog sm vm mh ce nl kure. Ce imrie
juhtg ec ieolhg `mdm smr oås rgduste y iumste $= pgr plm, pmrg ce gtre imrie
iumste sùcg $9 pgr plm. Mc jer`ïh be `m
tmhmr uh årme `m 5466 plms4.
e) Mhiumhtrm
Mhiumhtrm uhe
uhe nuhilùh
nuhilùh qum og`mcm
og`mcm mc igstg
igstg `m imrier
imrier mc jer`ïh.
jer`ïh.
E  x y
5466
y 
x
E( x )  = x  9x  > y
E( x )  2 x  > y
5466
E( x )  2 x  >( )
x
E( x )  = x  ;466
x
4;


Mste ms ce nuhilùh pgr ce qum mste og`mceè mc Årme

d) Mhiu
Mhiumhtrm
mhtrm ces `lomhsl
`lomhslghms
ghms `mc
`mc jer`ïh qum rmùzie
rmùzieh
h ec oïhlog mc igstg
igstg
`m imrier mc jer`ïh.
` ;466
( E)  2 
` ( x) x4
;466
6  2  x 4
;466
x 4 
2
x  <66
x  96
54
5466
66 5466
466
y    06
x 96
mc ehibg e cg cerkg `mc ieolhg ms `m 96 plms, ce cghkltu` ms 06 plms
i) Yl mc ùmõg
ùmõg tlmhm
tlmhm e cg suog
suog $>66
$>66 pere kester
kester mh
mh ce imrie,
imrie, mhiumhtr
mhiumhtrmm mc
rehkg `m cghkltu`ms qum pum`m imrier e cg cerkg `mc ieolhg.
;466
 
2 x x >66
2 x  >66 x  ;466  6
4
x5  5=
x4  >6

Vgr cg tehtg. Mc
tehtg. Mc lhtmrvecg ms `m 5= beste >6 plms
42


40. Oexlolzer uh årme ]h eceodrm `m 56 io `m cerkg sm igrte mh `gs pertms,

uhe `m cghkltu` x y ce gtre `m cghkltu` 56 - x, igog sm vm mh ce nl kure. Ieè
plmze sm `gdce mh ngroe `m iue`re`g.
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme tgtec mhimrreè pgr cgs `gs
iue`re`gs
Vere mc iu`re`g ngroe`g pgr " x "
x
C 
0
4 4
 x  x
E    
 0  5>
Vere mc iu`re`g ngroe`g pgr " x  56 "
 x  56 
C   
 0 
4
 x  56 
E   
 0 
( x 4  46  566)
E 
5>
ce nuhilg
nuhilgh
h `mc erme
erme tgtec
tgtec smre
smre :
 x 4   ( x 4  46  566) 
N ( x)      
 5>   5> 
 4 x 4  46 x  566 
N ( x)   
 5> 
 x 4  56 x  =6 
N ( x)   
 2 
Mc årme oïhloe smrå mc puhtg oïhlog `m ce nuhilùh ms `milr mc vìrtlim `m ce
perådgce:
Ce edsilse `mc vìrtlim ms:
∔d
n x ?
4e
∔56
∔
2
n x ? ?=
4
()
5
2
4<


TVPE: Igh mc vecgr `m x ?= sm rmùilrå ec oïhlog mc årme tgtec `m cgs `gs

iue`re`gs.
4=. Cu
Cuzz `m uh
uhee vm
vmht
hteh
ehee ]h
]hee vm
vmht
hteh
ehee hg
hgro
roeh
ehèè tltlmh
mhm
m ce ng
ngro
roee `m uh
rmitåhkucg rmoete`g pgr uh smoliïriucg, igog sm oumstre mh ce nlkure `m ce
lzqulmrè. Ym be `m ighstrulr uhe vmhtehe hgroehè igh pmrïomtrg `m 96 plms.
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme `m ce vmhtehe.
d) Mhiumhtrm ces `lomhslghms `m ce vmhtehe qum `mjm peser ce oåxloe iehtlè`
`m cuz
YGC]ILGH
E) Ce vmhtehe mstå ngroeè

ngroeè pgr uh rmitåhkucg y
uh smoliïriucg.
Årme `mc rmitåhkucg:
E ?d Û b
E ? x Û z
E ? xz
Årme `m uh smoliïriucg:
4
φr
E ?
4
Pgoeh`g mh iumhte qum ce om`lè `mc `låomtrg ms ce olsoe qum mc ce`g x

`mc rmitåhkucg, ce nùrouce pere ieciucer su årme ms:
()
4
x
φ
4
E ?
4
4
x
φ 0
E ?
4
4 φ
E ? x
2
Ve
Vere
re ie
ieci
ciuc
ucer
er mc år
årme
me tg
tgte
tecc `m ce nlnlku
kure
re,, sm ju
juht
hter
erïe
ïe eo
eode
dess ng
ngro
rouc
uces
es,,
qumèh`g `m ce slkulmhtm oehmre:
4 φ
E( P ) ? xz + x
2
Vgr cg tehtg, Ce nuhilùh qum og`mce mc årme `m ce vmhtehe ms

4 φ
E( P ) ? xz + x .
2

d)
96


Ce nùrouce `mc pmrïomtrg `m ce nlkure ms:

φx
V? x + 4 z +
4
φx
x + 4 z + ?96
4
@mspmjermogs z `m ce ngrouce `mc pmrïomtrg:

φx
∔4 z ? x ∔96 +
4
∔ x φx
z ? ∔ + 5=
4 0
Yustltulogs z mh ce ngrouce `mc årme:
4 φ
E( P ) ? xz + x
2
E( P ) ? x ( ∔ x

4
∔
φx
0 )
+ 5= + x 4
φ
2
∔ x 4 φ x 4 φ 4
E( P ) ? 5= x ∔ + x
4 0 2
E( P ) ? x

4
( ∔5 φ φ
4
∔ + + 5= x
0 2 )
E( P ) ? x
4
( ∔5
4
∔
4 φ + φ
2 )+ 5= x
E( P ) ? x

4
( ∔5 φ
4
∔ + 5= x
2 )
n (
( x )? x 4
( ∔5 φ
4
∔ + 5= x
2 )
krenliermogs pere gdtmhmr mc vecgr oåxlog `mc årme `m ce nlkure:
Vgr cg tehtg: Mc vecgr oåxlog qum pum`m tgoer mc årme `m

ce vmhtehe igh uh pmrïomtrg `m 96 plms ms
eprgxloeèomhtm `m >9 plms iue`re`gs.
95


4>. ^gcuomh `m uhe ieje Ym be `m ighstrulr uhe ieje edlmrte pgr errlde, `m uh
trgzg rmitehkucer `m iertùh igh `lomhslghms `m 54 puckeès pgr 46 puckeès,
igrteh`g iue`re`gs lkuecms `m ce`g x mh ieè msqulhe y cumkg `gdceh`g beile
errlde cgs ce`gs (vme ce nlkure).
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc vgcuomh `m ce ieje.

d) Mhiumhtrm cgs vecgrms `m x pere cgs iuecms mc vgcuomh ms oeygr e 466 puck 9
i) Mhiumhtrm mc oåxlog vgcuomh qum tec ieje pumè tmhmr.
TMYGC]ILÙH:
e.
^ ? C x b x w  x ? 9
^ ? =x . x .4x ? 56x9
d.
^3466  ^ ? 56x9
R84
i.
4x 3 55
^ ? =x . x . 4x  =(=)(=)4(=) ? 54=6 puckeès9
94


4;. Årme `m uhe ieje ]he ieje edlmrte igh desm iue`reè be `m tmhmr uh
vgcuomh `m 54 plms9.
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme supmrnlilec `m ce ieje.
d) Mhiumhtrm ces `lomhslghms `m ieje qum rmùzieh ec oïhlog ce iehtlè` `m
oetmrlec utlclze`g.
(e)Yme mc vgcuomh:
^  x4 y
54  x 4 y
54
 y
x 4
Mc årme supmrnlilec ms lkuec e: E s  x  0 xy

4
Mh mste mxprmslùh `m årme rmmopcezeogs y:

E s  x 4  0 xy
 54 
E s  x 4  0 x  4 
 x 
02
E s  x 4 
x
(d) Tmmopcezeogs mh ce nùrouce `mc årme:

4
E9 ? 4 + 40
E9 ? 42
99


42. Tmitåhkucg lhsirltg Mhiumhtrm ces `lomhslghms qum `mh ce oåxloe årme
pere mc rmitåhkucg qum sm oumstre mh ce nl kure. Yu desm mstå sgdrm mc mjm x y
cgs gtrgs `gs vìrtlims mståh errlde `mc mjm x, sgdrm ce perådgce y ’ 2 - x 4
E  4 xy
E  4 x (2  x 4 )
E  5> x  4 x 9
E ?5> ( 4 )∔ 4 ·
5>
E ?
90


4<.. Tm
4< Tmù
ùil
ilrr ig
igst
stgs
gs ec oïoïhl
hlog
og ]h rerehi
hibm
bmrg
rg `m
`msm
sme
e ig
ighs
hstr
trul
ulrr uh ig
igrr
rrec
ec
rmitehkucer igh uh årme `m 566 o4.
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm ce cghkltu` `m ce imrie rmqumrlè.
d) Mhiumhtrm ces `lomhslghms `mc igrrec qum rmqulmreh ce oïhloe iehtlè` `m
oecce pere imrie.
(e)Yedmogs qum mc årme `mc igrrec ms:

E  566
566  xy
566  y
x
Hgs pl`m beccer mc pmrïomtrg mh pecedres smhilcces mhtghims:

V  4 x  4 y
Tmmopcezeogs y mh mc pmrïomtrg:
pmr ïomtrg:
 566 
V  4 x  4  
 x 
466
V  4 x 
x
(d) x?56, y?56
9=


96. Tmùilr ec oïhlog mc tlmopg ]h bgodrm mstå `m plm mh mc puhtg E mh ce

grlcce `m uh rïg rmitg, `m 4 olcces `m ehibg. Vere ccmker ec puhtg D, qum mstå e ;
olcces ekues edejg mh ce grlcce gpumste, ìc rmoe mh su dgtm ec puhtg V mh ce grlcce
gpumste y cumkg ieolhe ce `lstehile x rmstehtm beste D, igog sm oumstre mh ce
nl kure. Ebgre ye pum`m rmoer e uhe vmcgilè` `m 4 olcces/b y ieolher e uhe
vmcgilè` `m = olcces/b.
e) Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc tlmopg hmimserlg pere mc vlejm.

d) ·@ùh`m `mdm `msmoderier pere ccmker e D teh prghtg igog sme pgsldcm7
TMYGC]ILÙH:
(e)
Ce `lstehile EV ms:
EV  44  (;  x) 4
EV  0  0<  x 4  50 x
EV  =9  x 4  50 xolcces
Ce nuhilùh qum og`mce mc tlmopg `m vleje ms:

=9  x 4  50 x olcces x olcces
N ( x)  
4olcces / b =olcces / b
Vgr cg tehtg
=9  x 4  50 x x
N ( x )  
4 =
9>


(d)
@mdm dejer mh mc puhtg V
95. ûmcg `m påjerg Ym sumcte uh evm `ms`m mc puhtg E mh uhe lsce, e = olcces
`mc puhtg D oås imriehg mh uhe grlcce rmite. Mc evm vumce ec puhtg I mh ce grlcce
y cumkg vumce e cg cerkg `m ce grlcce e su zghe `m ehlèr @ (vme ce nl kure).
Yupghke qum mc evm rmqulmrm 56 aiec/olcce `m mhmrkïe pere vgcer sgdrm tlmrre y
50 aiec/olcce pere vgcer sgdrm mc ekue.
e) ]sm mc ètg `m qum
mhmrkïe mopcmeè ? mhmrkïe pgr olcce x olcces `m vumcg
pere `mogstrer qum mc tgtec `m mhmrkïe mopcmeè pgr mc evm mstå og`mceè pgr
ce nuhilùh
M ( x )  50
50 x 4  4=  56(54  x)
d) Yl mc evm lhstlhtlveomhtm msigkm uhe treymitgrle qum rmùim ec oïhlog su

kestg `m mhmrkïe, ·e quì puhtg vumce7
e.
Vgr Vltåkgres ce `lstehile EI ms lkuec e: EI  x 4  =4  x 4  4=
Ce `lstehile I@ ms lkuec e: I@  54  x
Mhtghims mh ce `lstehile EI qum ms `m ekue usere 50aiec/olcce y mh

ce `lstehile I@ usere 56aiec/olcce. Msg sm rmsuom mh :
M ( x)  50
50 x 4  4=  56(54  x)
d.
ûmce beile mc puhtg I
9;


94. Årme `m uhe igomte Mc destl`gr `m uhe igomte sm be `m ighstrulr igh smls
plmzes `m oe`mre. Ces iuetrg plmzes qum ngroeh su dgr`m beh sl`g igrteès e
ces cghkltu`ms lh`lieès mh ce nlkure. Yme x igog sm oumstre mh ce nlkure.
e) @mou
@moumstrm
mstrm qum
qum mc årme
årme `m ce igomte
igomte mstå
mstå èè
èè pgr ce nuhilùh
nuhilùh
E( x)  x( 4=  x  500  x )
4 4
d) ·Iuåc
·Iuåc `mdm smr ce cghkltu
cghkltu`
` `m cgs `gs trevmse
trevmseõgs
õgs pere
pere beimr oåxloe
oåxloe mc
årme `m ce igomte7
TMYGC]ILÙH:
Mh ce pertm supmrlgr bey `gs trlåhkucgs pmqumõgs. Ieciuceogs su

årme:
 x 4=  x 4 
E5  4  
 4 
 
  4
E5 x 4= x
@m lkuec oehmre mc årme `m cgs trlåhkucgs lhnmrlgrms oes kreh`ms:
 500  x 4 
E4  4  x 
 4 
 
E4  x 500  x 4
Yuoeogs eodes mxprmslghms pere beccer mc årme tgtec:

C( x )  4=
4=  x 4  500  x 4  4 x
92


E( x)  E5  E4
E( x)  x 4=  x 4  x 500  x 4
E( x)  x 
4=  x 4  500  x 4 
YMOEHE 0 MJMTILILGY VETE MRVGYLILGH
N]HILGHMY \ OG@MCGY I]E@TEPLIGY:

decùh . ]h decùh ms cehze`g pgr uh ieopg `ms`m uhe
>0. treymitgrle `m uh decùh.
ecture `m = plms sgdrm mc sumcg, e uh åhkucg `m 0=¶ igh ce bgrlzghtec, e uhe
vmcgilè` `m 46 plms/s. pum`m `mùilrsm pgr prlhilplgs nïsligs qum ce treymitgrle
`mc decùh mste og`mceè pgr ce nuhilùh.
94
y  4
x4  x  =
(46)
@gh`m x ms ce `lstehile mh plms qum mc decùh be rmigrrl`g bgrlzghtecomhtm.

e) Mhiu
Mhiumhtrm
mhtrm ce oåxlo
oåxloe
e ecture
ecture eciehze`
eciehzeè
e pgr mc decgh.
decgh.
Ygcuilgh :
94
y   4
x4  x  =
(46)
4
n ( x )   x4  x  =
4=
d 5 4=
x     >.4=
4e  4  0
4 
 4= 
4
 4=  4  4=  4=
n       0 =
 0  4=  0 
n    2.54= plms
4=
 0 
 b  2.54= plms
d) Mhiumhtrm
Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehil
`lstehile
e bgrlzghtec
bgrlzghtec qum mc decgh
decgh be rmigrrl`g
rmigrrl`g iueh`g
iueh`g iem ec
sumcg.
9<


n ( x )  6
4
x 4  x  =  6
4=
 4 
5  54  0    =
 4= 
x5,4 
 4 
4  4= 
 
x5,  9.29
 x4  5>.99
>=. lhkrmsgs. ]h nedrliehtm mhiumhtre qum mc lhkrmsg kmhmre`g pgr vmh`mr x

4
uhlè`ms `m ilmrte omrie`mrïe mste è`g pgr ce nuhilùh T(x)?26x- 6.0
6.0 x
x , `gh`m
mc lhkrmsg T(x)sm ol`m mh `ùcerms. ·Iuåc ms mc lhkrmsg oåxlog, y iuehtes
uhlè`ms `mdmh nedrliersm pere gdtmhmr mstm oåxlog7
T ( x )  26 x  6.0 x 4
e   6.0
d  26
i6
Huomrg `m uhlè`ms
d
x 
4e
26
x  
4(6.0)
6.0)
26
x   566
6.2
Ces uhlè`ms qum `mdmh nedrliersm pere gdtmhmr mc oåxlog ms `m 566 uhlè`ms
566)  26(566
T (566) 26(566))  6.0(566) 4
6.0(566)
T  2666
2666  0666
666
T  0666
Mc lhkrmsg oåxlog ms `m 0666 `ùcerms
06


>>. vmhtes. ]h vmh`m`gr `m dmdlès kesmgses mh uhe ighgilè pceye eheclze

sus rmklstrgs `m vmhtes y mhiumhtre qum, sl vmh`m x cetes `m kesmgse mh uh `le,
su utlclè` (mh `ùcerms) mstå èè pgr:
·Iuåc ms ce utlclè` oåxloe pgr `ïe, y iuehtes cetes `mdm vmh`mr pere gdtmhmr
uhe utlclè` oåxloe7
 d 
x    
 4e 
 9 
x    
 4(6.665
6.665) 
 9 
x    
 6.664 
 9 
x     5=66
 6.664 
Lhkrmsg Oexlog
V( x)  6.665x 4  9x  5266
V( x )  6.66
6.665 5=66)) 4  9(5=
5(5=66 5=66
66))  52
5266
66
V( x)  44=6  0=66  5266
V( x)   06=6  0=66
V( x)  0=6
Yu utlclè` oåxloe pgr `ïe ms `m $0=6 y `mdm vmh`mr 5=66cetes `m kesmgse

pere gdtmhmr uhe utlclè` oåxloe
05


>;. Vudclilè`. Ce mnmitlvlè` `m uh hmkgilg igomrilec pgr tmcmvlslùh `mpmh`m

`m iuehtes vmims cg vm uhe pmrsghe. @mspuìs `m eckuhgs mxpmrlomhtgs, uhe
ekmhile `m pudclilè` mhightrù qum, sl ce mnmitlvlè` M sm ol`m mh uhe msiece
`m 6 e 56, mhtghims:
@gh`m h ms mc húomrg `m vmims qum uhe pmrsghe vm uh ehuhilg igomrilec

`mtmrolhe`g. Vere qum uh ehuhilg tmhke oåxloe mnmitlvlè`, ·Iuåhtes vmims
`mdm vmrcg uhe pmrsghe7
y  ex4  dx  i
d
h
4e
5
e
<6
4
d
9
i6
4
h 9
 5
4  
 <6 
h  96
4 5
k (h)  (96)  (96)4
4 <6
k (h)  56
Vere qum uh ehuhilg tmhke oåxloe mnmitlvlè` uhe pmrsghe tlmhm qum vmrcg 96
vmims smkúh ce nuhilùh
><. Ekrliucture. Mc húomrg `m oehzehes prgùilès pgr ieè årdgc mh uhe
bumrte `m oehzehes `mpmh`m `m ce `mhslè` igh qum mstìh pcehtme`gs cgs
årdgcms. Yl h erdgcms sm pcehteh mh uh eirm `m tmrrmhg, mhtghims ieè årdgc,
prgùim >66‐<h oehzehes. Vgr cg tehtg, mc húomrg `m oehzehes prgùilès
pgr eirm ms:
04


·Iuåhtgs erdgcms `mdmh pcehtersm pgr eirm pere pg`mr gdtmhmr ce oåxloe
prgùiilùh `m oehzehes7
Tm opcezeogs
(=6)  <66(
E(=6) =6))  <(
<66(=6 =6)) 4
<(=6
(=6)  0=66
E(=6) =666)  44=
4=66
66
E(=6)
(=6)  44=6
44=66
6
Vgr cg tehtg, sm `mdm pcehter =6 erdgcms pgr eirm y sm gdtmh`rå uh oåxlog `m
44=66 oehzehes.
;6. Ekr
Ekrliu
liuctu
cture.
re. Mh ilmrtg vlõm`g sm mhiumhtre qum ieè uhe `m ces vl`ms
prgùim uhes 56 cldres `m uves mh uhe tmopgreè iueh`g uhes ;66 vl`ms
mståh pcehteès pgr eirm. Vgr ieè vl` lh`lvlùec qum sm pcehte, ce prgùiilùh
`m ieè vl` `lsolhuym ecrm`m`gr `m 5 pgrilmhtg. Vgr cg tehtg, mc húomrg `m
cldres `m uves prgùilès pgr eirm mstm og`mce`g pgr:
@gh`m h ms mc húomrg `m vl`ms e`lilghecms, mhiumhtrm mc huomrg `m vl`ms qum

`mdmh pcehtersm pere ccmver ec oåxlog ce prgùiilùh `m uves.
09


Ygcuilgh :
E(h)  (;66  h)(56  6.65h)
E(h)  6.65h 4  9h  ;666
9
h
4(6.65
6.65)
h  5=6
 ;66  h
 ;66  5=6  2=6
VMTLOMPTG
4 x  s  4066
s  4066  4 x
x  566 plms y 4066  4(
4(566)  4066  46
466  4466 plms
x  =66 plms y 4066  4 (=
(=66)  4066  5666  5066 plms
x  566 plm
s y 4066  4(5666)  4066  4666  066
066 plms
;5-;0. ]sm ces nùrouces `m mste smiilùh pere èr uhe sgcuilùh ectmrhetlve ec
prgdcmoe lh`lie`g mh mhngqum mh mc og`mce`g: og`mce`g igh nuhilghms mh ces
påklhes 446 ’ 445.
YMOEHE = MJMTILILGY VETE MRVGYLILGH

N]HILGHMY PTLKGHGOÌPTLIEY OÌPG@G @MC PTLÅHK]CG
TMIPÅHK]CG
>4.mhiumhtrm mc re`lg `m ieè ilriucg sl mc årme `mc smitgr ms 54.
00


5 4
E ? r β
4
e)
5 4
54? r Û 6.;
4
40
?r 4
6.;
√
40
?· r ·
6.;
d)
5 4
54? r β
4
5 4 =
54? r Û φ
4 >
= 4
54? φr
54
500
? r 4
= φ
√
r ? 500
= φ
>9. mhiumhtrm mc årme `m uh smitgr igh åhkucg imhtrec `m 5 re` mh uh

iïriucg `m 56o `m re`lg.
E ?7 β ?re` r ?56 o
E ? 5 56 Û 5
4
0=


4
E ?=6 o
>0. uh smitgr `m uh iïriucg tlmhm uh åhkucg imhtrec `m >6¶. Mhiumhtre mc

årme `mc smitgr sl mc re`lg `mc iïriucg ms 9 olcces.
E ?7 β ?>6 ¶ r ?9 olcc
5 4 φ
E ? 9 Û
4 9
4
E ?5.= φ olcc
olcc
4
E ?0.;5 olcc
>=.mc årme `m uh smitgr `m uh iïriucg igh Ehkucg imhtrec `m 4 re` ms 5>

omtrgs iue`re`gs. Mhiumhtre mc re`lg `mc iïriucg.
. E Y?5> o 4
β ?4 re` r ?7
E Y? 5 r 4 β
4
5 4
5> ? r Û4
4
√ 5>
5>? r
r ?0 o
>>. uh smitgr `m uh iïriucg `m re`lg 40 ol tlmhm uh årme `m 422 olcces

iue`reès. Mhiumhtrm mc Ehkucg imhtrec `mc smitgr.
5
e r 4
4
5
e 404
4
5
422  =;> 
4
5
422  (=;>)
4
422  422
5re`    526
>;. mc årme `m uh iïriucg ms ;4 io . Mhiumhtrm mc årme `m uh smitgr `m mstm

4
qum sudtlmh`m uh Ehkucg imhtrec `m φ /> re`.
0>


φ
EP ?;4 io 4
β ? re` E Y?7
>
5 4
EP ? φr
4
E Y? r β
4
5 4 φ
;4 ? φr 4
E Y? r
4 >
√ √
4
;4 5 ;4 φ
?r E Y? ( )
φ 4 φ >
4
E Y?> io
>2. trms iïriucgs igh re`lgs

re`lgs 5, 4 y 9 plms sgh mxtrmoeèomhtm
mxtrmoeèomhtm tehkmhtms
tehkmhtms
mhtrm sï, igog sm lcustre mh ce nlkure. Mhiumhtrm mc årme `mc smitgr `mc
iïriucg `m re`lg 5 qum ms igrte`g pgr cgs smkomhtgs `m rmite qum uhmh mc
imhtrg `m msm iïriucg igh cgs imhtrgs `m cgs gtrgs `gs iïriucgs.

5 4
E ? r β
4
5 4 φ
E ? 5
4 4
φ 4
E ? plms
0
0;


vlejm.. Ces rumès `m uh eutg ol`mh 42 puckeès `m `låomtrg.

><. @lstehile `m vlejm
·Uuì `lstehile (mh olcces) rmigrrmrå mc eutg sl sus rumès klreh 56666 vmims slh
petlher7
Y? βT `· 7 5666? vumctes

Y? 4 φ 50
Y? 42 φ Û 5666 ?`
` ? 426666 φ puc
` ? 2;< , >0=.<09 puc
5.=; olcc
` ? 2;< , >0=.<09 pucÛ ?59,22 olcc
5 puc
;5. Cetlt
Cetltu`ms
u`ms.. Vlttsd
Vlttsdurk
urkb,
b, Vm
Vmhhs
hhsycv
ycvehl
ehle
e y Ole
Oleol,
ol, Ncg
Ncgrl`
rlè,
e, sm mhi
mhiumh
umhtre
treh
h
eprgxloeèomhtm mh mc olsog omrl`lehg. Vlttsdurkb tlmhm uhe cetltu` `m 06.=¶
H Oleol tlmhm uhe cetltu` `m 4=.=¶ H. mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile mhtrm mstes `gs
iluè`ms. (mc re`lg `m ce tlmrre ms `m 9<>6 olcces).
Y  6.505
6.505>(
>(5<>6oc )
5<>6
Y  =>6.;9
`  2<5  =>6.;9
`  996.4>
`  569;.=0 olcc
`  5692olcc
02


;4 cetltu`ms Omopbls, Pmhhmssmm, y Humve Grcmehs, Cgulslehe, sm mhiumhtreh

eprgxloeèomhtm mh mc olsog omrl`lehg. Omopbls tlmhm uhe cetltu` `m 9=¶ H y
Humve Grcmehs tlmhm uhe cetltu` `m 96¶ H. Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile mhtrm mstes
`gs iluè`ms. (Mc re`lg `m ce Plmrre ms `m 9<>6 olcces.)
Ygcuilgh :
r  9<>6
cx
  re` 
  =  
 526 

  re`
9>
c   r

c re` (9<>6)

9>
c  556
c  90=.=
;=. Olcces håutlies Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile e cg cerkg `m uh erig mh ce supmrnlilm

`m ce Plmrre qum sudtlmh`m uh åhkucg imhtrec `m 5 olhutg (5 olhutg 5/>6 `m
kre`g). Mste `lstehile sm cceoe olcce håutlie. (Mc re`lg `m ce Plmrre ms 9<>6
olcces.)
5 5  
    re`
>6 >6 526 5626
r  9<>6olcc
Y    r

Y   9<>6 r?9<>6olcc
5626
55
Y   olcc
9
Y  55.=4Olcces
0<


;>. Lrrlkeilùh ]h slstmoe `m lrrlkeilùh utlclze uh tudg espmrsgr `m 966 plms `m

cerkg qum klre sgdrm su mjm ecrm`m`gr `m uh puhtg imhtrec, igog sm vm mh ce nl
kure slkulmhtm. @mdl`g e uh gdståiucg, sm pmroltm qum mc tudg klrm sùcg 426¶.
Mhiumhtrm mc årme lrrlkeè pgr mstm slstmoe
r  966 plms
 50
  426   426     re`   0.22 ;re`
526 <
5
E  r 4 
4
5 4  50 
E   966
   
4  < 
E  ;6666 plms 4
E  45<<55.02 plms 4
;;. Clop
Clople`g
le`grms
rms `m pere
peredrlse
drlsess Cgs mxtrmogs
mxtrmogs sup
supmrl
mrlgr
gr m lhn
lhnmrl
mrlgr
gr `m uh
uhe
e
resqumte `m clople`gr `m peredrlses ol`mh 90 puck. y 50 puck.,
rmspmitlveomhtm, `ms`m mc puhtg `m plvgtmg. Iueh`g mstå mh gpmreilùh, mc
clople`gr klre 59=¶. Mhiumhtrm mc årme rmigrrlè pgr ce resqumte.
T  90 puck
r  50 puck
 9
  59=     re`   4.9 =>re`
526 0
E D  E5  E4
5 4 9  5 4 9 
E D   90       50    
4 0 
4  0  
E D  9>6 puck 4
E D  5596.<; puck 4

=6


;2. Ce veie eoerreè ]he veie mstå eoerreè pgr uhe iumrè `m 566 plms e
ce msqulhe lhtmrlgr `m uh m`lnlilg mh ngroe `m C, igog sm vm mh ce nl kure.
mhiumhtrm mc årme mh qum ce veie pum`m pester.
EP  E5  E4  E9  E0
5  5  5  5 
EP  (96) 4    (=6)4    (566) 4    ( 06) 4  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

EP 
0
 96 4
 =64  5664  064 
EP  9;=6 plms 4

EP  55;26.<; plms 4
;<. ^mhtlce`gr ]h vmhtlce`gr `m ilmcg resg, igh pecmtes `m 5> puckeès, klre e
0= rpo.
(e) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` ehkucer `mc vmhtlce`gr mh re`/olh.
(d) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` clhmec `m ces puhtes `m ces pecmtes mh puck./olh.
 s
v  r w w v
t t
 w  
t

e) w
t
4  0=
w
5olh
5> puck
w  424.;re` / olh
d) v  r w
v  5> puc  424.;re` / olh
v  0=49.4 puc k / olh
=5


26. Ylmrre re`lec ]he slmrre re`lec tlmhm uhe bgje `m > puck. @m re`lg. Yupghke
qum ce bgje klre e 5666 rpo.
(e) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` ehkucer `m ce bgje mh re`/olh.
re`/olh .
r  > puck
5666 TVO

e) w
t
4 5666
w
5o
w  4666 re` / olh
w  >429.52re` / olh
(d
(d)) Mhiu
Mhiumhmhtrtrm
m ce vm
vmcg
cgiil`
lè`
e` clclhm
hmec
ec `m cg
cgss `l
`lmh
mhtm
tmss `m ce bg
bgje
je mh pl
plms
ms/s
/s..
v  r w
v  > puck  >429.52re` / olh
v  9;><<.62 puck / olh
ighvltlmh`g
ighvltlmh`g e plms pgr smkuh`g
smkuh`g
puck 5 ol h 5 plm
9;><<.62    =4.9> plms / s
o l h >6 s 5 4 puck
25. Oghteierkes ]h oghteierkes `m 4 plms `m re`lg sm use pere cmvehter
ierkes pmseès. Yl mc oghteierkes beim 2 rmvgcuilghms ieè 5= smkuh`gs,
mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` e ce qum sm cmvehte ce ierke.
2 Tm v  5=s
x  >6 s
x  94rpo
v  r w

w
t
4  94
w
5olh
w  >0 re` / olh
w  465.6>re` / olh
v  4 pl
plms  465.6>re` / olh
v  064.54 plms / olh

=4


24. ^mcgilè` `m uh eutg Ces rumès `m uh eutg tlmhmh re`lg `m 55 puck. y

mståh klreh`g e >66 rpo. Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` `mc eutg mh ol/b.

r  55 puck v7 w
t
v  >66rpo v  r w
4  >66
w
5olh
w  5466  re` / olh
w  9;><.<re` / olh
v  55 puck  9;><.<re` / olh

5olcc >6 olh
v  050>2.<  
>99>6 puck 5b
v  9<.4;olcc / b
29. ^mcgilè` mh mc miue`gr Ce Plmrre klre ecrm`m`gr `m su mjm uhe vmz ieè
49 b => olh 0 s., y mc re`lg `m ce Plmrre ms 9<>6 olcces. Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè`
clhmec `m uh puhtg mh mc miue`gr mh olcces/bgre.
r  9<>6olcc 49b =>o 0s  2>5>0
v7
4
w
2>5>0
w  ;.9  56= re` / s
v  9<>6olcc  ;.9x56= re` / s

olcc 9>66s
v  6.42<62 
s 5b
v  5606.>22olcc / b
=9


20. Tumès `m ieolùh ]h ieolùh igh rumès `m 02 puckeès `m `låomtrg

mstå vlejeh`g e =6 olcces/bgre.
(e) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` ehkucer `m ces rumès mh re`/olh.
r e`/olh.
(d) ·Iuåhtes rmvgcuilghms pgr olhutg beimh ces rumès7
5olc 5
r  40 puck 40 pu ck  >99>6 puck  4>06 olcc
v
v  r w w
r
=6olcc
v
b
=6olcc
e) w b
5olcc
4>06
w  594666re` / b
w  594666 re`  5b
b >6o
w  4466re` / olh

d) w
t
  w  t
re`
4  TVO  4466 5 olh
olh
4466re`
TVO 
>.429520
TVO  9=6.4

=0


2=. ^mcgilè` `m uhe igrrlmhtm Vere om`lr ce vmcgilè` `m uhe igrrlmhtm, uhgs

ilmhtïnligs igcgieh uhe rumè `m pecmtes mh ce igrrlmhtm y gdsmrveh ce repl`mz e
ce qum klre ce rumè. Yl ce rumè tlmhm re`lg `m 6.46 o y klre e 566 rpo,
mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` `m ce igrrlmhtm mh o/s.
r  6.4o
566 TVO

w
t
4 566
w
5olh
w  466 re` / olh
w  >42.9re` / olh
v  r w
v  6.4o  >42.9re` / olh
v  54
54=.
=.>>
>>o / olh
olh
ighvlrtlmh`g
ighvlrtlmh`g e omtrgs pgr smkuh`g
v  54=.>>o / olh 5olh
54=.>> 5olh// >6s
v  4.6<o / s
2>. Tumè `m dlilicmte Mh ce nl kure sm lcustreh cgs reygs y ie`mhe `m uhe
dlilicmte. Ce rumè `mhteè `m cgs pmècms tlmhm uh re`lg `m 0 puck., ce rumè
`mhteè `m ce rumè tlmhm uh re`lg `m 4 puck. y ce rumè tlmhm uh re`lg `m 50
puckeès. Mc iliclste pmècme e 06 rpo.
(e) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` ehkucer `m ce rumè `mhteè `m ce rumè.
smkuh ce cmiture `mc mhuhile`g ms 50 puck y ce loekmh59 puck
06 TVO
v5  v4
4  06
w5 
olh
w5  26 re` / olh
w5  4=5.99re` / olh
re`
w4  4 pu ck  26  0 puck
olh
w4 5>6 re` / olh
w4  =64.>=re` / olh

==


(d) Mhiumhtrm ce vmcgilè` `m ce dlilicmte. (Yupghke qum ce rumè klre ec olsog

pesg qum su rumè `mhteè.)
ol
olso
soe
e " w " qu
qumm ce rum`
rumè
e `m
`mht
hte`
eè
e, pg
pgrr mjms
mjms ol
olso
sog
g im
imht
htrg
rg
v  r w
v  50 puck  =64>=re` / olh
v  ;69;.< puck / olh

2;. Peze iùhlie ]he teze iùhlie sm beim `m uh pepmc ilriucer igh re`lg `m >
io ec igrter uh smitgr y uhlr cgs dgr`ms, igog sm oumstre mh ce nl kure
slkulmhtm. Yupghke qum u =p/9.
(e) Mhiumhtrm ce ilriuhnmrmhile I `m ce edmrture `m ce teze.
(d) Mhiumhtrm mc re`lg r `m ce edmrture `m ce teze. 9Yukmrmhile: ]sm I 4pr.0

(i) Mh
(i) Mhiu
iumh
mhtr
trm
m ce ec
ectu
ture
re b `m ce te
teze
ze.. 9Y
9Yuk
ukmr
mrmh
mhil
ile:
e: ]s
]sm
m mc Pm
Pmgr
grmo
moe
e `m
Vltåkgres.0
(`) Mhiumhtrm mc vgcuomh `m ce teze
=>


PTLÅHK]CGY TMIPÅHK]CGY
02. Erig mhtreè.. ]h evlùh mstå vgceh`g e ce vlste `mc erig `m mhtreè
Erig `m mhtreè
(Ketmwey Erib) `m Yt. Cguls, Olssgurl, e uhe mcmveilùh `m 9= 666 plm. Ec plcgtg
cm kusterïe mstloer su `lstehile `ms`m Ketmwey Erib1 mhiumhtre qum mc åhkucg
`m `mprmslùh uh puhtg mh mc sumcg edejg `mc erig ms `m 44¶.
e) ·Iuåc ms ce `lstehile mhtrm mc evlùh y mc erig7
d) ·Iuåc ms ce `lstehile mhtrm uh puhtg mh mc sumcg `lrmiteomhtm dejg mc evlùh y
mc erig7
YGC]ILGH:
44¶
9=666 `
44
x
9=666
smh44 
e) `
9=666
` 
smh44
`  <9095.9= plms
9=666
teh k 44 
d) x
9=666
x 
teh k 44
x  2>>42.60 plms
=;


0<. @msvleilùh `m uh reyg cåsmr. ]h reyg cesmr be `m `lrlklrsm beile mc imhtrg

`m ce cuhe, pmrg mc reyg sm `msvïe 6.=¶ `m su treymitgrle prgpumste.
e) ·Iuåhtg sm be `msvle`g mc reyg `m su treymitgrle prgpumste iueh`g ccmke e
ce cuhe7 (ce `lstehile `m ce tlmrre e ce cuhe ms `m 406,666 olcces.)
d) Mc re`lg `m ce cuhe ms eprgxloeèomhtm `m 5666 olcces. ·Mc reyg lhil`lrå mh
ce cuhe7
YGC]ILGH:
6,=¶
6, x
406,666olcces
406,666olcces
teh )
teh k (6.=
(6.=) x
e) 406666
teh k (6.=
teh (6.=)) * 40
406666  x
6666
46<0.0=olcc  x
d) mhtghims sl mc re`lg ms 5666 olcces mhtghims mc reyg hg lhil`m mh ce cuhe ye

qum ms oeygr ec re`lg, pgr cg iuec hg tgie ce cuhe
=6. @l
=6. @lst
steh
ehil
ilee ec oe
oer.
r. @ms`m cg ectg `m uh nerg `m 466 plms, mc åhkucg `m
`mprmslùh e uh derig mh mc giìehg ms `m 49¶. ·E qum `lstehile mstå mc derig
`ms`m ce desm ec nerg7
YGC]ILGH:
49¶
466 plms
49
x
466
tk 49 
x
=2


466
x 
tk 49
x  0;5.5; plms
=5. Msiecmre lhiclheè

lhiclheè.. ]he msiecmre `m 46 plms mste lhiclheè ightre uh
m`lnlilg, `m og`g qum mc Ehkucg mhtrm mc sumcg y ce msiecmre ms `m ;4¶. ·E qum
ecture ccmke ce msiecmre ec m`lnlilg7
YGC]ILGH:
x 44 plms
44 plms
;4
x

smh(;4)
46
smh;4 *46  x
plms  x
5<.64 plms
5<.64
=4. Ecture `m uhe tgrrm. ]h iedcm `m >66 plms pere sujmilùh mste uhl`g e cg
ectg `m uhe tgrrm `m igouhlieilghms. Yl mc iedcm ngroe uh åhkucg `m >=¶ igh mc
sumcg, ·Iuåc ms ce ecture `m ce tgrrm `m tmcmigouhlieilghms7
YGC]ILÙH:
x >66 plms
>=¶
x

smh>=
>66
smh(>=)*>66  x
=09.;2 plms  x
=<


=9. Mcmveilùh `m uhe igomte. ]h bgodrm qum mste mh ce pceye beim vgcer uhe
igomte. Ygstlmhm mc mxtrmog `m ce iumrè `m ce igomte ec hlvmc `mc sumcg y
mstloe qum mc åhkucg `m mcmveilùh `m ce igomte ms `m =6¶. Yl ce iumrè ms `m
0=6 plms `m cerkg, ·e quì ecture mste ce igomte sgdrm mc sumcg7
YGC]ILGH:
0=6 plms
b
=6¶
 b
smh=6
0=6
smh(=6)*0=6  b
plms  b
900.;4 plms
900.;4
=0. @mtmrolheilùh `m uhe `lstehile. ]he oujmr qum mstå `m plm mh uhe igclhe
gdsmrve uhe estedeh`mre qum mcce sedm ms `m >6 plms `m ectg. Mc åhkucg `m
`mprmslùh e ce pertm lhnmrlgr `mc pgstm ms `m 50¶ y mc åhkucg `m mcmveilùh `m ce
pertm
pertm sup
supmrl
mrlgr
gr `mc pgstm ms `m 52¶52¶.. Mhi
Mhiumh
umhtrm
trm ce `ls
`lsteh
tehile
ile x `m
`m ce oujmr ec
pgstm.
YGC]ILGH:

>6-b
b
b
>6 >6  b
tk 52  x 
x tk 52
>6


b b
tk 50  x 
x tk 50
Lkueceogs:
>6  b b

tk52 tk5 0
tk 52
>6  b  b
tk 50
>6 tk 52
5 
b tk 50
>6
 5.9  5
b
>6
 4.9
b
>6  b
4.9
plms  b
4>.6< plms
4>.6<
Vgr cg tehtg:
b
x 
tk 50
4>.6<
x 
tk 50
x  560.>0 plms
>5


tgrrm.. ]he tgrrm `m ekue mstå sltueè e 94= plms `m uh

==. Ecture `m uhe tgrrm
m`lnlilg. @ms`m uhe vmhtehe `mc m`lnlilg, uh gdsmrve`gr vm qum mc åhkucg `m
mcmveilùh e ce pertm supmrlgr `m ce tgrrm ms 9<¶ y qum mc åhkucg `m `mprmslùh `m
ce pertm lhnmrlgr `m ce tgrrm ms 4=¶. ·Iuåc ms ce ecture `m ce tgrrm7 ·Iuåc ms ce
ecture `m ce vmhtehe7
YGC]ILGH:
b-x
b
x
bx
tk 9< 
94= x  b  94=(tk 9<
94= 9<))
x

tk (4=)
94= tk (4=)*94=  x
Lkueceogs:
b  94=(tk 9<
9<)  tk (4=
(4 =)*94
)*94=
b  050.;9 plms
>4


=>. @mtmrolher uhe `lstehile . ]h evlùh mste vgceh`g e uhe mcmveilùh `m =5=6
plms, `lrmiteomhtm sgdrm uhe ierrmtmre rmite. @gs eutgogvlclstes veh mh su
eutg mh ce ierrmt
ierrmtmre
mre mh ce`g
ce`gss gpumstgs `mc evlùh1 mc åhku
åhkucg
cg `m `mpr
`mprmslùh
mslùh e uh
eutg ms 9=¶ y ec gtrg ms `m =4¶. ·E qum `lstehile mståh mhtrm sl cgs `gs eutgs7
=5=6
9=¶ x-y y =4¶
R
R?7
=5=6
tk 9= 
l) x  y
=5=6
tk =4 
ll) y
`mspmjeogs –y‟ m
m lkueceogs:
=5=6 =5=6
x  
tk 9= tk = 4
=5=6 =5=6
x  
tk 9= tk = 4
x  559;2.=2 plms
>9


=;. @mtmrolher uhe `lstehile. Yl `gs eutgs `mc mjmrililg => mståh mh uh ce`g
`mc evlùh y sl mc åhkucg `m `mprmslùh e uhg `m cgs eutgs ms 92¶ y ec gtrg ms =4¶,
·e quì `lstehile mståh mhtrm sl cgs `gs eutgs7
YGC]ILGH:
92¶ =4¶
=5=6
=4 92
y x
=5=6 =5=6
tk =4  tk 92 
y x  y
@mspmjer –y‟ m lkuecer:
=5=6 =5=6
  x
tk =4 tk 9 2
=5=6 =5=6
 
x tk 92 tk = 4
x  4=>2.62 plms
>0


=2. Ecture `m uh kcgdg . ]h kcgdg `m elrm ieclmhtm mste ncgteh`g sgdrm uhe
ierrmtmre rmite. Vere mstloer ce ecture e ce qum sm mhiumhtreh cgs trlpucehtms `mc
kcg
cgd
dg, mststgs
gs slslou
ouctctåh
åhm
meo
eom mht
htm
m ol`l`mh
mh mc åhku kucg
cg `m `m
`mp
prm
rmsl
slù
ùh e `gs
smõec
smõeceol
eolmht
mhtgs
gs ig
ighsm
hsmiutiutlvg
lvgss `m alc
alcgom
gomtre
trejm
jm slt
sltue`
ue`gs
gs mh ce ier
ierrmt
rmtmre
mre,, mh mc
olsog ce`g `mc kcgdg. Ym mhiumhtre qum cgs åhkucgs `m `mprmslùh sgh 46¶ y
44¶. ·E qum ecture mstå mc kcgdg7
YGC]ILGH:
46¶ 44¶
b
44 46
y 5666 o
b
tk 44 
y ……(l)
b
tk 46 
y  5666 …………(ll)
@mspmjeogs –y‟ m lkueceogs:

b b
tk 44  tk 4 6 
5666
tk 44
bb  5666* tk 44
tk 46
b  b *5.55  060.
*5.55 060.69
69
060.69  5.55
060.69 5.55b  b
ob
9>;9o
9>;9
>=


=<. Ecture `m uhe oghteõe

oghteõe.. Vere mstloer ce ecture `m uhe oghteõe sgdrm uhe
omsmte, mc åhkucg `m mcmveilùh e cg ectg `m ce oghteõe sm ol`m y ms 94¶. E
5666 plms oes imrie `m ce oghteõe e cg cerkg `m ce omsmte, sm mhiumhtre qum
mc åhkucg `m mcmveilùh ms `m 9=¶. Mstlom ce ecture `m ce oghteõe.
YGC]ILGH:
b

5666 x
b b
tk (9=)  tk (94) 
x ……………(l) x  5666 ………….(ll)
@mspmjeogs x m lkueceogs:
b b
  5666
tk 9= 4)
tk (9
tk 9=
b  b*  5666 * tk 9=
tk 94
;66.4  5.54b  5b
plms  b
=29=.62 plms
=29=.62
>>


>6. Ecture `m uhe iepe `m hudms . Vere om`lr ce ecture `m uhe iepe `m hudms
mh uh emrgpumrtg, uh tredeje`gr mhilmh`m uh rmncmitgr beile errlde, e uh åhkucg
`m ;=¶ `m ce bgrlzghtec. ]h gdsmrve`gr e >66 o `m `lstehile ol`m mc åhkucg `m
mcmveilùh `mc rmncmitgr y vm qum ms `m 0=¶. Mhiumhtrm ce ecture b `m ce iepe `m
hudms.
b >66-b
b
tk (;=) 
>66  b
tk ;= * >6
>66  tk ;= * b  b
tk ;= * >6
>66  5b  9.;9b
449<
449<.49  0.;9
.49 0.;9b
0;9.05o  b
0;9.05o
sgc. Iueh`g ce cuhe mste mxeiteomhtm mh iuertg irmilmhtm, ce

>5. @lstehile ec sgc.
Plmrre, ce cuhe y mc sgc ngroeh uh åhkucg rmitg. Mh msm ogomhtg mc åhkucg
ngroe`g
ce tlmrre epgr mc Ygc,
ce cuhe ms ce
`mPlmrre y ceolcce,
406,666 Cuhe mstlom
sm ol`mcey`lstehile
ms `m 2<.2=¶. sl ce `lstehile
`m ce tlmrre ec sgc. `m
YGC]ILGH:

R 406 666 olcces
2<.2=¶
406666
igs2<.2= 
x
>;


406666
x 
igs2<.2=
x  <5>;99=5.<0olcces
>2

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]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

NEI]CPE@ @M ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY \ E@OLHLYPTEPL^EY

MYI]MCE VTGNMYLGHEC @M ILMHILEY IGHPEDCMY

VGTPENGCLG OEPMOEPLIE DEYLIE L

M@[LH IGCU]M CLOEIBL

@r. TGKMT IIEOE ECMJG

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

d) Mhiumhtrm ce `lstehile e plm y ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite mhtrm ce msqulhe `m

Ce `lstehile mh cïhme rmite ms 4=

550. Vuhtg om`lg @gs eolkgs vlvmh mh ce ilu`e` `msirlte mh mc Mjmrililg 559,

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

e) ·Mh iuåc iruimrg mstå udlie`e ce ienmtmrïe7

55=. Ùrdlte `m uh setìcltm ]h setìcltm mstå mh ùrdlte ecrm`m`gr `m ce Cuhe. Ym

Ce `lstehile `m (-5.99, 4) beile mc imhtrg (6,6)

Ce `lstehile `m (;.99, 4) beile mc imhtrg (6,6) ms

Uum ce nuhilùh mste mh desm ec Te`lg

Ce Cmy `m Pgrrlimccl `e mc vgcuomh `m ekue rmstehtm mh mc tehqum `mspuìs `m t

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

e) Mhiumhtrm ^(6) y ^(46).

;4. ·E quì `lstehile pum`m ustm` vmr7 @mdl`g e ce iurveture `m ce Plmrre, ce

`lstehile pum`m vmr mc plcgtg7

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

e) Mhiumhtrm v(6, 5) y v(6, 0). ^ (6.5))  5>

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

;0. Peoeõg `m ce puplce Iueh`g euomhte ce drlccehtmz x `m uhe numhtm `m cuz,

e) Mhiumhtrm T(5), T(56) y T(566).

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

;=. Tmcetlvl`e` Ymkúh ce Pmgrïe `m ce Tmcetlvl`e`, ce cghkltu` C `m uh iumrpg

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

;>. Lopumstg sgdrm ce rmhte Mh ilmrtg peïs, mc lopumstg sgdrm ce rmhte P sm

5>66  6.5= x sl 46666  x 

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

e) Igopcmtm ces mxprmslghms `m ce slkulmhtm nuhilùh `mnlhl`e.

d) Mhiumhtrm P(4), P(9) y P(=).

P (=)  5=6  =6(=  4)

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

YMOEHE 9 MJMTILILGY VETE MRVGYLILGH

e ? ehibg (mh Vucke`es)

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

0. ^gcuomh ]he ieje rmitehkucer tlmhm desm iue`re`e. Yu ecture ms ce olte`

Pmhmogs qum, ce nùrouce `m vgcuomh ms: ^  C  d  b

=. ^gcuomh Ce ecture `m uh ilclh`rg ms iuetrg vmims su re`lg. Mhiumhtrm uhe

Pmhmogs qum, ce nùrouce `m vgcuomh `m uh ilclh`rg ms:

Årme ]h rmitåhkucg tlmhm uh pmrïomtrg `m 46 plms. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

;. Vmrïomtrg ]h rmitåhkucg tlmhm uh årme `m 5> o 4. Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum

2. Årme: Mhiumhtrm uhe nuhilùh qum og`mcm mc årme E `m uh trlåhkucg

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

E( s )  >  ^ 4/9 

Ygcg `mspmjer –r‟

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

54. Cghkltu`: ]he oujmr `m = plms `m msteture mstå `m plm imrie `m uh nergc

@lstehile: @gs derigs secmh `m pumrtg ec olsog tlmopg. ]hg hevmke ec sur

]HL^MTYL@E@ HEILGHEC @MC ECPLVCEHG

Mhtghims ce `lstehile @ mhtrm cgs derigs mh tìrolhgs `mc tlmopg t ms: