COMMON ILLNESSES OR DISEASES

OSTEOPOROSIS
 Features loss of the normal density of the bone.
 Bone become porous (inside)
TEST & DIAGNOSIS
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS: (to figure out if you MEDICATION
SYMPTOMS have osteoporosis)
1. PRIMARY 1. Age
OSTEOPOROSI 1. Swelling 2. Caffeine & 1. X - ray 1. Calcitonin – most
S – most 2. Joint Cigarettes (1pack 2. Bone Density Test common drug given
common type Pain every day – 5 – 3. DEXA – dual energy 2. Reloxafine
A. Post – 3. Kyphosis 10% every year) x – ray 3. HRT (Hormone
Menopausal (Hunchb 3. Anti – seizures & absorptiometry Replacement
Osteoporosis ack) steroids Theraphy) – estrogen
 cessatio 4. Disfigure (glucocorticoids, (accurate test for 4. Alendronate
n of ment prednisone) osteoporosis with
menstru 4. Asian Women less radiation, fast
al cycle (female) procedure)
HORMONES: 5. Exercise not - decrease – 0 – 25 % -
Progesterone – enough osteopenia
helps in 6. Family History increase – 25% -
nutrients in the (Diet) osteoporosis
uterus
Estrogen – B. Age 2. Secondary Type of
responsible for Associated / BONE CELLS Osteoporosis
giving sex Senile Osteoblast Cells – - cause by Most Common
hormones Osteoporosis bone building cells another disorder or Pharmacological
- Responsible for - occurs in both Osteoclast Cells – disease cause of
maintaining men & women 65 bone destructing Ex: A. Oophorectomy osteoporosis:
bone density in and above cells (removal of ovary) 1. Glucocorticoids
women, - Bone Peak Mass B. Gonads - steroids
secondary sex (BPM) time (0 – - As you age more C. Hyperthyroidism
characteristic 25 years old) osteoclast cells
- Decrease bone than osteoblast
estrogen, accumulates which leads to
Increase bone mass to be osteoporosis.
loss – strong
osteoporosis - 0 – 25 years
- 45 – 50 old – 35 (stable)–
60 (first ten 36 loss .3 to .5%
years) 25 – 30% every year of
- 2 - 4% bone bone mass
loss every year

CFS – Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

 Extreme fatigue or tiredness

 Symptom complex of marked & prolong fatigue for which no identifiable cause can be
found.

 A.k.a “YUPPIE FLU” young professional flu (20 – 40 years old)

 TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS CAREGIVER’S
APPROACH

1. Post – 1. Fatigue lasting 1. Sex - Female 1. Depression 1. A healthy

Exertional for 6 months diet.
2. Age / Gender 2. Absenteeism
Fatigue increase & 50%
2. Anti –
reduction of ADL 3. Lifestyle 3. Lack of Activity
2. Wired depressant
Fatigue 2. Memory loss 4. Genetics 4. Lifestyle drugs
Restriction
3. Brain Frog 3. Muscle 5. Stress 3. Medication
Fatigue (myalgia)& joint 5. Side Effects
6. Psychological 4. Sleep
pain (arthralgia)
4. Flu – Like Factors 6. Missing Work management
Fatigue 4. Headache that is techniques
different from what 7. Social Isolation
5. Energy 5. Avoid
you had before.
Fatigue 8. Panic Attacks stressful
5. Not feeling situation.
refreshed after
sleeping.

6. Tender lymph
nodes (painful)

7. Low grade fever

8. Sleep
disturbance

9. Sore throat

10. Depression

11. Extreme
exhaustion lasting
more than 24 hours
after physical or
mental exercise.

ARTHRITIS
 Inflammation of the joints, pain, swelling & stiffness.
OSTEOARTHRITIS
 Breakdown on the joint cartilage (cushion from bone - bone).
 Degenerative joint disease. (wear & tear theory)
MEDICATIONS / CAREGIVER’S
TYPES OF ARTHRITIS SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS TREATMENT APPROACH
1. Osteoarthritis 1. Crackling noise - 1. Age (women) 1. Acetaminophen 1. Use moist heat 2x
2. Rheumatoid crepitus 2. Sex / Gender (tylenol) a day
3. Gouty 2. Loss of mobility – 3. Previous Injury 2. Muscle 2. Exercise joints
morning stiffness 4. Weight / Obesity strengthening 3. Maintain diet
Affected Areas: 3. Muscle spasm 5. Occupational Hazard exercise 4. Promote mobility
1. Fingers 4. Swelling of tissue 6. Physical Stress 3. Diet & independence
2. Hips 5. Pain 7. Bone deformities 4. Therapeutic 5. Taking right
3. Spine 6. Tenderness 8. Joint Injuries Massage medication
4. Elbow 7. Bone Spurs 9. Other Diseases 5. Oral Steroid 6. Avoid fatty
5. Knees 8. Loss of flexibility 6. Cream & Lotion process food
6. Ankle (CAPSAICIN) 7. Use support
7. Heat & paraffin wax device (cane,
PROSTAGLANDIN – Pain 8. ORTHOSES – walker)
PROSTHESIS – knee Assistive Device 8. Encourage
replacement exercise
HERBERDEN’S NODE – moderately.
distal 9. Eat fruits and
BOUCHARD’S NODE – vegetables rich in
center (proximal) vitamin C, D & E
Diagnosis Treatment
KINDS OF 1. DEXA 1. Calcium
OSTEOARTHRITIS 2. UTZ 2. Estrogen Complications
1. Primary 3. SPINE CT 3. Calcitonin 1. Joint Deformities
Osteoarthritis – related 4. Quantitative 4. Biphosphanates 2. Disability
to aging 5. Spine of Hip X - 5. Sodium Fluoride
2. Secondary Ray 6. Vitamin D
Osteoarthritis – cause 6. Measurement of 7. Testosterone
by another disease or Cream 8. Anabolic Steroids
condition.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
 Hand, feet & knee. (debilitating)
 Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
 Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints, & surrounding.
 Tissue but can also affect other organ system
 Swan neck deformities – hand deformity ulnar drift.
MEDICATIONS / CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS TREATMENT APPROACH
A. Auto – Immune 1. Swelling 1. Age (20 – 40) 1. NSAID (Non 1. Rest
- self 2. Fever 2. Family History Steroidal Anti - 2. Exercise
destructing 3. Weight Loss 3. Sex / Gender inflammatory Drugs) 3. Protect your joint
cells 4. Tenderness (Female) 2. Planax 4. Healthy Diet
B. Infection in the 5. Inflammation 4. Smoking 3. Ibufropen 5. Climate
environment - 6. Morning Stiffness 4. Steroids 6. Stress Reduction
genetics 7. Fatigue 5. Surgery 7. Assist in taking
8. Swollen Complication: 6. Occupational prescribed
Cause: (commonly seen) 1. Anemia Therapy medicines
 UNKNOWN 9. Symmetrical 2. Rheumatoid
Pattern of 3. Heart Complication
Inflammation 4. Lung Movement
5. Eye Complication
 GOUTY ARTHRITIS
 Deposits of needle like crystals of joints, kidney & skin. (TOPHI) (urate crystals)
 attack of a metabolic disease marked by uric acid deposits in the joints
 PURINE – uric acids, single joints, most painful (40 – 50)
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS MEDICATIONS APPROACH
1. Begins suddenly 1. Obesity / 1. NSAIDs (Non – 1. Assist in taking
1. Primary Gouty 2. Swelling on the Overweight Steroidal Anti – medications
Arthritis – genetic affected joint 2. Heredity Inflammatory Drugs) 2. Assist during
reasons 3. Heat 3. Kidney problems 2. Colchicine exercise
4. Big toe, heels, 4. Increase intake of 3. Corticosteroids 3. Choose a diet low
2. Secondary Gouty knees, wrist, fingers, food rich in purines (prednisone) – strong in fats, saturated fat
Arthritis – due to hips, elbow, hand, & 5. Drinking too much anti – inflammatory & cholesterol
some other disease foot pain alcohol. hormones 4. Requires 8 hours of
5. Fatigue 4. Ibuprofen (Advil) bed rest at night & at
3. Acute Gouty 6. High fever 5. Indomethacin least an hour nap in a
Arthritis – attack of 7. Stiffness of joint (Indocin) day.
metabolic disease 8. Skin lump which 6. Andnaproxen (Aleve) 5. Always remind the
marked by uric acid may drain chalky 7. Ascelecoxib client to avoid placing
deposits in the joints. material. (Celebrex) pillow under his / her
9. Redness knees to prevent
4. Chronic Gouty 10. Discoloration knee and ankle
Arthritis – prolong or 11. Numbness or contractures.
repeated episodes. tingling (pain &
needles)
Diagnosis
1. Synovial fluid
Complications analysis shows uric
1. Kidney Stones acid crystals.
2. Cardiac Effects 2. Uric acid (blood
3. Chronic pain & test) may be elevated
disability 3. Joint X – rays may
4. Scleritis – be normal
inflammation of sclera 4. Uric acid – urine
5. Side effects of test
medications 5. Synovial biopsy
6. Joint deformities 6. Blood differential

DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)

 Diabetes (to siphon), mellitus (as sweet as honey or urine)
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
SYMPTOMS
1. Type 1 – Insulin Type 1 1. Family History 1. Acute - quickly 1. Increase fluid
Dependent 1. Frequent 2. High blood 2. Chronic – intake
Diabetes Mellitus Urination pressure & high prolong or long 2. Avoid alcohol
(IDDM) (10%) – 2. Increase thirst cholesterol term & cigarettes
body stops 3. Unusual 3. Age – 40 & complications. 3. Exercise
producing insulin hunger above 4. Balanced Diet
or produce too 4. Weight loss – 4. Obesity 5. Consume
little insulin sudden / 5. Sedentary HYPOGLYCEMIA – food in regular
 formerly unexplained Lifestyle (lack of (decrease sugar, intervals
known as 5. Irritability exercise, no increase insulin) 6. Eliminate
JUVENILE 6. Weakness & activity at all) insulin shock, very concentrated
DIABETES fatigue 6. Given birth to a low sugar level sweets &
 It is a form 7. Nausea & baby weights 4kg 1. Sweating moderate
of Vomiting or 9lbs & above 2. Trembling carbohydrates &
diabetes 7. Gestational 3. Hunger fats.
mellitus Type 2 diabetes (diabetes 4. Blurred Vision
that 1. Excess Weight during pregnancy) 5. Anger
results 2. Drowsiness 8. Abnormal blood Causes
from 3. Blurred Vision fat levels HYPERGLYCEMIA 1. Heredity or
auto – 4. Itching 9. Impaired – (increase sugar, genetic factors
immune 5. Tingling & glucose tolerance decrease insulin) 2. Age
destructio numbness in 10. Increase risk diabetic 3. Overweight
n of hands & feet ethnic group ketoacidosis, type 4. Stress –
insulin 6. Skin Infection 1, fruity smell on physical or
producing 7. Slow healing HYPERGLYCEMIA the breath, emotional
beta cells of wound – increase glucose diabetic coma 5. Pregnancy
of the especially on in the blood 1. Abdominal pain
pancreas. feet KETOACIDOSIS – while urinating
The increase sugar in 2. Vomiting Treatment:
subsequen The 3 POLY’s of the blood 3. Loss of appetite 1. Monitoring
t lack of DM (ketones – fat 4. Dry skin & Blood Sugar
insulin 1. Polyuria – stored in the body) mouth 2. Exercise &
leads to excessive in 5. Increase heart Healthy Weight
increased urinating rate 3. Diet
blood & 2. Polydipsia – 6. Shortness of 4. Stress
urine excessive thirst INSULIN – is a breath Reduction
glucose 3. Polyphagia – hormones 7. Weakness & 5. Insulin & Oral
excessive eating secreted by the confusion Medications
2. Type 2 – Non – islets of Langerhan 6. FBS
Insulin Dependent in the pancreas Chronic 7. Oral Glucose
Diabetes Mellitus that regulate the Complications: Tolerance Test
(NIDDM) or Adult uses & storage of 1. Cardio – (DGTT)
onset diabetes  High sugar. vascular disease 8. RBS
(90%) – acquired concentration 2. Diabetic 9. Urine Glucose
enough amount of of sugar Retinopathy Test
insulin due to inhibits 3. Skin / Foot
unknown reason functions of Problems *Metformin
body can’t absorb white blood 4. Chronic Kidney (biguanides)
it. cell which (RENAL) Failure (glucophage) –
 It is a metabolic fight disease *nephrons – most prescribed
disorder that is & infection. functional filtering glucovance*
characterized by units of the
high blood kidney*
glucose in the 5. Impotence /
context of Erectile
insulin Dysfunction
resistance & 6. Gastroparesis –
relative insulin delayed gastric
deficiency. emptying.
 CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
 Condition in which plaques builds up inside the coronary arteries.
Abnormal condition that affects the arteries of the heart.
CAUSES RISK FACTORS TREATMENT RISK FACTOR
1. Arteriosclerosis - 1. Unhealthy 1. Lifestyle Changes Non – Modifiable
hardening blood cholesterol 2. Medicines 1. Age higher than 40
levels 3. Medical Procedure years old
2. Atherosclerosis – 2. Increase Blood (angioplasty) 2. Sex - Male
narrowing (plaque, Pressure 140/90 3. Hereditary
fat) mmHg 4. Race (Black
3. Smoking Americans)
- Increase LDL (low 4. Insulin
density lipoprotein) Resistance Modifiable
bad cholesterol (fats 5. Diabetes 1. Stress
from meat) 6. Overweight / 2. Smoking
- HDL (high density Obesity 3.Sedentary Lifestyle
lipoprotein) good 4. Obesity
cholesterol 5. Hypertension (<
120/80 mmHg)
6. Diet

HYPERTENSION
 Repeatedly elevated blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg increase
 A.k.a “SILENT KILLER”
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS MEDICATION APPROACH
1. Primary or 1. Age – Female 1. CAD, Heart 1. Thiazide 1. Monitor Vital
Essential (post-menopausal) Failure, Cardiac Diuretics Sign
Hypertension Male (45 – 50 years Arrhythmias 2. Beta Blockers 2. Stop Smoking
(95%) – old) 2. Stroke 3. Angiotensin – 3. Stop Alcohol
unknown 2. Race (Black 3. DM & Kidney Converting Intake
American) Disease Enzyme (ACE) 4. Decrease
2. Secondary 3. Family History 4. Eye Damage Inhibitors Sodium Intake
Hypertension 4. Obesity / 5. Aneurysm 4. Angiotensin II 5. Maintain
(15%) – cause by Overweight 6. Sexual Receptor Healthy Weight
another disease 5. Using Tobacco Dysfunction Blockers 6. Eat a
6. Too much salt 7. Dementia 5. Calcium balanced diet
(sodium) in diet 8. Metabolic Channel 7. Exercise
7. Too little Vitamin Syndrome Blockers Regularly
Causes: D 6. Renin
1. Genetic 8. Drinking too Inhibitors
History much alcohol Categories: 7. Alpha Test &
2. Age 9. Stress  Normal BP = < Blockers Diagnosis
3. Foods 10. Not Physically 120/80 mmHg 8. Alpha Beta 1. Normal Blood
4. Environment Active  Pre – Blockers Pressure
11. Too little hypertension = 9. Central – 2. Pre –
potassium in diet 120/(-39) 80 – 89 Acting Agents Hypertension
12. Insulin mmHg 10. Vasodilators 3. Stage 1
Dependent  Stage 1 Hypertension
13. Certain Chronic Hypertension = Alternative 4. Stage 2
conditions. 140/(-49) 90 – 99 Medicine Hypertension
14. Renin Elevation mmHg 1. Alpha –
 Stage 2 Linolenic Acid
Hypertension = (ALA)
160 up / 100 up 2. Blond
mmHg Psyllium
 3. Calcium
4. Cocoa
5. Cod – liver oil
6. Coenzyme
Q10
7. Omega – 3
fatty acids
8. Garlic

ANGINA PECTORIS / CHEST PAIN

 Pain or pressure in the anterior chest.
 Ischemia (insufficient blood supply to a certain part of heart muscle)
 Localized ischemia
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS COMPLICATION DIAGNOSIS & CAREGIVER’S
TREATMENT APPROACH
1. Stable Angina – 1. Pain in chest behind 1. Heart pump with less 1. Nitroglycerine 1. Stop Smoking
predictable period, sternum. force. (nitrate) sublingual 2. Rest
during exercise or 2. Pain radiating to 2. Poor circulation due nitroglycerin 3. Loss Weight
period of stress. neck, jaw, shoulders, to narrow arteries 2. Beta Blockers 4. Identify the
inner aspects of the resulting to increase 3. Calcium Channel symptoms of
2. Unstable Angina upper arms, left arms. peripheral resistance. Blockers angina.
(violent type) – Most common in left 3. Acute pulmonary 4. Aspirin 5. Promote physical
unexpected onset of side. edema 5. Rest (semi – rest & comfort
pain during period of 3. Feeling of weakness 4. Heart failure fowler’s position) 6. Avoid excessive
rest. in arms, wrist, hands & 5. Cardiogenic shock use of alcohol &
SOB 6. Dysrhythmias & cigarettes.
3. Variant Angina 4. Pain in the center of Cancer 7. Monitor
(prinzmetal) – the chest. 7. M.I. cholesterol level
nocturnal angina, 5. Difficulty of and observed
which occurs at rest breathing. balanced diet
with longer duration 6. Sweating and RISK FACTORS: 8. Learn to relax
and usually in the weakness. 1. Physical Exertion
cold mornings 7. Nausea & vomiting. 2. Exposure to cold
(12am – 8am) 3. Eating a heavy meal
4. Silent Ischemia 4. Stress
5. Intractable /
Refractory Angina
 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (M.I) HEART ATTACK
 Myo – means muscle, cardial means heart. (necrosis)
Death of a heart muscle from sudden blockage of a coronary by a blood clot.

TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS COMPLICATION & CAREGIVER’S

TEST APPROACH

1. Left – sided heart 1. Increase episodes 1. Increase Blood 1. Dysrhythmias 1. Avoid stressful
failure of chest pain Pressure 2. Cardiogenic Shock situation
2. Right – sided heart 2. Prolong pain in the 2. Increase Blood 3. Heart Failure 2. Avoid strenuous
failure upper abdomen Cholesterol Levels activity
3. Biventricular Failure 3. Shortness of 3. Cigarettes Smoking 1. ECG 3. Limit alcohol &
breath. 4. Decrease Physical 2. Coronary smoking
4. Intense sweating. Activity Angiogram 4. Avoid fatty foods &
5. Fainting 5. Obesity salty foods
6. Nausea & vomiting 6. Diabetes 5. Exercise
7. An impending 7. Stress 6. Rest (semi –
sense of doom 8. Alcohol fowler’s)
9. Family History 7. Avoid Valsalva
10. Male is at greater Maneuver
risk. 8. Monitor Vital Sign
11. Lifestyle

STROKE
 Cerebro – vascular accident (CVA) Brain Attack
 Developing loss brain function due to disturbance in the blood circulation in the brain either by occlusion of blood
vessel or complete ruptures of the blood vessel in the brain.
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS CAREGIVER’S
APPROACH

2 Major Types: 1. Hemiplegia – 1 1. Increasing Age 1. Difficulty in talking or 1. Maintaining their

1. Ischemic – sided paralysis (body) 2. Gender – equal for swallowing self – esteem
blockage of the blood 2. Slurring of speech men & women 2. Paralysis or loss of connections to other &
vessel 3. Dysphagia 3. Heredity (Family muscle movement enhancing their interest
4. Aphasia History) 3. Memory loss trouble in the world are
2. Hemorrhagic – 5. Sensory 4. Cigarette Smoking with understanding essential part of their
rupture of the blood Disturbances 5. Excessive Alcohol 4. Pain, Numbness recovery.
vessel 6. Shoulder Hand Intake 5. Changes in behavior 2. Use props &
A. Intracerebral Syndrome – pain in 6. Hypertension & self care communication aids.
Hemorrhage the side of the stroke. 7. High Blood 3. Encourage him / her
B. Subaracnoid 7. Numbness or Cholesterol to talk.
Hemorrhage weakness 8. Heart Disease Treatment & 4. Have a conversation
8. Confusion, trouble 9. Overweight & Medications: at least once a day.
Types of Stroke speaking / Obesity For an Ischemic Stroke: 5. Allow him / her to
 According to Etiology understanding 10. Diabetes A. Aspirin rest.
1. Thrombotic – clot 9. Trouble seeing. 11. Previous Stroke or B. Intravenous injection 6. Encourage them to
formation – 10. Trouble walking, Transient Ischemic of Tissue Plasminogen go out from the house.
thrombosis (blood dizziness, loss of Attack (TIA) Activator (TPA) 7. Encourage them to
clot) balance or C. Mechanical Clot join a support group.
2. Embolic – traveling coordination. Test & Diagnosis: Removal 8. Be sensitive for their
clot – embolism (clot 11. Severe headache. 1. Physical D. Carotid needs.
that travels) Examination Endarterectomy 9. Let them feel that he
3. TIA – transient Cerebral Cortex 2. Computerized E. Angioplasty & Stents / she is not alone
ischemic attack (Cerebrum) Tomography (CT having that kind of
4. Lacunar Involvement: Scan) condition.
5. Aneurysm 1. Aphasia – difficulty 3. Magnetic 10. Help them accept
with verbal Resonance Imaging that physical &
Broca’s – receptive expression, auditory (MRI) emotional recovery will
aphasia – can speak comprehension 4. Magnetic involve tough work &
normal but their reading and / or Resonance take time to do & let
language content is writing Broca’s or Angiography (MRA) the client feel that your
incorrect. Wernicke’s area there to help them to
Wernicke’s – typically involved aim a new normal life.
expressive aphasia – 2. Dysarthria
speech difficulty to 3. Apraxia
initiate 4. Memory Deficits
5. Disorganized
Thinking

CANCER
 Cell in a certain part of the body that have started to grow in and out of control & unregulated fashion. (grows
rapidly)
WARNING SIGNS OF CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS CANCER APPROACH
1. Leukemias and 1. Persistent Fatigue 1. Family History and C – Change in bowel 1. Encourage the client
Lymphomas – cancer 2. Unintentional Genetic Factors or bladder habits. to eat more fruits and
of the blood and Weight Loss 2. Age A – A sore that never vegetables.
blood forming tissues. 3. Fever 3. Environmental heal. 2. Provide emotional
4. Bowel Changes Factors – exposure to U – Unusual bleeding support.
2. Carcinoma – cancer 5. Chronic Cough radiation or discharge. 3. Let the patient
of epithelial cells, 4. Geography T – Thickening verbalize his feeling.
which are cells that 5. Diet I – Indigestion 4. Do not leave the
cover the surface of 6. Viral Infections O – Obvious change patient alone.
the body, produce 7. Inflammatory in warts or mole. 5. Assist client with his
hormones and make Disease N – Nagging cough medication.
up glands. It occurs A – Anemia 6. Provide hands – on
more often in older L – Loss of weight care during and after
people rather than in hospitalization
younger people 7. Communicating with
the hospital staff
3. Sarcoma – cancers 8. Gathering important
of mesodermal cells, information regarding
which are the cells patient’s health.
that form muscle and 9. Keeping family and
connective tissue. It friends up to date.
occurs more often in
younger than in older
people.
 BREAST CANCER
 Collection of fatty tissue that produce milk.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
1. Lobules – glands 1. Lump – which may 1. Those who began to 1. Destruction of the 1. Encourage the
which produce milk in or may not be painful. menstruate before 12 chest wall surrounding patient to have a
breast. 16 – 20 2. Changes in breast years old. the breast. positive outlook in life.
lobules (Lobular size or shape. 2. Those who 2. Assist her in giving
Carcinoma) 3. Redness & experience 2. Side effects of medications.
increased warmth in menopause after age radiation therapy & 3. Assess dressing for
2. Ducts – ducts the affected breast. 50. chemotherapy. bleeding or drainage.
supply milk to nipple 4. Inverted nipple. 3. Those who waited 4. Allow time for client
(85 – 90% ductal. Nipple turns inward. until age 30 to have Diagnosis, Treatment, to verbalize fears and
Tubes that connect 5. Dumpling of the children. Medication: anxiety (do not appear
the lobular to the skin. 4. Those who never Defection of Breast in a hurry).
nipple. (Ductal 6. Nipple discharge – gave birth (prolong Cancer 5. Encourage the family
Carcinoma) red – brown or red, use of estrogen). A. Breast Self and friends to be more
suggesting that it 5. Sex Examination supportive.
Carcinoma – Tissue contains blood or 6. Age B. Clinical Breast 6. Remind the client of
Sarcoma – Bone look like pus. 7. Family History Examination her regular check – ups
8. Hormone C. Mammography and follow – ups.
Carcinogen – Warning Signs: Replacement Therapy D. MRI 7. Caregiver should be
substance that B – Bleeding 9. Estrogen Exposure more focus and
triggers the cancer R – Retraction 10. Late or no 1. Chemotherapy concern on her general
cells. (inverted nipple) pregnancy 2. Radiation Therapy health.
E – Elevation 11. Lack of 3. Lumpectomy 8. Encourage your
Malignant – easily A – Asymmetry breastfeeding. 4. Modified Radical client to accept things
spread & go rapidly & S – Skin Attachment 12. Obesity Mastectomy and divert her attention
invade the organ. (orange peel) 13. Race in case depression
T – Thickening 14. Exposure to occurs.
Benign – non – radiation 9. Give a low fat diet or
cancerous. There’s a decrease fat intake
cancer cell but it is (20% of dietary
not active. calories).

LUNG CANCER
 Cancer in the lungs.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTOS TREATMENT APPROACH
1. Right Lung – 3 sections 1. Wheezing 1. Radon Gas 1. Radiation Therapy 1. Prepare patient
called Lobes – it is a little 2. Non – smoker’s cough 2. Lung Disease 2. Chemotherapy physically,
larger than the left lung. 3. Headache 3. Fever without 3. Lobectomy – part emotionally and
4. Loss of Appetite reason of lungs intellectually for
2. Left Lung – 2 Lobes 5. Coughing out of 4. Family History prescribed
sputum 5. Bronchitis & therapeutic program.
A. Non – Small Cell Lung Pneumonia 2. Elevate head of bed
Cancer (NSCLC) – most 6. Smoking & to promote gravity
common usually spreads second hand drainage and prevent
to different parts of the smoke fluid collection in
body more slowly than 7. Carcinogens upper body (from
small cell lung cancer. in the work superior vena cava
  Squamous Cell place. syndrome)
Carcinoma – 8. Pollution 3. Teach breathing
central part of retraining exercise to
the lungs. increase
 Adenocarcinom diaphragmatic
a – outer part of excursion with
the lung. resultant reduction in
 Large Cell work of breathing.
Carcinoma – 4. Give prescribed
anywhere in the treatment for
lung. productive cough
B. Small Cell Lung (expectorant,
Cancer – it form in the antimicrobial agent to
larger airways & is prevent thickened
strongly linked with secretion and
smoking. Rapid grow of subsequent dyspnea.)
cancer cell. 5. Administer oxygen
by way of nasal
cannula as prescribed.
6. Encourage energy
conservation through
decreasing activities.

PROSTATE CANCER
 Malignant tumor of the prostate gland.
 It is a second leading cause of cancer death & is the most common carcinoma in men over 65
years of age.
 Wall nut size.
CAREGIVER’S
SIGN & SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS TREATMENT TEST APPROACH
1. Difficult & painful 1. Family History 1. Watchful 1. Digital Rectal 1. Limit red meat,
urination. 2. Age waiting. Examination full – fat cheese
2. Frequent 3. Eating a diet 2. Surgery (Radical (DRE) and other fatty
urination & a feeling high in animal Prostectomy, 2. Prostate – animal foods.
that one has to fat & protein TURP Trans - Specific Antigen 2. Eat seafood
urinate even when Utheral Resection (PSA) especially fatty
the bladder is of the Prostate) 3. Prostate fish like salmon 3
empty. 3. Radiation Ultrasound or 4 times a
3. Incomplete Therapy (Trans – Rectal week.
emptying of the 4. Hormone Ultrasound) 3. Eat healthy
bladder which may Therapy 4. Prostate tomato, rich
lead to dribbling of 5. Chemotherapy Biopsy dishes at least
urine. twice a week.
4. Blood in the urine. Prostectomy – 4. Limit calcium
5. Hip & back pain. removal of the intake from food
6. Decreased force prostate and pills to 1,200
of urine. Stream. mg a day and
7. Awakening take a standard
frequently in the multivitamins
night to urinate. with 400
8. Bone pain. international Unit
9. Weight Loss of Vitamin D.
10. Anemia
11. Kidney Failure
12. Weakness or
paralysis caused by
compression of the
spinal cord.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE
 Shaking Palsy; Paralysis Agitans
 Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremor, poor muscular
coordination, poor balance & lack of control over movement.
 Discovered by Dr. James Parkinson in 1817.
 Degeneration of the nerve cells in the brain (Basal Ganglia - Dopamine)
 Dopamine (Substantia Nigra) – helps control movement of the muscle in the body.
(Neurotransmitter).
 Substantia Nigra – cells produce dopamine.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
SYMPTOMS
1. Idiopathic A. 1. Festinating 1. Age – young 1. Depression 1. Improve Mobility.
Parkinson’s Gait – increase adults rarely 2. Sleep Problems 2. Enhancing self
Disease – most in faster step experience 3. Difficulty care activities.
common type of (tend to catch Parkinson’s chewing and 3. Improving Bowel
parkinsonism. up the center of Disease. (60 swallowing Elimination.
gravity) years old) 75% 4. Urinary 4. Improve Nutrition.
2. Vascular 2. Shuffling problems 5. Enhancing
Parkinsonism – Gait – small 2. Heredity – 5. Pneumonia Swallowing.
atypical form of steps 4 – 6% 6. Constipation 6. Improving
parkinsonism. 3. Akinesia – 7. Sexual Communication.
Difficulty in absence of 3. Sex – men Dysfunction 7. Supporting Coping
speaking, making movement are more likely Activities.
facial (freeze up act) to develop Treatment &
expressions or 4. Parkinson’s Diagnosis: Treatments:
swallowing. Micrographia – Disease than 1. Medical History 1. Physical Therapy
small writing women. 2. Neurological 2. Surgery
3. Drug – 5. Pill Rolling – Exam
Induced first earliest sign 4. Exposure to 3. Hoehn and Yahr Alternative
Parkinsonism – of Parkinson toxins – Scale Treatment:
neuroleptic (50 – 70 years ongoing 4. Unified 1. Massage
drugs, used to old) exposure to Parkinson’s Disease 2. Tai chi
treat herbicides and Rating Scale 3. Yoga
schizophrenia B. 1. Involuntary pesticides puts 5. MRI
and other movements you at slightly 6. CT Scan Other Symptoms:
psychotic (such as increased risk 1. Anxiety, stress &
disorders block blinking) slow or of Parkinson’s Treatment & tension
dopamine. stop Drugs: 2. Confusion
2. Constipation 1. Levodopa – most 3. Dementia
4. Dementia 3. Difficulty CARDINAL effective in 4. Depression
with Lewy swallowing SIGNS: Parkinson’s drug. 5. Fainting
Bodies – 4. Drooling 1. Rigidity – Side effects are 6. Hallucinations
problem’s with 5. Impaired resistance to nausea,
memory & balance and passive involuntary NEUROTRANSMITER
concentration, walking movement. movements & 1. Acetylcholine –
attention, 6. Lack of A. tremors. excitation increase
language and the expression in Cogwheel – 2. Dopamine –
ability to carry the face (mask – jerky 2. Carbidopa (to inhibition decrease
out simple like appearance) movement. counter act side
actions. masked face B. Lead effects) + Levodopa
7. Muscle aches Pipe – constant = to add dopamine.
5. Inherited and pains movement
Parkinson’s – 8. Movement 3. Sinemet
genetic cause problems 2. 4. Dopamine
but only 9. Rigid or stiff Bradykinesia – Agonists
estimated of 5% muscles, often slowness in 5. MAO B Inhibitors
people beginning in the movement. (monoamine
legs oxidase inhibitor -
6. Juvenile 10. Shaking, 3. Postural deprenyl)
Parkinson’s - tremors Instability – ape 6. Anticholinergics
condition affects 11. Slowed, like
people under the quieter speech
age of 20. and monotone 4. Resting
voice Tremors –
tremors upon
rest

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
 Discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906, A German neurologist.
 Cause is unknown.
 Most prevalent form of dementia characterized by memory loss, deficit in thought, processes
and behavioral changes.
 Is progressive, irreversible & degenerative neurological disease.
 Women have a longer life span than men.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
SYMPTOMS
1. Early Onset – A. Early / Stage 1. Age 1. Injury to self, relate to P – Provide basic
rare form of 1 2. Hereditary wandering. human needs &
Alzheimer’s. 1. Forget 3. Gender 2. Injury to others, safety.
People are names, (women) related to aggression L – Listen to
diagnosed with misplaces 4. Smoking 3. Medical problem what the person
the disease household 5. Alcohol 4. Complete dependence is not saying
before the age of items. 6. Obesity to others. (take non –
65. 2. Mild memory 7. Down verbal cues)
loss Syndrome Diagnostic & Treatment: E – Encourage
2. Late Onset or 3. Short 8. Low levels of 1. EEG – Electro periodic rest
Sporadic – most attention span formal Encephalography period & sleep
common form. 4. Poor education 2. CT Scan – Computed A – Assist in
Usually occur at judgment 9. Diabetes Tomography activities of daily
age 65 & above 5. No social or Mellitus (type 3. MRI – Magnetic living.
and it strikes employment 2) Resonance Imaging S – Sing & dance
almost half of all problems 10. Head 4. Taking a regent as necessary.
people over 85. 6. Decreased Trauma history of mental & E – Engage in
It is not performance 11. Cardio – behavioral symptoms. reminiscing
hereditary. especially when vascular 5. P.E. – Physical activities.
stress. Disease Examination C – Call person
3. Familial 7. Unable to 12. Exposure 6. Neuro Psychological by name &
Alzheimer’s - travel alone to to memory. Test always introduce
known entirely new yourself at the
as hereditary & it destination. Medical start.
runs up to 2nd 8. Decrease Treatment: Theory / Hall Marks of A – Actively
generation. knowledge of 1. Donepezil Alzheimer’s involve client
current event. 2.  Amyloid activities &
9. Subtle Rivastagmine Plaques – the simple decision
C. Late of Stage personality 3. Galantamine fragment making.
3 changes. 4. Memantin accumulate to R – Redirect
1. Disoriented in 10. Disoriented form hard inappropriate
time & place in time. insoluble behavior like
2. Totally 4 A’s: plaques anger.
dependent B. Middle / 1. Amnesia – (memory loss). E – Exaggerate
inactive in Stage 2 memory loss  Neurofibrillary facial expression
activities of daily 1. Severe 2. Agnosia – Tangles – & gesture in
living. impairment of Inability to insoluble communicating
3. Motor & all cognitive recognize twisted fibers face to face.
verbal skills loss. functions familiar objects found inside the
4. General & 2. Wandering. or persons. brain cells. Home Safety:
focal neurologic 3. Repeating 3. Aphasia – 1. Label
defect. questions or language medication &
5. Absent in statement dysfunction keep them
communication 4. Sun downing (receptive, locked up.
skills. 5. Loss ability to expressive & 2. Try to frame
6. Does not care for self global) questions &
recognize family 6. Speech & 4. Apraxia – instructions in a
member or self Language impaired positive way.
in mirror. 7. Experience ability to 3. Allow enough
7. Ineffective Hallucinations perform time for
family coping. 8. Possible purposeful response.
8. Memory depression, movements
problem is very agitated. (Intact Motor
serious. 9. Alzheimer’s Function)
9. Unable to find is more evident.
his / her way
around the
house.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

 “Great cripplers of the young adult.”
 Nervous system disease that affects your brain & spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath,
the material that surrounds & protects your nerve cells. This damage slows down or blocks
messages between your brain & your body leading to the symptoms of MS.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
SYMPTOMS
1. Relapsing – CHARCOT’S 1. Affects women 1. Urinary Tract 1. Assist /
Remitting MS – TRIAD / more than men. Infection (UTI) Promote
most common CARDINAL SIGN 2. Age (20 – 40 2. Pressure Sore emotional, social
S – Scanning years old) 3. Constipation & psychological
2. Secondary Speech 3. Loss the ability adjustment of
Progressive MS I – Intention to write, speak or client & family.
Tremor walk Test: 2. Prevent
3. Primary N – Nystagmus 1. MRI overexertion of
Progressive MS 1. Muscle Demyelination – 2. Spinal tap, or fatigue.
weakens & damage the lumbar puncture – 3. Maintain /
 4. Progressive spasticity myelin sheath. to examine the improve or
Relapsing MS (increase in The protecting spinal fluid for promote
muscle tone) covering that elevated levels of conditioning
Cause: unknown 2. Fatigue surrounds the certain immune – exercise /
1. Auto – immune 3. Intention cells. When system. breathing
2. Heredity tremors myelin destroyed, exercise / active
3. Cause by virus / 4. Dysmetria nerve messages range of motion
bacteria from the (inability to are sent slowly & exercise.
environment. direct / limit less efficiently. 4. Encourage
 First 15 movement) rest period
years of 5. Numbness or Myelin Sheath – between
your life tingling nerve cells are activities.
living in a sensations surrounded by an 5. Assist /
cold 6. Hypalgesia insulating sheath Administer
atmosphe (diminished made by a fatty medications as
re have sensitivity to substance called prescribed by
incidence pain) myelin. It helps to the physician.
of having 7. Tinnitus, transmit nerve 6. Maintain a
MS. vertigo impulse which is cool
8. Ataxia important for environment.
(decrease motor proper nerve 7. Dietary
coordination) conduction. management
9. Dysarthria well balanced
(slurred speech) diet & diet that
10. Diplopia contains fiber to
(double vision) prevent
11. Nystagmus constipation.
(involuntary eye 8. Encourage
movement) adequate fluid
12. Scotomas intake & regular
(changes in urination.
peripheral
vision)
13. Decrease
visual hearing
activity
14. Bowel &
bladder
dysfunction
15. Alterations in
sexual function,
such as
impotence.

COPD – CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

 Chronic (frequent long duration), Obstructive (Hinder), Pulmonary (Lungs)
 Refers to a large number of lung disease which can interfere with normal breathing.
 Chronic Obstruction Airway Disease.
ASTHMA
 From Greek word “Panting” this means Attack of Shortness of Breath.
 Condition in which the airway narrow because of hyperactivity of Tracheo – Bronchial Tree in the presence of
various stimuli which produce inflammation.
 Reactive Airway Disease.
CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & SYPMTOMS RISK FACTORS COMPLICATIONS APPROACH
1. Extrinsic (Allergic) Triggers: 1. Gender (Child: Male 1. Sleep Disorders Preventions:
Asthma – caused by 1. Dust mites increase) (Adult: Male = 2. Lifestyle 1. Avoid
immune systems 2. Animal Dander’s Female) Complications irritants &
response to inhaled 3. Cockroaches 2. Age (2 – 17 years old) 3. Corticosteroid Side allergens.
allergens. 4. Moulds 50% Effects 2. Avoid
- With family 5. Pollens 3. Family History 4. Pneumothorax occupational &
history. 6. Viral Infection 4. Atopy 5. Severe Coughing environmental
7. Certain Air Pollutant 5. Cigarette Smoking Effects causes
2. Intrinsic (Non - 8. Smoke 6. Obesity 6. Status Asthmaticus – 3. Encourage
Allergic) Asthma – 9. Exercise 7. Environmental Factors condition wherein an moderate
respiratory tract 10. Cold Air 8. Medications individual does not activities for
infection 11. Intense Emotions (acetaminophen) respond to any of the short periods
- caused by 12. Weather Changes 9. GERD usual asthma followed by
anything except allergy. 13. Chemical Fumes 10. Aspirin treatments. rest.
14. Certain Food
3. Mixed Asthma – Additives Diagnosis: Medications: During Attacks:
mixture of intrinsic & 1. Spirometry 1. Bronchodilators – 1. Advice client
extrinsic A. Difficulty in 2. Peak Flow Meter offer quick relief in to take a rest.
breathing 3. Bronchial Provocation relaxing muscles that 2. Comfortable
Cause: unknown B. Wheezing sound keep air from flowing position.
C. Hyperinflation of Devices: into the lungs. 3. Stream
Theories: chest 1. Salbutamol 2. Anti – inhalation /
1. Family History D. Cough 2. Inhalant inflammatory – help back tapping.
2. Environmental Factor E. Feeling of suffocation 3. Steroids prevent attacks by 4. Increase fluid
F. Obvious use of 4. Nebulizer making the airways less intake.
accessory respiratory reactive to triggers so 5. Comfortable
muscle they don’t swell. clothing.
G. Rapid Pulse 3. Leukotriene 6. Proper
H. Excessive Sweating Modifiers – works by ventilation.
preventing the
formation by
substances that lead
airways to become
inflamed, swollen &
tight.

EMPHYSEMA
 Is a long term progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath.
 Destruction of alveoli (more oxygen)
 A.k.a “PINK PUFFER”
COMPLICATIONS / CAREGIVER’S
TYPES SIGN & RISK FACTORS DIAGNOSIS APPROACH
SYMPTOMS
1. Congenital 1. Dyspnea 1. Smoking 1. Collapsed Lung 1. Steam
Lobar 2. Expanded 2. Age (40 – 60 (pneumothorax) Inhalation
Emphysema – Chest years old) Male 2. Heart Problems 2. Back Tapping
overexpansion of 3. Tachypnea 3. Exposure to 3. Large Holes In 3. Inhale & Exhale
pulmonary lobe. 4. Barrel Chest secondhand the Lungs (Giant Breathing Exercise
There is bronchial 5. Hypoxia smoke. Bullae)
narrowing 6. Wheezing 4. Occupational Treatment:
because of 7. Bluish of the exposure to A. Chest X- Ray  Stop
weakened or skin fumes or dust. B. Computerized Smoking
absent bronchial 8. Chronic 5. Exposure to Tomography (CT
cartilage. cough, anorexia, indoor & Scan) Medications:
weight loss outdoor C. Laboratory Test 1. Bronchodilators
2. Paraseptal 9. Excess mucus pollution. D. Lung Function 2. Corcosteroids –
Emphysema – production 6. Frequent use Test help suppress
inflammation of of cooking gas inflammatory
tissue damage to without proper component of
the distal airways ventilation. COPD.
& alveolar sacs 3. Oxygen – night
near the outer time use.
boundaries of the
lungs.

BRONCHITIS
 Inflammation of the bronchial tubes that result in excessive secretions of mucus into the
tubes.
 Obstruction of bronchi (no oxygen or absence of oxygen).
 A.k.a “BLUE BLOATERS”
TYPES CAUSE SIGN & RISK FACTORS MEDICATIONS
SYMPTOMS
1. Acute 1. Acute 1. Cough that 1. Smoking 1. Pulmonary
Bronchitis – last Bronchitis – worse in the 2. Airborne Function Test -
about 2 weeks & bacteria or mornings & in Pollutants spirometry
people recover viruses. damp weather. 3. Obesity 2. Peak Flow
with no 2. Chronic 2. Dyspnea 4. Cold Wet Monitoring (PFM)
permanent Bronchitis – no 3. Frequent Climate 3. Arterial Blood
damage to specific respiratory 5. Damp Housing Gas (ABG)
bronchial tree. organism. infections. 6. Frequent 4. Pulse Oximetry
4. Wheezing Respiratory 5. X - ray
2. Chronic A. Frequent & often occurs. Infections 6. CT Scan
Bronchitis – cough severe 5. Pallor or 7. Acid Reflux
with sputum respiratory cyanosis. (GERD)
production on infections.
most days for 3 B. Disability Other Symptoms: Prognosis of
months of a year C. Difficulty in 1. Heart Failure Chronic
or 6 months for 2 breathing. 2. Swelling of the Bronchitis:
consecutive years. D. Narrowing & feet 1. 3 consecutive
- Long term plugging of the 3. Abnormal Lung months for 2
inflammation. breathing tubes Signs years.
(bronchi) 4. Lips & skin may 2. 6 months for 1
appear blue. year
3. Irreversible