Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
AC Electric Machines
Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
Department of Engineering and Physics
University of Central Oklahoma
Edmond, OK, USA
ISBN 978-3-031-15138-5 ISBN 978-3-031-15139-2 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15139-2
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
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Preface
The course of AC electric machines is one of the fundamental courses of electric power
engineering major taught for junior students. The subjects include the operation of
transformers, induction machines, and synchronous machines.
Like the previously published textbooks, the textbook includes very detailed and multiple
methods of problem solutions. It can be used as a practicing textbook by students and as a
supplementary teaching source by instructors.
To help students study the textbook in the most efficient way, the exercises have been
categorized in nine different levels. In this regard, for each problem of the textbook, a difficulty
level (easy, normal, or hard) and a calculation amount (small, normal, or large) have been
assigned. Moreover, in each chapter, problems have been ordered from the easiest problem with
the smallest calculations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations. Therefore,
students are suggested to start studying the textbook from the easiest problems and continue
practicing until they reach the normal and then the hardest ones. On the other hand, this
classification can help instructors choose their desirable problems to conduct a quiz or a test.
Moreover, the classification of computation amount can help students manage their time during
future exams and instructors give the appropriate problems based on the exam duration.
Since the problems have very detailed solutions and some of them include multiple methods
of solution, the textbook can be useful for the under-prepared students. In addition, the textbook
is beneficial for knowledgeable students because it includes advanced exercises.
In the preparation of problem solutions, it has been tried to use typical methods to present the
textbook as an instructor-recommended one. In other words, the heuristic methods of problem
solution have never been used as the first method of problem solution. By considering this key
point, the textbook will be in the direction of instructors’ lectures, and the instructors will not
see any untaught problem solutions in their students’ answer sheets.
The Iranian University Entrance Exams for the master’s and PhD degrees of electrical
engineering major is the main reference of the textbook; however, all the problem solutions
have been provided by me. The Iranian University Entrance Exam is one of the most competi-
tive university entrance exams in the world that allows only 10% of the applicants to get into
prestigious and tuition-free Iranian universities.
Edmond, OK, USA Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
v
The Other Works Published by the Author
The author has already published the books and textbooks below with Springer Nature.
Textbooks
DC Electric Machines, Electromechanical Energy Conversion Principles, and Magnetic Circuit
Analysis- Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer Nature, 2022.
Differential Equations- Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer Nature, 2022.
Feedback Control Systems Analysis and Design- Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions,
Springer Nature, 2022.
Power System Analysis - Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer Nature, 2022.
Advanced Electrical Circuit Analysis – Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer
Nature, 2022.
AC Electrical Circuit Analysis – Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer
Nature, 2021.
Calculus – Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer Nature, 2021.
Precalculus – Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer Nature, 2021.
DC Electrical Circuit Analysis – Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions, Springer
Nature, 2020.
Books
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Planning and Operation of Smart Grid, Springer
Nature, 2022.
Design, Control, and Operation of Microgrids in Smart Grids, Springer Nature, 2021.
Applications of Fuzzy Logic in Planning and Operation of Smart Grids, Springer Nature, 2021.
Operation of Smart Homes, Springer Nature, 2021.
Planning and Operation of Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Technical, Geographical, and Social
Aspects, Springer Nature, 2019.
vii
Contents
1 Problems: Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Solutions of Problems: Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Problems: Induction Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Solutions of Problems: Induction Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5 Problems: Synchronous Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Solutions of Problems: Synchronous Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ix
About the Author
Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering and

Physics at University of Central Oklahoma, OK, USA. Before that, he was also an Assistant
Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Montana Technological University, MT,
USA, and the Engineering Technology Department at State University of New York, Buffalo
State, NY, USA. He received his first M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering (Power
System) from Tarbiat Modares University and Clemson University in 2011 and 2016, respec-
tively, and his second M.Sc. degree in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Alabama
in Huntsville in 2019. Moreover, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Sharif University of
Technology during 2016–2017. As a professor, he has taught many courses and labs, including
Power System Analysis, DC and AC Electric Machines, Feedback Control Systems Analysis
and Design, Renewable Distributed Generation and Storage, Industrial Electronics, Analog
Electronics, Electrical Circuits and Devices, AC Electrical Circuits Analysis, DC Electrical
Circuits Analysis, Essentials of Electrical Engineering Technology, and Algebra- and Calculus-
Based Physics. Dr. Rahmani-Andebili has more than 200 single-author and first-author
publications, including journal papers, conference papers, textbooks, books, and book chapters.
He is an IEEE Senior Member and the permanent reviewer of many credible journals. His
research areas include Smart Grid, Power System Operation and Planning, Integration of
Renewables and Energy Storages into Power System, Energy Scheduling and Demand-Side
Management, Plug-in Electric Vehicles, Distributed Generation, and Advanced Optimization
Techniques in Power System Studies.
xi
Problems: Transformers
1
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems concerned with the single-phase and three-phase transformers and autotransformers are
solved. The subjects include the determination of efficiency, maximum efficiency, all-day efficiency, different power
losses, voltage regulation, load factor, and power factor of a transformer using its equivalent circuit at different load
conditions. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal,
and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest
problems with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
1.1. Determine the load factor (LF) of a transformer that results in its maximum efficiency, where its core and full-load copper
power losses are about 1.8 kW and 3 kW, respectively.
Difficulty level ● Easy ○ Normal ○ Hard
Calculation amount ● Small ○ Normal ○ Large
1) 77.5%
2) 80%
3) 100%
4) 50%
1.2. A 1000/100 V transformer has the no-load current of 0.5 A at the power factor of 0.3. Determine the magnetizing
component of no-load current.
1) 0.15 A
2) 0.353 A
3) 0.477 A
4) 0.5 A
1.3. Calculate the load factor (LF) of a transformer in which it has its maximum efficiency if the core and full-load copper
power losses of transformer are about 1.6 kW and 2.5 kW, respectively.
1) 80%
2) 100%
3) 75%
4) 64%
# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1

M. Rahmani-Andebili, AC Electric Machines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15139-2_1
2 1 Problems: Transformers
1.4. The results of an open-circuit test on a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are as follows:
O.C. test on low-voltage side

Voltage 220 V rating
Current 2.5 A
Power 100 W
Calculate the excitation current as a percentage of the rated current on the low-voltage side of transformer.
1) 55%
2) 11%
3) 22%
4) 5.5%
1.5. If the maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs at 90% load factor, determine the ratio of the core power loss to the
copper power loss in this condition.
1) 0.81
2) 0.90
3) 0.70
4) 0.95
1.6. The equivalent series impedance of a transformer, based on its own rated values in per unit (p.u.) system, is Z pu
eq,old . If the
base values of transformer are doubled, calculate the new equivalent series impedance in per unit (p.u.).
1) 2Z pu
eq,old
2) 4Z pu
eq,old
3) 0:5Z pueq,old
4) Z pu
eq,old
1.7. In a three-phase, 20 kV, 500 kVA transformer, the equivalent series resistance is about 1%. Determine the resistance in
Ohm.
Calculation amount ○ Small ● Normal ○ Large
1) 8 Ω
2) 4 Ω
3) 16 Ω
4) 2 Ω
1.8. The results of open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are as
follows:
O.C. test on low-voltage side S.C. test on high-voltage side
Voltage 220 V rating 150 V
Current 2.5 A 4.55 A rating
Power 100 W 215 W
1 Problems: Transformers 3
Determine the power factor of transformer in the open-circuit and short-circuit tests, respectively.
Difficulty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard
1) 0.18 and 0.31
2) 0.36 and 0.62
3) 0.09 and 0.15
4) 0.36 and 0.31
1.9. A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer is available. Determine the base voltage on the high-voltage
side, base current on the low-voltage side, and base impedance on the high-voltage side.
1) 2200 V, 45.5 A, and 484 Ω
2) 220 V, 45.5 A, and 4.84 Ω
3) 2200 V, 4.55 A, and 484 Ω
4) 220 V, 4.55 A, and 4.84 Ω
1.10. A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer has the exciting current of 0.25 A measured on the high-
voltage side. Determine the exciting current in per unit (p.u.) value.
1) 1 p. u.
2) 0.0055 p. u.
3) 0.55 p. u.
4) 0.055 p. u.
1.11. A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer has the equivalent series impedance of 10.4 + j31.3 Ω referred
to the high-voltage side. Determine the equivalent series impedance in per unit (p.u.) value.
1) 0.0215 + j0.0647 p. u.
2) 0.104 + j0.313 p. u.
3) 10.4 + j31.3 p. u.
4) 0.215 + j0.647 p. u.
1.12. Determine the voltage regulation of a transformer at full-load condition and the power factor of 0.8 lagging that its
equivalent series impedance is about 0.03 + j0.045 p. u.
1) 5.1%
2) -3.0%
3) -4.5%
4) -0.16%
1.13. In a 2200/220 V, 50 Hz transformer, the voltage of 220 V is applied on the high-voltage side of transformer to obtain the
rated current for the short-circuit test. Calculate the maximum voltage regulation of transformer.
1) 5%
2) 1%
3) 2.2%
4) 10%
1.14. In a single-phase transformer, the ohmic and inductive voltage drops are about 3% and 5%, respectively. Calculate the
voltage regulation of transformer at full-load condition and the power factor of 0.8 lagging.
1) 3.5%
2) 4.5%
3) 7.8%
4) 5.4%
1.15. In a transformer, for the 10% of rated voltage, the rated current is achieved in the short circuit test. The equivalent series
resistance is about 5%. Calculate the voltage regulation of transformer at full-load condition and the power factor of 0.8
lagging.
1) 5%
2) 9.2%
3) 10%
4) 5.2%
1.16. A single-phase transformer has the equivalent series impedance of 5%. The voltage regulation of transformer at power
factor of 0.8 leading is zero. Calculate the ohmic power loss at half-load condition.
1) 0.03 p. u.
2) 0.04 p. u.
3) 0.0075 p. u.
4) 0.01 p. u.
1.17. A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer has the equivalent series impedance of 10.4 + j31.3 Ω referred
to the high-voltage side. Determine its full-load copper power loss in per unit (p.u.) value.
1) 0.215 p. u.
2) 0.0215 p. u.
3) 2.15 p. u.
4) 0.00215 p. u.
1.18. The primary side of an ideal three-winding single-phase transformer has been connected to a 200 V power supply.
Calculate the current of primary side if the secondary and tertiary sides are connected to a 2 kVA load with the power
factor of 0.8 lagging and a 3 kVA load with the unity power factor, respectively.
1) 23.1 A
2) 23.8 A
3) 25.1 A
4) 27.5 A
1.19. In a single-phase 50 kVA transformer, the core power loss is about 1 kW and the maximum efficiency occurs at 70%
load factor (LF). Calculate the efficiency of transformer for a purely resistive load at full-load condition.
1) 96.3%
2) 95.5%
3) 90.1%
4) 94.2%
1.20. If the maximum efficiency of a single-phase transformer with the equivalent series impedance of 0.02 + j0.02 p. u. is
97%, determine the power factor (PF) and load factor (LF) of the load in this condition.
1) PF = 1, LF = 100%
2) PF = 1, LF = 75%
3) PF = 1, LF = 77%
4) PF = 0.7, LF = 79%
1.21. The results of an open-circuit test on a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are as follows:

Current 2.5 A
Power 100 W
Calculate the core loss resistor and the magnetizing reactance referred to the high-voltage side of transformer.
1) 48.4 kΩ, 8.94 kΩ
2) 4.84 kΩ, 0.894 kΩ
3) 484 kΩ, 89.4 kΩ
4) 48.4 Ω, 8.94 Ω
1.22. The results of a short-circuit test on a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are as follows:
S.C. test on high-voltage side

Voltage 150 V
Current 4.55 A rating
Power 215 W
Calculate the equivalent series impedance referred to the low-voltage side of transformer.
1) 0.104 kΩ, 0.313 kΩ
2) 0.104 Ω, 0.313 Ω
3) 1.04 Ω, 3.13 Ω
4) 10.4 Ω, 31.3 Ω
1.23. Calculate the efficiency of a single-phase, 5 kVA, 240/120 V transformer for the output apparent power of 2 kVA at
rated voltage and power factor of 0.8. Herein, assume that the transformer has the core power loss of 100 W at rated
voltage and the copper power loss of 120 W at rated current.
1) 88%
2) 98%
3) 90%
4) 93%
1.24. When the secondary side of a single-phase transformer is short-circuited and a voltage of 30 V is applied on its primary
side, the primary current and power consumption are 20 A and 200 W, respectively. Determine the series equivalent
reactance referred to the primary side.
1) 1.41 Ω
2) 1.5 Ω
3) 1.71 Ω
4) 2.3 Ω
1.25. The maximum efficiency of a transformer with the power factor of 0.8 leading is 90%. Calculate the corresponding load
factor if the core power loss of transformer is about 2%.
1) 90%
2) 75%
3) 45%
4) 80%
1.26. If the efficiency of a transformer with the unity power factor at full-load and half-load conditions is 80%, determine the
equivalent resistance of transformer in per unit (p.u.) system.
1) 217 p:u:
2) 227 p:u:
3) 16 p:u:
4) 13 p:u:
1.27. The maximum efficiency of a transformer at the power factor of 0.9 lagging is about 90%. If, in this condition, the
copper power loss is about 2%, calculate the corresponding load factor.
1) 90%
2) 80%
3) 96%
4) 40%
1.28. In a single-phase 100 kVA transformer, the equivalent series impedance is about 0.01 + j0.04 p. u. The no-load power
factor of transformer under the rated voltage and frequency is about 0.2. Moreover, the maximum efficiency of
transformer occurs at full-load condition. Calculate the no-load current of transformer in per unit (p.u.) value.
1) 0.12 p. u.
2) 0.05 p. u.
3) 0.10 p. u.
4) 0.03 p. u.
1.29. Two single-phase transformers with the rated values of 100 kVA and 2% impedance and 150 kVA and 3% impedance
are operated in parallel. Calculate the maximum power that can be drawn from them while none of them is overloaded.
1) 250 kVA
2) 300 kVA
3) 200 kVA
4) 400 kVA
1.30. How one per unit (p.u.) load can be divided between the two single-phase transformers with the rated values of
500 kVA and 4% impedance and 800 kVA and 3% impedance?
1) 68% and 32%
2) 32% and 68%
3) 57% and 43%
4) 43% and 57%
1.31. Two single-phase transformers with the rated values of 500 kVA and 4% impedance and 1000 kVA and 5% impedance
are operated in parallel. Calculate the maximum allowable power that can be drawn from them.
1) 1300 kVA
2) 1500 kVA
3) 750 kVA
4) 1250 kVA
1.32. The equivalent series impedance referred to the high-voltage side of a transformer is 10.4 + j31.3 Ω. In addition, the
magnitude of rated voltage and rated current of transformer on the low-voltage side referred to the high-voltage side are
2200 V and 4.55 A, respectively. Calculate the voltage regulation of transformer when it supplies 75% of its rated load
at the power factor of 0.6 lagging.
Difficulty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard
1) -4.86%
2) -2.43%
3) 4.86%
4) 2.43%
1.33. Solve problem 1.32 again but consider a leading power factor for the load.
1) 5.64%
2) -5.64%
3) -2.82%
4) 2.43%
1.34. The maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs at 80% load factor. If the core power loss of transformer increases
about 20%, determine the new load factor in which the transformer has the maximum efficiency.
1) 78%
2) 98%
3) 88%
4) 85%
1.35. The maximum efficiency of a transformer that happens at unity power factor and rated load is 90%. Calculate the
efficiency of transformer at the same power factor but at half-load condition.
1) 85.3%
2) 96.7%
3) 87.8%
4) 93.9%
1.36. The results of open-circuit and short-circuit tests of a 2200/220 V and 24 kVA transformer are as follows:
V oc = 220 V,I oc = 9:5 A,Poc = 460:8 W
V sc = 175 V,I sc = 10:9 A,Psc = 720 W
Calculate the amount of active power that must be drawn from the 220 V terminal of transformer so that its efficiency is
maximum.
1) 19.2 kW
2) 22.78 kW
3) 24 kW
4) 28.8 kW
1.37. The equivalent resistance of a 2000/200 V, 20 kVA transformer is about 0.015 p.u., and its maximum efficiency occurs
at the load current of 90 A on the secondary side. Calculate its efficiency at half-load condition and the power factor of
0.8.
1) 89.1%
2) 91.1%
3) 93.7%
4) 96.1%
1.38. In the short-circuit test of a 400/100 V, 5 kVA transformer, the power of 250 W is measured. If the equivalent series
impedance referred to the high-voltage side is 3.2 Ω, calculate the power factor when the voltage regulation of
transformer at full-load condition is zero.
1) 1
2) 0.866 lagging
3) 0.5 leading
4) 0.866 leading
1.39. In a single-phase transformer, the copper power loss at 60% of full-load condition is about 0.0108 p.u. In addition, the
voltage regulation of transformer at full-load condition with the power factor of 0.8 lagging is about 4.08%. Calculate
the load factor in which the maximum voltage regulation occurs.
1) 3%
2) 4%
3) 5%
4) 6%
1.40. The maximum efficiency of a single-phase 100 kVA transformer that occurs at 80% of full-load condition is about 90%.
Herein, the load power factor is 0.9 and the short-circuit impedance of transformer is about 10%. Calculate the
equivalent series reactance of transformer.
1) 6.25%
2) 7.8%
3) 8%
4) 10%
1.41. A 50 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer has the core power loss of 200 W at rated voltage and the copper loss of 500 W at
full-load condition. In addition, its load cycle is as follows. Calculate its all-day efficiency.
Load factor 0% 50% 75% 100% 110%

Power factor 0 1 0.8 lag. 0.9 lag. 1
Duration (hour) 6 6 6 3 3

Calculation amount ○ Small ○ Normal ● Large
1) 88.88%
2) 92.65%
3) 98.35%
4) 99.10%
1.42. A two-winding transformer with the rated values of 60 kVA, 240/1200 V, 60 Hz is available. This transformer has the
full-load efficiency of 96% and is supplying a load with the power factor of 0.8. Convert the two-winding transformer to
an autotransformer with the voltage level of 1440/1200 V, and calculate its rated apparent power. In addition, what will
be the efficiency of autotransformer for the same load?
1) 60 kVA, 99.3%
2) 60 kVA, 96%
3) 180 kVA, 96%
4) 360 kVA, 99.3 %
1.43. The maximum efficiency of a single-phase, 3.3/0.4 kV, 200 kVA transformer that happens at the load factor (LF) of
85% is 95%. Calculate the all-day efficiency of transformer if its load cycle is as follows. Herein, assume that the load is
purely resistive.
No-load for about 6 hours

70% of full-load for about 6 hours
85% of full-load for about 6 hours
Full-load for about 6 hours

1) 95.6%
2) 95%
3) 94.1%
4) 93.4%
Solutions of Problems: Transformers
2
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the first chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
2.1. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:
Pc ¼ 1:8 kW ð1Þ
Pcu,FL ¼ 3 kW ð2Þ
A transformer can be operated with its maximum efficiency if its load factor (LF) is equal to the following term:
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð3Þ
Pcu,FL
Therefore, for this problem, we have:

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1:8
LF η max ¼ ¼ 0:775 ) LF η max ¼ 77:5 %
3
Choice (1) is the answer.

I NL ¼ 0:5 A ð1Þ
PF NL ¼ 0:3 ð2Þ
As we know, the relation below exists between the excitation current (Io), that is, no-load current (INL), and its
magnetizing component (Im):
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
I m ¼ I NL sin φNL ¼ I NL 1 ð cos φNL Þ2 ¼ 1 ðPF NL Þ2 ð3Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) I m ¼ 0:5 1 0:32 ) I m ¼ 0:477 A

M. Rahmani-Andebili (ed.), AC Electric Machines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15139-2_2
12 2 Solutions of Problems: Transformers
Pc ¼ 1:6 kW ð1Þ
Pcu,FL ¼ 2:5 kW ð 2Þ
A transformer can work with its maximum efficiency if its load factor (LF) is equal to the following term:
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð3Þ
Pcu,FL

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1:6
LF η max ¼ ¼ 0:8 ) LF η max ¼ 80%
2:5
2.4. The results of an open-circuit test on the low-voltage side of a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are
as follows:

Current 2.5 A
Power 100 W
Based on the information given in the problem, we have:
S ¼ 10 kVA ð1Þ
I o ¼ I oc ¼ 2:5 A ð 2Þ
V L ¼ 220 V ð 3Þ
Figure 2.1 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for an open-circuit test. The rated current on the low-
voltage side of transformer can be calculated as follows:
S 10 103
I rated,L ¼ ¼ ¼ 45:5 A ð4Þ
VL 220
The excitation current as a percentage of the rated current on the low-voltage side can be calculated as follows:
Io 2:5
100 ¼ 100 ¼ 5:5%
I rated,L 45:5

2 Solutions of Problems: Transformers 13
Fig. 2.1 The circuit of solution of Problem 2.4
LF η max ¼ 90% ð1Þ
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð2Þ
Pcu,FL
Solving (1) and (2):

Pc Pc
0:9 ¼ ) ¼ 0:81
Pcu,FL Pcu,FL
V B,new ¼ 2V B,old ð1Þ
SB,new ¼ 2SB,old ð2Þ
As we know, a per unit (p.u.) quantity can be updated based on the new base values as follows:
2
SB,new V B,old
Z pu
eq,new ¼ Z pu
eq,old ð3Þ
SB,old V B,new
Therefore:
2
1
eq,new ¼ ð2Þ
Z pu Z pu pu
eq,old ) Z eq,new ¼ 0:5Z eq,old
pu
2

V rated ¼ 20 kV ð1Þ
Srated ¼ 500 kVA ð 2Þ
eq ¼ 1% ¼ 0:01 p:u:
Rpu ð3Þ
To present a quantity in per unit (p.u.) value, we need to use the formula below:
Quantity
Per unit ðp:u:Þ value of quantity ¼ ð4Þ
Base value of quantity
As we know, the rated apparent power and voltage of a transformer are chosen as the base power and voltage. Therefore:
V B ¼ 20 kV ð5Þ
SB ¼ 500 kVA ð6Þ
The base impedance can be determined by using apparent power formula as follows:
V 2B V 2 ð20 kV Þ2
SB ¼ ) ZB ¼ B ¼ ) Z B ¼ 800 Ω ð7Þ
ZB SB 500 kVA
Therefore, we can write:
Req Req
eq ¼
Rpu
ZB
) 0:01 ¼
800
) Req ¼ 8 Ω
2.8. The results of open-circuit and short-circuit tests of a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are as
follows:
O.C. test on low-voltage side S.C. test on high-voltage side
Voltage 220 V rating 150 V
Current 2.5 A 4.55 A rating
Power 100 W 215 W
V oc ¼ 220 V ð1Þ
I oc ¼ 2:5 A ð 2Þ
Poc ¼ 100 W ð 3Þ
V sc ¼ 150 V ð 4Þ
I sc ¼ 4:55 A ð 5Þ
Psc ¼ 215 W ð6Þ

The power factor of open-circuit test can be calculated as follows:
Poc ¼ V oc I oc cos φoc ð7Þ
Poc 100
) PF oc ¼ ¼ ) PF oc ¼ 0:18 ð8Þ
V oc I oc 220 2:5
Likewise, the power factor of short-circuit test can be calculated as follows:
Psc ¼ V sc I sc cos φsc ð9Þ
Psc 215
) PF sc ¼ ¼ ) PF sc ¼ 0:31
V sc I sc 150 4:55
S ¼ 10 kVA ð1Þ
V ¼ 2200=220 V ð2Þ
The turns ratio of transformer can be calculated as follows:
N 1 V 1 2200
a¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 10 ð3Þ
N2 V 2 220
As we know, the rated voltage on each side of a transformer is chosen as the base voltage on the corresponding side.
Therefore, the base voltage on the high-voltage and low-voltage sides of transformer are as follows:
V B,H ¼ 2200 V ð4Þ
V B,L ¼ 220 V ð 5Þ
Moreover, the rated apparent power of a transformer is chosen as the base power for both sides. Hence:
SB ¼ 10 kVA ð6Þ
The base current on the low-voltage side can be determined by using apparent power formula as follows:
SB 104
SB ¼ V B,L I B,L ) I B,L ¼ ¼ ) I B,L ¼ 45:5 A
V B,L 220
The base impedance on the high-voltage side can be calculated by using the other form of apparent power formula as
follows:
V 2B,H V2 22002
SB ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ B,H ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ 484 Ω
Z B,H SB 104

S ¼ 10 kVA ð1Þ
V ¼ 2200=220 V ð 2Þ
I o,H ¼ 0:25 A ð3Þ
To present a quantity in per unit (p.u.) value, we need to use the formula below.
Quantity
Per unit ðp:u:Þ value of quantity ¼
As we know, the rated apparent power of a transformer is chosen as the base power for both sides. In addition, the rated
voltage on each side of a transformer is chosen as the base voltage on the corresponding side. Thus, the base voltage on
the high-voltage side and the base power of transformer are as follows:
SB ¼ 10 kVA ð4Þ
V B,H ¼ 2200 V ð 5Þ
To determine the base current on the high-voltage side, we can use the apparent power formula as follows:
SB 104
SB ¼ V B,H I B,H ) I B,H ¼ ¼ ) I B,H ¼ 4:55 A
V B,H 2200
The exciting current in per unit (p.u.) value can be calculated as follows:
I o,H 0:25
I pu
o,H ¼ ¼ ) I pu
o,H ¼ 0:055 p:u:
I B,H 4:55
S ¼ 10 kVA ð1Þ
V ¼ 2200=220 V ð 2Þ
Zeq,H ¼ 10:4 þ j31:3 Ω ð 3Þ
Quantity
Per unit ðp:u:Þ value of quantity ¼
As we know, the rated apparent power of a transformer is chosen as the base power for both sides. In addition, the rated
voltage on each side of a transformer is chosen as the base voltage on the corresponding side. Thus, the base voltage on
the high-voltage side and the base power of transformer are as follows:
SB ¼ 10 kVA ð4Þ
V B,H ¼ 2200 V ð5Þ

The base impedance on the high-voltage side can be calculated by using the apparent power formula as follows:
V 2B,H V2 22002
SB ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ B,H ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ 484 Ω ð6Þ
Z B,H SB 104
The equivalent series impedance in per unit (p.u.) value can be calculated as follows:
Zeq,H 10:4 þ j31:3

Zpu
eq,H ¼ ¼ ) Zpu
eq,H ¼ 0:0215 þ j0:0647 p:u:
Z B,H 484
LF ¼ 1 ð1Þ
PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð 2Þ
eq ¼ 0:03 þ j0:045 p:u:

Zpu ð3Þ
As we know, the voltage regulation of a transformer can be calculated as follows:

VR% ¼ LF Rpu
eq cos φ þ X pu
eq sin φ 100 ð4Þ
Therefore:
VR% ¼ 1 0:03 0:8 þ 0:045 1 0:82 100 ) VR% ¼ 5:1%
V ¼ 2200=220 V ð1Þ
V sc ¼ 220 V on high voltage side ð 2Þ
I sc ¼ I rated ð3Þ
The percent impedance of transformer can be calculated as follows:
V sc 220
Uk % ¼ ¼ ¼ 10% ð4Þ
V B 2200
The maximum voltage regulation of a transformer can be calculated as follows:
VR max % ¼ U k % ¼ Z eq % ð5Þ
) VR% max ¼ 10%

ΔV pu
R ¼ 3% ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð1Þ
ΔV pu
X ¼ 5% ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð2Þ
LF ¼ 1 ð 3Þ
PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð4Þ
VR% ¼ LF ðΔV pu pu
R cos φ þ ΔV X sin φÞ 100 ð5Þ
Therefore:
VR% ¼ 1 0:03 0:8 þ 0:05 1 0:82 100 ð6Þ
) VR% 5:4%
V sc ¼ 0:1V rated ð1Þ
I sc ¼ I rated ð 2Þ
eq ¼ 5% ¼ 0:05 p:u:
Rpu ð3Þ
LF ¼ 1 ð 4Þ
PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð 5Þ
Figure 2.2 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for a short-circuit test. By applying Ohm’s law for the
whole branch, we have:
V sc 0:1V rated
Z eq ¼ ¼ ð6Þ
I sc I rated
Quantity
The base impedance can be determined as follows:
V rated
ZB ¼ ð8Þ
I rated

Z eq ¼ 0:1Z B ð9Þ
Z eq
) Z pu
eq ¼ ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð10Þ
ZB
However, the value of Z pu

eq can be calculated easier based on the definition of percent impedance of transformer (Uk%).
Since during the short-circuit test, rated current flows through the winding for the 10% of rated voltage, the percent
impedance of transformer is 10%. Therefore:
Uk% 10
eq ¼
Z pu
100
¼
100
¼ 0:1 p:u: ð11Þ
As we know, the relation between the magnitude of impedance (Zeq), resistance (Req), and reactance (Xeq) is as follows:
2 2 2
Z pu
eq ¼ Rpu
eq þ X pu
eq ð12Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) X pu
eq ¼ 0:12 0:052 ¼ 0:086 p:u: ð13Þ

eq cos φ þ X eq sin φ 100
VR% ¼ LF Rpu pu
ð14Þ
Therefore:
VR% ¼ 1 0:05 0:8 þ 0:086 1 0:82 100 ð15Þ
) VR% 9:2%

Z eq % ¼ 5% ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð1Þ
VR%PF¼0:8 Leading ¼ 0 ð 2Þ
As we know, zero voltage regulation of transformer can occur when the load power factor is equal to the critical power
factor (PFcr) that can be calculated as follows:
X eq
PF cr ¼ cos φcr ¼ ð3Þ
Z eq
In this condition, the load must have a leading power factor:

Therefore:
X eq
0:8 ¼ ) X eq ¼ 0:04 p:u: ð4Þ
0:05
Z 2eq ¼ R2eq þ X 2eq ð5Þ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) Req ¼ 0:052 0:042 ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð6Þ
As we know, full-load copper power loss in per unit (p.u.) value is equal to equivalent series resistance in per unit (p.u.)
value. In other words:
pu
Pcu,FL ¼ Rpu
eq ð7Þ
Therefore:
pu
Pcu,FL ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð8Þ
The copper power loss at full-load condition is now known. The copper power loss at half-load condition can be
calculated as follows:
pu pu
Pcu,LF¼50% ¼ LF 2 Pcu,FL ð9Þ
pu pu
) Pcu,LF¼50% ¼ ð0:5Þ2 0:03 ) Pcu,LF¼50% ¼ 0:0075 p:u:
S ¼ 10 kVA ð1Þ
V ¼ 2200=220 V ð2Þ
Zeq,H ¼ 10:4 þ j31:3 Ω ð3Þ

First Method: The full-load copper power loss can be calculated as follows:
Pcu,FL ¼ Req,H I 2FL,H ð4Þ
The current on the high-voltage side can be determined by using apparent power formula as follows:
SFL 104
SFL ¼ V H I FL,H ) I FL,H ¼ ¼ ) I FL,H ¼ 4:55 A ð5Þ
V H 2200
Pcu,FL ¼ 10:4 4:552 ¼ 215 W ð6Þ
Quantity
As we know, the rated apparent power of a transformer is chosen as the base power for both sides. Therefore:
SB ¼ 10 kVA ð8Þ
Hence:
pu Pcu,FL 215
Pcu,FL ¼ ¼ 4 ) Ppu
cu,FL ¼ 0:0215 p:u: ð9Þ
SB 10
Second Method: As we know, full-load copper power loss in per unit (p.u.) value is equal to equivalent series resistance
in per unit (p.u.) value referred to either side. In other words:
pu pu pu
Pcu,FL ¼ Req,H ¼ Req,L ð10Þ
The base impedance on the high-voltage side can be calculated by using the apparent power formula as follows:
V 2B,H V2 22002
SB ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ B,H ¼ ) Z B,H ¼ 484 Ω ð11Þ
Z B,H SB 104
Req,H 10:4
Rpu
eq,H ¼ ¼ ) Rpu
eq,H ¼ 0:0215 p:u:
Z B,H 484
V H ¼ 200 V ð1Þ
SL1 ¼ 2 kVA ð2Þ
PF L1 ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð3Þ

SL2 ¼ 3 kVA ð 4Þ
PF L2 ¼ 1 ð5Þ
Since the transformer is ideal, it does not have any power loss. Hence, the input complex power is equal to the output
complex power. In other words:

PH ¼ PL1 þ PL2
Sinput ¼ Soutput ) SH ¼ SL1 þ SL2 ) ð6Þ
QH ¼ QL1 þ QL2
For the active power, we have:
PH ¼ SL1 PF L1 þ SL2 PF L2 ¼ 2000 0:8 þ 3000 1 ð7Þ
) PH ¼ 4600 W ð8Þ
For the reactive power, we have:

QH ¼ SL1 sin cos1 PF L1 þ SL2 sin cos1 PF L2 ð9Þ

) QH ¼ 2000 sin cos1 0:8 þ 3000 sin cos1 1 ¼ 2000 0:6 þ 3000 0 ð10Þ
) QH ¼ 1200 W ð11Þ
The apparent power of transformer can be calculated as follows:

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
SH ¼ P2H þ Q2H ¼ 46002 þ 12002 ¼ 4754 VA ð12Þ
The current can be determined by using apparent power formula as follows:
SH 4754
SH ¼ V H I H ) I H ¼ ¼ ) I H ¼ 23:8 A ð12Þ
VH 200
S ¼ 50 kVA ð1Þ
Pc ¼ 1 kW ð2Þ
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð4Þ
Pcu,FL

1
0:7 ¼ ) Pcu,FL 2 kW ð5Þ
Pcu,FL
The efficiency of a transformer, which is not operated at full load, can be determined as follows:
LF Pout,FL LF Sout,FL PF
η¼ 100 ¼ 100 ð6Þ
LF Pout,FL þ Pc þ LF Pcu,FL
2
LF Sout,FL PF þ Pc þ LF 2 Pcu,FL
Therefore, the efficiency of transformer for a purely resistive load (PF ¼ 1) and at full-load condition (LF ¼ 1) can be
1 50 1
η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 94:3%
1 50 1 þ 1 þ 12 2
Zeq ¼ 0:02 þ j0:02 p:u: ð1Þ
η max ¼ 97% ð2Þ
The maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs when the load is purely resistive and the load factor (LF) is equal to the
specific load factor (LF η max ). In other words:
PF ¼ 1 ð3Þ
Pc 2
LF η max ¼ ) Pc ¼ LF η max Pcu,FL ð4Þ
Pcu,FL
Therefore, the maximum efficiency of a transformer, which is not operated at full load, can be determined as follows:
LF η max Sout,FL PF
η max ¼ 2 100 ð5Þ
LF η max Sout,FL PF þ Pc þ LF η max Pcu,FL
1

Sout,FL LF η max PF
¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼) η max ¼ 2 100 ð6Þ
LF η max PF þ Sout,FL
Pc
þ LF η max SPout,FL
cu,FL
As we know:
Pcu,FL
Pp:u:
cu,FL ¼ ð7Þ
Sout,FL
Pc
Pp:u:
c ¼ ð8Þ
Sout,FL
Solving (6)–(8):
LF η max PF
η max ¼ 2 100 ð9Þ
LF η max PF þ Pp:u:
c þ LF η max Pp:u:
cu,FL
LF η max PF
η max ¼ 2 100 ð10Þ
LF η max PF þ 2 LF η max Pp:u:
cu,FL
Ppu
cu,FL ¼ Req ¼ 0:02 p:u:
pu
ð11Þ
Therefore:
LF η max 1
0:97 ¼ 2 100 ) LF η max ¼ 0:77 ¼ 77%
LF η max 1 þ 2 LF η max 0:02
2.21. The results of an open-circuit test on the low-voltage side of a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer are
as follows:

Current 2.5 A
Power 100 W
V oc ¼ 220 V ð1Þ
I oc ¼ 2:5 A ð2Þ
Pc ¼ 100 W ð3Þ
Figure 2.3 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for an open-circuit test. The relation between the core
power loss and core loss resistance (Rc) is as follows.
ðV oc Þ2
Pc ¼ ð4Þ
Rc
2202
) Rc ¼ ¼ 484 Ω ð5Þ
100
Applying Ohm’s law for the core loss resistor:
V oc
Ic ¼ ð6Þ
Rc
220
) Ic ¼ ¼ 0:45 A ð7Þ
484
As we know, the relation between the magnitude of open-circuit current (Ioc), core loss current (Ic), and magnetizing
current (Im) is as follows:
I 2oc ¼ I 2c þ I 2m ð8Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Im ¼ I 2oc I 2c ) I m ¼ 2:52 0:452 ¼ 2:46 A ð9Þ
Applying Ohm’s law for the magnetizing reactance:
V oc 220
Xm ¼ ¼ ¼ 89:4 Ω ð10Þ
Im 2:446
Since the open-circuit test has been done on the low-voltage side, the values of core loss resistance and magnetizing
reactance are credible for the low-voltage side.
Referring the core loss resistance and magnetizing reactance to the high-voltage side:
2
VH 2200 2
Rc,H ¼ Rc,L ¼ 484 ) Rc,H ¼ 48:4 kΩ
VL 220
2
VH 2200 2
X m,H ¼ X m,L ¼ 89:4 ) X m,H ¼ 8:94 kΩ
VL 220

2.22. The results of an short-circuit test on the high-voltage side of a single-phase, 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 60 Hz transformer
are as follows:
S.C. test on high-voltage side

Voltage 150 V
Current 4.55 A rating
Power 215 W
V sc ¼ 150 V ð1Þ
I sc ¼ 4:55 A ð2Þ
Pcu ¼ 215 W ð 3Þ
Figure 2.4 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for a short-circuit test. The relation between the
copper power loss and the equivalent series resistance (Req) is as follows:
Pcu ¼ Req ðI sc Þ2 ð4Þ
215
) Req ¼ ¼ 10:4 Ω ð5Þ
4:552
Applying Ohm’s law for the whole branch:
V sc 150
Z eq ¼ ¼ ¼ 32:97 Ω ð6Þ
I sc 4:55

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) X eq ¼ 32:972 10:42 ¼ 31:3 Ω ð8Þ
Since the short-circuit test has been done on the high-voltage side, the values of equivalent series resistance and
reactance are credible for this side of transformer.
Referring the equivalent series resistance and reactance to the low-voltage side:
2 2
VL 220
Req,L ¼ Req,H ¼ 10:4 ) Req,L ¼ 0:104 Ω
VH 2200
2 2
VL 220
X eq,L ¼ X eq,H ¼ 31:3 ) X eq,L ¼ 0:313 Ω
VH 2200
Srated ¼ 5 kVA ð1Þ
Sload ¼ 2 kVA ð2Þ
PF load ¼ 0:8 ð3Þ
Pc,rated ¼ 100 W ð4Þ
Pcu,rated ¼ 120 W ð 5Þ
The efficiency of a transformer can be determined as follows:
Pout Sout cos θ Sout PF

η¼ 100 ¼ 100 ¼ 100 ð6Þ
Pout þ Pc þ Pcu Sout cos θ þ Pc þ Pcu Sout PF þ Pc þ Pcu
Since the transformer is operated by its rated voltages, the core power loss will be constant. However, herein, the
transformer is not operated by its rated load. Thus, its copper power loss needs to be updated as follows.
Sload 2
LF ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:4 ð7Þ
Srated 5
) Pcu ¼ LF 2 Pcu,rated ¼ 0:42 120 W ¼ 19:2 W ð8Þ
Therefore:
2 103 0:8
η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 93%
2 10 0:8 þ 100 þ 19:2
3

V sc ¼ 30 V ð1Þ
I sc ¼ 20 A ð2Þ
Psc ¼ 200 W ð3Þ
Figure 2.5 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for a short-circuit test. The relation between the power
and the equivalent series resistance (Req) is as follows.
Psc ¼ Req ðI sc Þ2 ð4Þ
200
) Req ¼ ¼ 0:5 Ω ð5Þ
202
Applying Ohm’s law for the whole branch:
V sc 30
Z eq ¼ ¼ ¼ 1:5 Ω ð6Þ
I sc 20

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) X eq ¼ 1:52 0:52 ) X eq ¼ 1:41 Ω ð8Þ

PF ¼ 0:8 Leading ð1Þ
η max ¼ 90% ð2Þ
c ¼ 2% ¼ 0:02
Ppu ð3Þ
The maximum efficiency of a transformer, which is not operated at full load, can be determined as follows.
η max ¼ 100 ð4Þ
LF η max Sout,FL PF þ 2Pc
1

Sout,FL LF η max PF LF η max PF
¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼) η max ¼ Pc 100 ¼ LF pu 100 ð5Þ
LF η max PF þ 2 Sout,FL η max PF þ 2Pc
Therefore:
LF η max 0:8
90 ¼ 100 ) LF η max ¼ 0:45 ¼ 45%
LF η max 0:8 þ 2 0:02
PF ¼ 1 ð1Þ
ηjLF¼1 ¼ 80% ð2Þ
ηjLF¼0:5 ¼ 80% ð3Þ
LF Sout,FL PF
η¼ 100 ð4Þ
Solving (1), (2), and (4):
1 Sout,FL 1
80 ¼ 100 ) 20Sout,FL ¼ 80Pc þ 80Pcu,FL ð5Þ
1 Sout,FL 1 þ Pc þ 12 Pcu,FL
Solving (1), (2), and (4):
0:5 Sout,FL 1
80 ¼ 100 ) 10Sout,FL ¼ 80Pc þ 20Pcu,FL ð6Þ
0:5 Sout,FL 1 þ Pc þ 0:52 Pcu,FL
1 Pcu,FL 1
Pcu,FL ¼ Sout,FL ) Ppu
cu,FL ¼ S ¼ p:u: ð7Þ
6 out,FL 6
value. Therefore:
1
eq ¼
Rpu
6
p:u:
η max ¼ 90% ð2Þ
cu,η max ¼ 2% ¼ 0:02

Ppu ð3Þ
The maximum efficiency of a transformer, which is not operated at full load, can be determined as follows:
η max ¼ 100 ð4Þ
LF η max Sout,FL PF þ 2Pcu,η max
1

Sout,FL LF η max PF LF η max PF
¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼) η max ¼ 100 ¼ 100 ð5Þ
LF η max PF þ
P max
2 Scu,η LF η max PF þ 2Ppu cu,η max
out,FL
Therefore:
LF η max 0:9
90 ¼ 100 ) LF η max ¼ 0:4 ¼ 40%
LF η max 0:9 þ 2 0:02
Zeq ¼ 0:01 þ j0:04 p:u: ð1Þ
PF NL ¼ cos φNL ¼ 0:2 ð2Þ
LF η max ¼ 1 ð3Þ
value. Therefore:
Ppu
cu,FL ¼ 0:01 p:u: ð4Þ
On the other hand, as we know, a transformer can work with its maximum efficiency if its load factor (LF) is equal to the
following term:
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð5Þ
Pcu,FL
Solving (3)–(5):
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pc
1¼ ) Pc ¼ 0:01 p:u: ð6Þ
0:01
The power that a transformer consumes at no-load condition is equal to its core power loss. In other words:
PNL ¼ Pc ð7Þ
where:
1

V FL I FL PNL V I
PNL ¼ V NL I NL cos φNL ¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼) ¼ NL NL cos φNL ) Ppu pu pu
NL ¼ V NL I NL cos φNL ð8Þ
V FL I FL V FL I FL
In addition, as we know, a rated voltage is applied in a no-load test. Hence, V pu

NL ¼ 1 p:u:
Therefore:
0:01 ¼ 1 I pu pu
NL 0:2 ) I NL ¼ 0:05 p:u:
Srated,1 ¼ 100 kVA ð1Þ
Z eq,1 % ¼ 2% ) Z pu
eq,1 ¼ 0:02 p:u: ð2Þ
Z eq,2 % ¼ 3% ) Z pu
eq,2 ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð4Þ
First, we need to determine the impedance of transformers based on a common power as follows:
8
>
> pu pu SB,new 150
< Z eq,1,new ¼ Z eq,1 S ¼ 0:02
100
¼ 0:03 p:u: ð 5Þ
B,1
SB,new ¼ 150 kVA )
>
> SB,new 150
: Z pu pu
eq,2,new ¼ Z eq,2 S ¼ 0:03 ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð 6Þ
B,2 150
Since the transformer with the lower apparent power is overloaded earlier, we need to adjust the total load of system
based on the capacity of this transformer as follows:
Z pu
eq,2,new
Srated,1 ¼ Sload ð7Þ
Z eq,1,new þ Z pu
pu
eq,2,new
0:03
) 100 ¼ Sload ) Sload ¼ 200 kVA
0:02 þ 0:03

Sload ¼ 1 p:u: ð1Þ
Z eq,1 % ¼ 4% ) Z pu
eq,1 ¼ 0:04 p:u: ð3Þ
Z eq,2 % ¼ 3% ) Z pu
eq,2 ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð5Þ
8
>
> pu pu SB,new 800
< Z eq,1,ew ¼ Z eq,1 S ¼ 0:04
500
¼ 0:064 p:u: ð 6Þ
B,1
SB,new ¼ 800 kVA )
>
> SB,new 800
: Z pu pu
eq,2,ew ¼ Z eq,2 S ¼ 0:03 ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð 7Þ
B,2 800
The load is divided between the parallel transformers as follows:
Z pu
eq,2,new
S1 ¼ Sload ð8Þ
Z pu pu
eq,1,new þ Z eq,2,new
0:03
) S1 ¼ 1 ¼ 0:32 p:u: ) S1 ¼ 32%
0:064 þ 0:03
S2 ¼ Sload S1 ¼ 1 0:32 ¼ 0:68 p:u: ) S2 ¼ 68%
Z eq,1 % ¼ 4% ) Z pu
eq,1 ¼ 0:04 p:u: ð2Þ
Z eq,2 % ¼ 5% ) Z pu
eq,2 ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð4Þ
8
>
> pu pu SB,new 1000
< Z eq,1,new ¼ Z eq,1 S ¼ 0:04
500
¼ 0:08 p:u: ð 5Þ
B,1
SB,new ¼ 1000 kVA )
>
> SB,new 1000
: Z pu pu
eq,2,new ¼ Z eq,2 S ¼ 0:05 ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð 6Þ
B,2 1000
Since the transformer with the lower apparent power is overloaded earlier, we need to adjust the total load of system
based on the capacity of this transformer as follows:
Z pu
eq,2,new
Srated,1 ¼ pu Sload ð7Þ
Z eq,1,new þ Z pueq,2,new
0:05
) 500 ¼ Sload ) Sload ¼ 1300 kVA
0:08 þ 0:05
Zeq,H = ð10:4 þ j31:3Þ ð1Þ
V 0L ¼ 2200 V ð2Þ
I 0L,rated = 4:55 A ð3Þ
LF ¼ 0:75 ð4Þ
The magnitude of current of load on the low-voltage side referred to the high-voltage side can be calculated as follows:
I 0L = LF 3 I 0L,rated = 0:75 4:55 A ¼ 3:41 A ð6Þ
The phase angle of current on the low-voltage side for the load power factor of 0.6 lagging can be calculated as follows
if the voltage on low-voltage side is assumed as the voltage reference:
θ ¼ cos 1 PF ¼ cos 1 0:6 ¼ 53:13 ° ð7Þ
Therefore:
) I0L = 3:41∠ 53:13 ° A ð8Þ
Based on definition, voltage regulation of a transformer can be calculated as follows, in which VH and V 0L are the
magnitude of voltage of transformer on the high-voltage side and the magnitude of voltage of transformer on the low-
voltage side referred to the high-voltage side, respectively:

VH
VR% ¼ 1 100 ð9Þ
V 0L
Figure 2.6 shows the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to the high-voltage side. Herein, VH can
be calculated by applying a KVL as follows:
VH ¼ Zeq,H IH þ V0L ¼ Zeq,H I0L þ V0L ð10Þ
VH ¼ ð10:4 þ j31:3Þð3:41∠ 53:13 ° Þ þ 2200∠0 ° ¼ 2306:94∠0:9 ° V ð11Þ

Therefore:

2306:94
VR% ¼ 1 100 ) VR% ¼ 4:86%
2200
As can be seen, the value of voltage regulation for a lagging load is positive.
2.33. The phase angle of current on the low-voltage side for the load power factor of 0.6 leading can be calculated as follows
if voltage on the low-voltage side is assumed as the voltage reference:
θ ¼ cos 1 PF ¼ cos 1 0:6 ¼ 53:13 ° ð7Þ
Therefore:
) I0L ¼ 3:41∠53:13 A ð8Þ
Based on definition, voltage regulation of a transformer can be calculated as follows, in which VH and V 0L are the
magnitude of voltage of transformer on the high-voltage side and the magnitude of voltage of transformer on the low-
voltage side referred to the high-voltage side, respectively:

VH
VR% ¼ 1 100 ð9Þ
V 0L
Figure 2.7 shows the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to the high-voltage side. Herein, VH can
be calculated by applying a KVL as follows:
VH ¼ Zeq,H IH þ V0L ¼ Zeq,H I0L þ V0L ð10Þ
VH ¼ ð10:4 þ j31:3Þð3:41∠53:13Þ þ 2200∠0 ¼ 2137:9∠2:48 ° ð11Þ

Therefore:

2137:9
VR% ¼ 1 100 ) VR% ¼ 2:82%
2200
As can be seen, the value of voltage regulation for a leading load is negative.
Pc,2 ¼ 1:2Pc,1 ð2Þ
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð3Þ
Pcu,FL
For the first condition, we have:

Pc,1
0:8 ¼ ð4Þ
Pcu,FL
For the second condition, we have:

Pc,2
LF η max ,2 ¼ ð5Þ
Pcu,FL

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1:2Pc,1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Pc,1
LF η max ,2 ¼ ¼ 1:2 ð6Þ
Pcu,FL Pcu,FL

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
LF η max ,2 ¼ 1:2 0:8 ¼ 0:88 ) LF η max ,2 ¼ 88%
PF ¼ 1 ð1Þ
LF η max ¼ 1 ð2Þ
η max ¼ 90% ð3Þ
Pc
LF η max ¼
Pcu,FL
Pc
)1¼ ) Pc ¼ Pcu,FL ð4Þ
Pcu,FL
η max ¼ 100 ð5Þ
Therefore:
1 Sout,FL 1 Sout,FL
) 90 ¼ 100 ) 0:9 ¼ ) Sout,FL ¼ 18Pc ð6Þ
1 Sout,FL 1 þ 2Pc Sout,FL þ 2Pc
LF Sout,FL PF
η¼ 100 ð7Þ
Calculating the efficiency of transformer at the same power factor but at half-load results:
0:5 Sout,FL 1
)η¼ 100 ð8Þ
0:5 Sout,FL 1 þ Pc þ 0:52 Pcu,FL
Solving (4), (6), and (8):
0:5 18Pc 1 9
η¼ 100 ¼ 100 ) η ¼ 87:8%
0:5 18Pc 1 þ Pc þ 0:52 Pc 10:25
2.36. Based on the information given in the problem, the results of open-circuit and short-circuit tests of transformer are as
follows:
V oc ¼ 220 V,I oc ¼ 9:5 A,Poc ¼ 460:8 W ð1Þ
V sc ¼ 175 V,I sc ¼ 10:9 A,Psc ¼ 720 W ð2Þ
Moreover, we have:
SFL ¼ 24 kVA ð3Þ
The following terms can be extracted from the open-circuit and short-circuit tests of transformer:
Pc ¼ 460:8 W ð4Þ
Pcu,FL ¼ 720 W ð5Þ
As we know, a transformer can work with its maximum efficiency if its load factor (LF) is equal to the following term:
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð6Þ
Pcu,FL
Therefore, we have:
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
460:8
LF η max ¼ ¼ 0:8 ð7Þ
720
Hence, the apparent power of transformer when it is operated with its maximum efficiency is as follows:
Sη max ¼ LF η max SFL ¼ 0:8 24 ¼ 19:2 kVA ð8Þ
On the other hand, a resistive load can result in the maximum efficiency for the transformer. Therefore:
Pη max ¼ Sη max PF η max ¼ 19:2 1 ) Pη max ¼ 19:2 kW
V ¼ 2000=200 V ð1Þ
SFL ¼ 20 kVA ð2Þ
eq ¼ 0:015 p:u:
Rpu ð3Þ
I 2,η max ¼ 90 A ð4Þ
The rated current of transformer on the secondary side can be calculated as follows.
SFL 20000
I 2,FL ¼ ¼ ¼ 100 A ð5Þ
V2 200
The specific load factor, in which the transformer is operated with its maximum efficiency, can be calculated as follows:
I 2,η max 90
LF η max ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:9 ð6Þ
I 2,FL 100
As we know, a transformer can work with its maximum efficiency if its load factor (LF) is equal to the following term:
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð7Þ
Pcu,FL
Pc
¼ 0:9 ) Pc ¼ 0:81Pcu,FL ð8Þ
Pcu,FL
On the other hand, as we know, full-load copper power loss in per unit (p.u.) value is equal to equivalent series
resistance in per unit (p.u.) value. Therefore:
Ppu
cu,FL ¼ 0:015 p:u: ð9Þ
Pcu,FL ¼ Ppu
cu,FL SFL ¼ 0:015 20 ¼ 0:3 kW ð10Þ
Pc ¼ 0:81Pcu,FL ¼ 0:81 0:3 ¼ 0:243 kW ð11Þ
The efficiency of transformer in the new condition (at half-load condition and the power factor of 0.8) can be determined
as follows:
LF new Sout,FL PF new

ηnew ¼ 100 ð12Þ
LF new Sout,FL PF new þ Pc þ LF new 2 Pcu,FL
0:5 20 0:8
) ηnew ¼ 100 ð13Þ
0:5 20 0:8 þ 0:243 þ 0:52 0:3
) ηnew ¼ 96:1%
V ¼ 400=100 V ð1Þ
Srated ¼ 5000 kVA ð2Þ
Pcu ¼ Psc ¼ 250 W ð3Þ
Z eq,H ¼ 3:2 Ω ð4Þ
As we know, short-circuit test is done on the high-voltage side.

The rated current on the high-voltage side can be calculated as follows:
Srated 5000
Srated ¼ V rated,H I rated,H ) I rated,H ¼ ¼ ¼ 12:5 A ð5Þ
V rated,H 400
Figure 2.8 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a transformer for a short-circuit test. The relation between the
copper power loss and the equivalent series resistance (Req) is as follows:
Pcu ¼ Req ðI sc Þ2 ð6Þ

250
) Req ¼ ¼ 1:6 Ω ð7Þ
12:52

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) X eq ¼ 3:22 1:62 ¼ 2:77 Ω ð9Þ
As we know, zero voltage regulation of transformer can occur when the load power factor is equal to the critical power
factor (PFcr) that can be calculated as follows. In this condition, the load has a leading power factor:
X eq
PF cr ¼ cos φcr ¼ ð10Þ
Z eq
2:77
) PF cr ¼ ) PF cr ¼ 0:866
3:2
LF ¼ 60% ð1Þ
Ppu
cu,LF¼60% ¼ 0:0108 p:u: ð2Þ
VR%LF¼100%,PF¼0:8 Lag: ¼ 4:08% ð3Þ
The copper power loss at 60% of full-load condition has been given. The copper power loss at full-load condition can be
Ppu 2 pu
cu,LF¼60% ¼ LF Pcu,FL ð4Þ
) 0:0108 ¼ ð0:6Þ2 Ppu pu

cu,FL ) Pcu,FL ¼ 0:03 p:u: ð5Þ
Ppu
cu,FL ¼ Req
pu
ð6Þ
Therefore:
eq ¼ 0:03 p:u:
Rpu ð7Þ

eq cos φ þ X eq sin φ 100
VR% ¼ LF Rpu pu
ð8Þ
Therefore:
4:08 ¼ 1 0:03 0:8 þ X pu
eq 1 0:82 100 ð9Þ
) X pu
eq ¼ 0:04 p:u: ð10Þ
As we know, the maximum voltage regulation of a transformer can be calculated as follows:

r
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
2 2
VR max % ¼ Z eq % ¼ 100 Rpu
eq þ X pu
eq ð11Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) VR% max ¼ 100 ð0:03Þ2 þ ð0:04Þ2 ð12Þ
) VR% max ¼ 5%
Sout,FL ¼ 100 kVA ð1Þ
LF η max ¼ 0:8 ð2Þ
η max ¼ 90% ð3Þ
PF ¼ 0:9 ð4Þ
Z eq % ¼ 10% ð5Þ
η max ¼ 100 ð6Þ
Therefore:
0:8 100 0:9

90 ¼ 100 ) Pc ¼ 4 kW ð7Þ
0:8 100 0:9 þ 2Pc
Pc
LF η max ¼ ð8Þ
Pcu,FL

4
0:8 ¼ ) Pcu,FL ¼ 6:25 kW ð9Þ
Pcu,FL
pu
eq ¼ Pcu,FL
Rpu ð10Þ
where:
Pcu,FL 6:25 kW
Ppu
cu,FL ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:0625 p:u: ¼ 6:25% ð11Þ
Sout,FL 100 kVA
Therefore:
Req % ¼ 6:25% ð12Þ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
) X eq ¼ 102 6:252 ) X eq ¼ 7:8%
SFL ¼ 50 kVA ð1Þ
Pc ¼ 200 W ð2Þ
Pcu,FL ¼ 500 W ð3Þ
Moreover, the load cycle of transformer is as follows:
Load factor 0% 50% 75% 100% 110%

Power factor 0 1 0.8 lag. 0.9 lag. 1
Duration (hour) 6 6 6 3 3
The all-day efficiency of a transformer can be determined as follows:

P
E out ðPout,i Δt i Þ
ηAD ¼ ¼ P ð4Þ
E in ðPout,i Δt i Þ þ ðPloss,i Δt i Þ
P
ðSout,FL,i LF i PF i Δt i Þ
) ηAD ¼ P P ð5Þ
ðSout,FL,i LF i PF i Δt i Þ þ ðPc 24Þ þ Pcu,FL,i LF 2i Δt i
where the description of parameters is as follows:
ηAD: All-day efficiency
Eout: Output energy (kWh)
Ein: Input energy (kWh)
Pout: Output power (kW)
Δt: Duration (hour)
Ploss: Power loss (kW)
Sout, FL: Full-load output apparent power (kVA)
LF: Load factor
PF: Power factor
Pc: Core power loss (kW)
Pcu, FL: Full-load copper loss (kW)
Therefore, we have:
P
ðSout,FL,i LF i PF i Δt i Þ ¼ 50
103 ðð0 0 6Þ þ ð0:5 1 6Þ þ ð0:75 0:8 6Þ þ ð1 0:9 3Þ þ ð1:1 1 3ÞÞ
¼ 630 kWh
ð6Þ
Pc 24 ¼ 200 24 ¼ 4:8 kWh ð7Þ

X
Pcu,FL,i LF 2i Δt i ¼ 500 02 6 þ 0:52 6 þ 0:752 6 þ 12 3 þ 1:12 3 ¼ 5:76 kWh ð8Þ
630
) ηAD ¼ 100 ) ηAD ¼ 98:35%
630 þ 4:8 þ 5:76

STW ¼ 60 kVA ð1Þ
V TW ¼ 240=1200 V ð2Þ
ηTW ¼ 96% ð3Þ
PF load ¼ 0:8 ð4Þ
V AT ¼ 1440=1200 V ð5Þ
The rated current of two-winding transformer on its primary and secondary sides can be calculated as follows:
STW 60 103
I TW,1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 250 A ð6Þ
V TW,1 240
STW 60 103
I TW,2 ¼ ¼ ¼ 50 A ð7Þ
V TW,2 1200
Figure 2.9 shows how we can covert the two-winding transformer with the voltage levels of 240/1200 V to an
autotransformer with the voltage levels of 1440/1200 V. As can be seen in Fig. 2.9b, we have:
I AT,H ¼ I TW,1 ¼ 250 A ð8Þ
V AT,H ¼ V TW,1 þ V TW,2 ¼ 240 þ 1200 ¼ 1440 V ð9Þ
Therefore, the rated apparent power of autotransformer can is as follows:
SAT ¼ V AT,H I AT,H ¼ 1440 250 ¼ 360000 VA ) SAT ¼ 360 kVA ð10Þ
The efficiency of a transformer at full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
Pout Sout cos θ Sout PF

η¼ 100 ¼ 100 ¼ 100 ð11Þ
Pout þ Ploss Sout cos θ þ Ploss Sout PF þ Ploss
Therefore, for the two-winding transformer, we can write:
60 0:8
96 ¼ 100 ) PTW,loss ¼ 2 kW ð12Þ
60 0:8 þ PTW,loss
Since the frequency, voltages, and currents of windings are not changed, the core and copper losses will remain
constant. In other words:
PAT,loss ¼ PTW,loss ¼ 2 kW ð13Þ
Now, the efficiency of autotransformer at full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
SAT,out PF 360 0:8

ηAT ¼ 100 ¼ 100 ð14Þ
SAT,out PF þ PAT,loss 360 0:8 þ 2
) ηAT ¼ 99:3%

S ¼ 200 kVA ð1Þ
LF η max ¼ 0:85 ð2Þ
η max ¼ 95% ð3Þ
PF ¼ 1 ð4Þ
In addition, the load cycle of transformer is as follows:
Load factor (%) 0 70 85 100

Duration (hour) 6 6 6 6
η max ¼ 2 100 ð5Þ
LF η max Sout,FL PF þ Pc þ LF η max Pcu,FL
Herein, LF η max is the specific load factor that results in the maximum efficiency of transformer. In this condition, the
relation below exists between the core power loss, full load copper loss, and LF η max :
Pc 2
LF η max ¼ ) Pc ¼ LF η max Pcu,FL ð6Þ
Pcu,FL
η max ¼ 2 100 ð7Þ
LF η max Sout,FL PF þ 2 LF η max Pcu,FL
Therefore:
0:85 200 1
0:95 ¼ 100 ) Pcu,FL ¼ 6:2 kW ð8Þ
0:85 200 1 þ 2 ð0:85Þ2 Pcu,FL
Pc ¼ ð0:85Þ2 6:2 ¼ 4:5 kW ð9Þ
The all-day efficiency of a transformer can be determined as follows:

P
E out ðPout,i Δt i Þ
ηAD ¼ ¼ P ð10Þ
E in ðPout,i Δt i Þ þ ðPloss,i Δt i Þ
P
) ηAD ¼ P P ð11Þ
ðSout,FL,i LF i PF i Δt i Þ þ ðPc 24Þ þ Pcu,FL,i LF 2i Δt i
where the description of parameters is as follows:

ηAD: All-day efficiency
Eout: Output energy (kWh)
Ein: Input energy (kWh)
Pout: Output power (kW)
Δt: Duration (hour)
Ploss: Power loss (kW)
Sout, FL: Full-load output apparent power (kVA)
LF: Load factor
PF: Power factor
Pc: Core power loss (kW)
Pcu, FL: Full-load copper loss (kW)
Therefore, we have:
P
¼ 200 103 ðð0 1 6Þ þ ð0:7 1 6Þ þ ð0:85 1 6Þ þ ð1 1 6ÞÞ ð12Þ
¼ 3060 kWh
Pc 24 ¼ 4:5 24 ¼ 108 kWh ð13Þ

X
Pcu,FL,i LF 2i Δt i ¼ 6:2 02 6 þ 0:72 6 þ 0:852 6 þ 12 6 ¼ 82:305 kWh ð14Þ
Therefore, the all-day efficiency of transformer can be calculated as follows:
3060
ηAD ¼ 100 ) ηAD ¼ 94:1%
3060 þ 108 þ 82:305

Problems: Induction Machines
3
Abstract
In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems related to the three-phase wound rotor and squirrel-cage induction motors
and generators are solved. The subjects include the calculation of slip, speed, electromotive force (emf), starting torque,
maximum torque, rated torque, electromagnetic torque, mechanical torque, output torque, different powers and power
losses, efficiency, maximum efficiency, and power factor of an induction machine using its equivalent circuit at different
load and stability conditions. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels
(easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from
the easiest problems with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
3.1. An induction motor with the star-connected stator is drawing 10 A current from the power grid. If its stator connection
type is changed to delta, what will be the new current drawn from the grid?
1) 10 A
pffiffiffi
2) 10 3 A
3) p10ffiffi3 A
4) 30 A
3.2. In a three-phase, six-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz induction motor, the frequency of electromotive force (emf) of rotor is about
100 cycle/minute. Calculate the slip and speed of rotor.
1) 0.021, 950 rpm
2) 0.021, 966 rpm
3) 0.033, 950 rpm
4) 0.033, 966 rpm
3.3. A 380 V induction motor has the starting torque equal to one and a half times of the rated torque. What voltage must be
applied on the motor so that it develops the rated torque during the starting time?
1) 300 V
2) 310 V
3) 400 V
4) 380 V

48 3 Problems: Induction Machines
3.4. In a three-phase, 220 V induction motor, the maximum torque is equal to three times of rated torque. Determine this ratio
if the applied voltage is 110 V.
1) 8
2) 0.75
3) 4
4) 0.5
3.5. A three-phase, four-pole, 380 V, 50 Hz induction motor with a star-connected stator is being operated at rated load with
the slip of 0.05. Calculate the speed of revolving fields of rotor and stator with respect to the rotor.
1) 75 rpm, 1500 rpm
2) 75 rpm, 0 rpm
3) 0 rpm, 75 rpm
4) 75 rpm, 75 rpm
3.6. A six-pole induction motor is supplied by a 60 Hz synchronous generator. If the motor is rotating with the speed of
1140 rpm, calculate the frequency of rotor current.
1) 2.4 Hz
2) 4 Hz
3) 1.8 Hz
4) 3 Hz
3.7. The input power, total power loss of stator, and rotational power loss of an induction motor are about 4 kW, 100 W, and
200 W, respectively. If the slip of machine is about 0.04, calculate its efficiency.
1) 89.4%
2) 88.6%
3) 90.2%
4) 85.5%
3.8. A three-phase, eight-pole, 400 V, 60 Hz induction motor is assumed. If the input power of rotor is about 90 kW, and the
speed of revolving filed of stator with respect to the rotor is 10 rad/s, calculate the output power of motor. Herein, assume
that the rotational power loss is ignorable.
1) 78.54 kW
2) 80.45 kW
3) 81.42 kW
4) 82.52 kW
3.9. A three-phase wound rotor induction motor has the stationary rotor impedance of 0.05 + j0.1 Ω/phase referred to the
stator side. Determine the external resistance of rotor so that the motor has the maximum torque during the starting time.
1) 0.075 Ω
2) 1.05 Ω
3) 0.1 Ω
4) 0.05 Ω
3 Problems: Induction Machines 49
3.10. If the applied voltage of an induction motor decreases about 10%, how much decrease can be seen in the maximum
torque?
1) 19%
2) 20%
3) 29%
4) 10%
3.11. A three-phase wound-rotor induction motor has the stationary impedance of 0.05 + j 0.2 Ω/phase referred to the stator
side. What size of resistor must be added to each phase of rotor circuit so that the starting torque becomes maximum?
1) 0.25 Ω
2) 0.1 Ω
3) 0.15 Ω
4) 0.5 Ω
3.12. In a three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor, the speed of motor for the maximum torque is 750 rpm. Determine
the ratio of starting torque to maximum torque of motor in percentage.
1) 90%
2) 70%
3) 80%
4) 120%
3.13. In an induction motor, the stationary impedance of rotor referred to the stator side is 1 þ j1Ω=phase, but its stator
impedance is negligible. This motor has the maximum torque three times as great compared to its full-load torque.
Calculate the rated slip of motor.
1) 0.414
2) 0.268
3) 0.324
4) 0.171
3.14. In a three-phase, 50 Hz, 1440 rpm induction motor, the full-load torque is twice of maximum torque. Determine the
stable operating region of motor in terms of its speed.
1) 1080 - 1500 rpm
2) 1200 - 1500 rpm
3) 1180 - 1500 rpm
4) 1440 - 1500 rpm
3.15. A three-phase, eight-pole, 50 Hz, 700 rpm induction motor has the stationary impedance of 0.01 + j 0.05 Ω/phase
referred to the stator side. What is the ratio of its full-load torque to maximum torque?
1) 1.8
2) 1.1
3) 0.6
4) 3.6
3.16. A three-phase, four-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz induction motor with a star-connected stator has the stationary impedance of
0.4 + j 2 Ω/phase referred to the stator side. What size of resistor must be added to each phase of rotor circuit so that the
starting torque becomes the 80% of maximum torque?
1) 0.8 Ω
2) 0.2 Ω
3) 0.4 Ω
4) 0.6 Ω
3.17. In a three-phase, four-pole, 380 V, 50 Hz induction motor, the value of parameters of equivalent circuit is as follows:
Rs ¼ 0 Ω=phase, R0r ¼ 0:5 Ω=phase
X s ¼ X 0r ¼ 1 Ω=phase, X m ¼ 1 Ω=phase
Determine the speed in which the torque is maximum.

1) 1250 rpm
2) 1450 rpm
3) 1125 rpm
4) 1140 rpm
3.18. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz wound-rotor induction motor is rotating under a certain load at 1440 rpm. After adding
a series resistor to each phase of rotor circuit, its speed drops to about 1350 rpm. Calculate the ratio of ohmic power loss
of rotor in this condition to the one of previous condition.
1) 2.5
2) 0.8
3) 1.25
4) 0.4
3.19. A four pole, 50 Hz induction motor has a negligible stator impedance. The rated speed of motor is 1475 rpm, and the
stationary impedance of rotor is 0.072 + j 0.8 Ω/phase referred to the stator side. Determine the unstable operating
region of motor in terms of its speed.
1) 0 - 1365 rpm
2) 0 - 1450 rpm
3) 1450 - 1500 rpm
4) 1450 - 1475 rpm
3.20. In a three-phase, 50 Hz, 5 hp., 1440 rpm induction motor, the rotational power loss is 40 W. If the rotor current is 5 A,
calculate the rotor resistance.
1) 1 Ω
2) 2 Ω
3) 3 Ω
4) 5 Ω
3.21. A three-phase, eight-pole, 50 Hz induction motor with the input power of 35 kW is rotating at 720 rpm. In this
condition, the copper power loss of stator and rotational power loss are 1.5 kW and 160 W, respectively. Calculate the
load torque while ignoring the core power loss.
1) 3000
5π N:m
2) 4000
3π N:m
4000
3) 5π N:m
4) 5000
3π N:m
3.22. A three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz induction motor has the rotor impedance of 0.5 + j5 Ω/phase referred to the stator side.
Determine the speed in which the torque is maximum.
1) 1000 rpm
2) 1500 rpm
3) 900 rpm
4) 800 rpm
3.23. In a three-phase, two-pole, 50 Hz, induction motor, the starting torque is about 80% of rated torque. Calculate the motor
speed at maximum torque.
1) 900 rpm
2) 1000 rpm
3) 1200 rpm
4) 1500 rpm
3.24. In a squirrel-cage induction motor, if the copper bars are replaced by the similar aluminum bars, calculate the ratio of
speeds corresponding to maximum torque (nnTT max ,Cu
,Al
). Herein, assume that the special electrical conductivity of copper is
max
two times as great compared to the one of aluminum.

1) 1
2) Less than one
3) 2
4) More than 2
3.25. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor is rotating at the speed of 1450 rpm. If the rotor resistance becomes
three times as great, what will be the new speed of machine?
1) 1450 rpm
2) 1400 rpm
3) 1350 rpm
4) 1500 rpm
3.26. A three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz induction motor has the rated speed of 950 rpm. What is its speed at half-load condition if
the motor is still being operated in the stable region?
1) 975 rpm
2) 1000 rpm
3) 980 rpm
4) 950 rpm
3.27. A three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz induction motor develops the net torque of 120 N.m. when the frequency of
electromotive force (emf) of rotor is about 2 Hz. Calculate the efficiency of machine if the rotational power loss and
the total power loss of stator are about 2 kW and 0.5 kW, respectively.
1) 84.2%
2) 82.8%
3) 79.6%
4) 76.7%
3.28. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor is supplied by a 500 V power source and rotates at 1440 rpm. The
output power of rotor is about 20 hp. Calculate the copper power loss of rotor.
1) 425.45 W
2) 521.32 W
3) 575.65 W
4) 621.66 W
3.29. In a three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz, 12 hp., 950 rpm induction motor, the copper power loss of stator and the core power
loss are about 1 kW and 0.5 kW, respectively. Calculate the efficiency of machine if its rotational power loss is
negligible.
1) 85.0%
2) 82.0%
3) 82.6%
4) 85.8%
3.30. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor has the efficiency of 85% at the power of 25.5 kW. If the copper power
loss of stator, copper power loss of rotor, core power loss of machine, and rotational power loss are equal, calculate the
speed of machine.
1) 1425 rpm
2) 1438 rpm
3) 1440 rpm
4) 1500 rpm
3.31. In a three-phase, eight-pole, 50 Hz, 700 rpm induction motor, the input power is 5 kW. Calculate the efficiency of motor
if the total power loss of stator and rotational power loss are 100 W and 150 W, respectively.
1) 78.4%
2) 85.4%
3) 92.4%
4) 88.4%
3.32. A three-phases 50 Hz induction motor can be operated with two and four poles. While the machine is operated with two
poles and the slip of 0.08, it is changed to a four-pole machine. Calculate the ratio of developed electromagnetic power
to input power immediately after this switching. Herein, ignore the stator power loss.
1) 0.16
2) 1.84
3) 1.08
4) -1.84
3.33. A three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz, 50 kW, 970 rpm induction motor has the core power loss, stator copper power loss, and
rotational power loss of 1 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW, respectively. Calculate the efficiency of machine.
1) 91%
2) 81%
3) 85%
4) 71%
3.34. A three-phase, four-pole, 9.5 kW, 1455 rpm, 50 Hz induction motor is available. The rotational power loss of machine at
the rated speed is 200 W. If the rotor current is 5 A, calculate the rotor resistance.
1) 11.5 Ω/phase
2) 12 Ω/phase
3) 3.8 Ω/phase
4) 4 Ω/phase
3.35. A four-pole, 60 Hz, wound-rotor induction motor has been loaded with a constant-torque load and rotates at the rated
speed of 1710 rpm. Calculate the ratio of developed electromagnetic power to air gap power if the air gap magnetic flux
and rotational power loss remain constant but the rotor resistance becomes five times as great.
1) 0.62
2) 0.75
3) 0.82
4) 0.90
3.36. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor, at its rated voltage and frequency, has the starting torque equal to one
and a half times of the rated torque as well as the maximum torque equal to three times of the rated torque. Calculate its
rated speed.
1) 1431 rpm
2) 1350 rpm
3) 1200 rpm
4) 1098 rpm
3.37. In a 50 Hz, 1425 rpm, induction motor, the speed is controlled by the method of Vf ¼ Constant for the loads with
constant torque. If both voltage and frequency become one and a half as great, what will be the new speed of motor?
Herein, ignore the stator impedance.
1) 2137.5 rpm
2) 2175.0 rpm
3) 2112.5 rpm
4) 2237.5 rpm
Solutions of Problems: Induction Machines
4
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the third chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
4.1. Since the load is not changed, the line current will be the same as the previous one. In other words, changing the
connection type of stator winding will not affect the current drawn from the grid. Choice (1) is the answer.
However, it should be noted that in delta connection, the phase current will be p1ffiffi3 times of line current.
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
100 5
f r ¼ 100 cycle=min ) f r ¼ cycle=sec ¼ Hz ð3Þ
60 3
As we know, the slip can be calculated as follows:
fr
s¼ ð4Þ
fs
5
)s¼ 3
) s 0:033 ð5Þ
50
The synchronous speed can be calculated based on the number of poles of rotor and frequency of stator as follows:
120f s
ns ¼ ð6Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð7Þ
6
The speed of rotor can be determined as follows:
n ¼ ns ð1 sÞ ð8Þ
) n ¼ 1000ð1 0:033Þ ) n 966 rpm


56 4 Solutions of Problems: Induction Machines
V 1 ¼ 380 V ð1Þ
T st,1 ¼ 1:5T FL ð2Þ
T st,2 ¼ T FL ð3Þ
As we know, at constant frequency, the starting torque is proportional to squire of voltage:
T st / V 2 ð4Þ
Therefore:
2
T st,1 V1
¼ ð5Þ
T st,2 V2
2
380
) 1:5 ¼ ) V 2 310 V
V2
V 1 ¼ 220 V ð1Þ
T max ,1 ¼ 3T FL ð2Þ
V 2 ¼ 110 V ð3Þ
As we know, at constant frequency, the maximum torque is proportional to squire of voltage:
T max / V 2 ð4Þ
Therefore:
T max ,1 2202
¼ ð5Þ
T max ,2 110
1
) T max ,2 ¼ T max ,1 ð6Þ
4

3 T
) T max ,2 ¼ T FL ) max ,2 ¼ 0:75
4 T FL
p¼4 ð1Þ
4 Solutions of Problems: Induction Machines 57
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
s ¼ 0:05 ð3Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð4Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð5Þ
4
) n ¼ 1500ð1 0:05Þ ) n ¼ 1425 rpm ð7Þ
As we know, speed of revolving field of rotor and stator is equal. In other words:
nr ¼ ns ð8Þ
The speed of revolving field of rotor or stator with respect to rotor can be calculated as follows:
ns n ¼ nr n ¼ 1500 1425 ¼ 75 rpm
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð2Þ
n ¼ 1140 rpm ð3Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð4Þ
p
120 60
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1200 rpm ð5Þ
4
As we know, the slip can be calculated as follows:
ns n
s¼ ð6Þ
ns
1200 1140
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:05 ð7Þ
1200
The frequency of rotor is calculated as follows:
f r ¼ sf s ) f r ¼ 0:05 60 ) f r ¼ 3 Hz
Pin ¼ 4000 W ð1Þ
Pcu,s þ Pc ¼ 100 W ð2Þ
Prot ¼ 200 W ð3Þ
s ¼ 0:04 ð4Þ
Figure 4.1 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. The air gap power can be calculated as follows:
Pag ¼ Pin ðPcu,s þ Pc Þ ¼ 4000 100 ¼ 3900 W ð5Þ
As we know, the developed electromagnetic power can be calculated as follows:
Pe ¼ ð1 sÞPag ¼ ð1 0:04Þ 3900 ¼ 3744 W ð6Þ
Based on the power flow diagram, the out power is calculated as follows:
Pout ¼ Pe Prot ¼ 3744 200 ¼ 3544 W ð7Þ
The efficiency of motor can be calculated as follows:
Pout
η¼ 100 ð8Þ
Pin
3544
)η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 88:6%
4000
p¼8 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð2Þ
Pag ¼ 90 kW ð3Þ
ωs ω ¼ 10 rad=sec ð4Þ
Prot 0 W ð5Þ
As we know, the synchronous speed can be calculated based on the number of poles of rotor and frequency of stator as
follows:
120f s
ns ¼ ð6Þ
p
120 60
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 900 rpm ð7Þ
8
2π
) ωs ¼ 900 ¼ 30π rad=sec ð8Þ
60
As we know, the relation below exists:
ω ¼ ωs ð1 sÞ ) ω ωs ¼ ωs s ð9Þ
Solving (4), (8), and (9):
1
10 ¼ 30πs ) s ¼ ð10Þ
3π

1
Pe ¼ ð1 sÞPag ¼ 1 90 ) Pe 80:45 kW
3π
Finally, the output power can be calculated as follows:
Pout ¼ Pe Prot ¼ 80:45 0 ) Pout 80:45 kW
Z 0r ¼ 0:05 þ j0:1 Ω=phase ð1Þ
T st ¼ T max ð2Þ
As we know, the slip corresponding to maximum torque is as follows if only rotor impedance is considerable:
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð3Þ
X 0r X r
If an external resistor is added to the rotor circuit, the slip corresponding to maximum torque is updated as follows:
Rr þ Rext
sT max ¼ ð4Þ
Xr
Since the maximum torque needs to occur during the starting time, sT max ¼ 1. Therefore:
Rr þ Rext
1¼ ð5Þ
Xr
0:05 þ Rext
1¼ ) Rext ¼ 0:05 Ω=phase
0:1
V 2 ¼ 0:9V 1 ð1Þ
As we know, at constant frequency, the maximum torque is proportional to squire of voltage:
T max / V 2 ð2Þ
Therefore:
2
T max ,2 V2
¼ ð3Þ
T max ,1 V1
T max ,2
) ¼ ð0:9Þ2 ) T max ,2 ¼ 0:81T max ,1 ð4Þ
T max ,1
T max ,2 T max ,1
) ¼ 0:19 ) 19% Reduction
T max ,1
Z 0r ¼ 0:05 þ j0:2 Ω=phase ð1Þ
T st ¼ T max ð2Þ
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð3Þ
X 0r X r
Rr þ Rext
sT max ¼ ð4Þ
Xr
Since the maximum torque needs to occur during the starting time, sT max ¼ 1. Therefore:
Rr þ Rext
1¼ ð5Þ
Xr
0:05 þ Rext
1¼ ) Rext ¼ 0:15 Ω=phase
0:2
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
nT max ¼ 750 rpm ð3Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð4Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð5Þ
4
The slip at maximum torque can be calculated as follows:
ns nT max
sT max ¼ ð6Þ
ns
1500 750
) sT max ¼ ) sT max ¼ 0:5 ð7Þ
1500
As we know, the relation between starting torque and maximum torque is as follows:
T st 2sT max
¼ ð8Þ
T max ðsT max Þ2 þ 1
T st 2 0:5 T
) ¼ ) st ¼ 0:8 ¼ 80%
T max ð0:5Þ2 þ 1 T max
Z 0r ¼ 1 þ j Ω=phase ð1Þ
Z s 0 Ω=phase ð2Þ
T max ¼ 3T FL ð3Þ
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
X 0r X r
1
) sT max ¼ ¼1 ð5Þ
1
The relation between full-load torque and maximum torque is as follows:
T FL 2sT max sT FL
¼ ð6Þ
T max ðsT max Þ2 þ ðsT FL Þ2

1 2 1 sT FL 5:82 ) Uncceptable
) ¼ ) s T FL ¼ ð7Þ
3 ð1Þ2 þ ðsT FL Þ2 0:171 ) Acceptable
Since the machine is operated as a motor (0 < s < 1), only sT FL ¼ 0:171 is acceptable.
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð1Þ
nFL ¼ 1440 rpm ð2Þ
T FL ¼ 2T max ð3Þ
Based on the speed of motor given in the problem, we can determine the synchronous speed of machine as follows:
120f s
ns ¼ ð4Þ
p
8
>
> p ¼ 1 ) ns ¼ 6000
>
>
>
< p ¼ 2 ) ns
> ¼ 3000
120 50 6000
) ns ¼ ¼ ) p ¼ 4 ) ns ¼ 1500 ð5Þ
p p >
>
>
> p ¼ 6 ) ns ¼ 1000
>
>
:
p ¼ 8 ) ns ¼ 7500
Since speed of an induction machine is close to its synchronous speed during stable operation (rated condition), it is
clear that ns ¼ 1500 for this machine because n ¼ 1440 rpm.
The slip at full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
ns nFL
sFL ¼ ð6Þ
ns
1500 1440
) sFL ¼ ) sFL ¼ 0:04 ð7Þ
1500
As we know, the relation between full-load torque and maximum torque is as follows:
T FL 2sT max sFL

¼ ð8Þ
T max ðsT max Þ2 þ ðsFL Þ2
2sT max 0:04

)2¼ ) sT max ¼ 0:28 ð9Þ
ðsT max Þ2 þ ð0:04Þ2
The speed of motor corresponding to the maximum torque can be calculated as follows:
nT max ¼ ns ð1 sT max Þ ð10Þ
) nT max ¼ 1500ð1 0:28Þ ) nT max ¼ 1080 rpm ð11Þ
The speed corresponding to maximum torque is the minimum speed in which the induction motor has its own stable
operation. Therefore, the speeds above the minimum speed, but below the synchronous speed, will result in the stable
operation of motor. In other words, the stable operating region of motor is as follows:
1080 < n < 1500 rpm
p¼8 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n ¼ 700 rpm ð3Þ
Z 0r ¼ 0:01 þ j0:05 Ω=phase ð4Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð5Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 750 rpm ð6Þ
8
The slip at full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
ns nT FL
sT FL ¼ ð7Þ
ns
750 700 1
) sT FL ¼ ) sT FL ¼ ð8Þ
750 15
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð9Þ
X 0r X r
0:01
sT max ¼ ¼ 0:2 ð10Þ
0:05
The relation between full-load torque and maximum torque is as follows:
T FL 2sT max sT FL
¼ ð11Þ
T FL 2 0:2 151
T
) ¼ ) FL ¼ 0:6
T max ð0:2Þ þ 1 2
2 T max
15
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Z 0r ¼ 0:4 þ j2 Ω=phase ð3Þ
T st ¼ 0:8T max ð4Þ
T st 2sT max
¼ ð5Þ

2sT max 2 ) Uncceptable
) 0:8 ¼ ) sT max ¼ ð6Þ
ðsT max Þ2 þ 1 0:5 ) Acceptable
Since the machine is operated as a motor (0 < s < 1), only sT max ¼ 0:5 is acceptable.
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð7Þ
X 0r X r
Rr þ Rext
sT max ¼ ð8Þ
Xr
Therefore:
0:4 þ Rext
0:5 ¼ ) Rext ¼ 0:6 Ω=phase
2
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Rs ¼ 0 Ω=phase,R0r ¼ 0:5 Ω=phase ð3Þ
X s ¼ X 0r ¼ 1 Ω=phase,X m ¼ 1 Ω=phase ð4Þ

As we know, the relation between Thevenin impedance and the other parameters of induction machine is as follows:
2
Xm
Rth ¼ Rs ð5Þ
Xs þ Xm
X th X s ð6Þ
Therefore:
Rth ¼ 0 Ω=phase ð7Þ
X th 1 Ω=phase ð8Þ
The slip corresponding to maximum torque can be calculated as follows:
R0r
sT max ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ð9Þ
ðRth Þ2 þ X th þ X 0r
0:5
) sT max ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 0:25 ð10Þ
ð 0 Þ þ ð 1 þ 1Þ 2
2
120f s
ns ¼ ð11Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð12Þ
4
) nT max ¼ 1500ð1 0:25Þ ) nT max ¼ 1125 rpm
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n1 ¼ 1440 rpm ð3Þ
n2 ¼ 1350 rpm ð4Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð5Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð6Þ
4
The slip in the first condition can be calculated as follows:
ns n1
s1 ¼ ð7Þ
ns
1500 1440
) s1 ¼ ) s1 ¼ 0:04 ð8Þ
1500
Likewise for the second condition, we have:
1500 1350
) s2 ¼ ) s2 ¼ 0:1 ð9Þ
1500
As we know, the relation between copper power loss of rotor and air gap power is as follows:
Pcu,r ¼ sPag ð10Þ
Therefore:
Pcu,r,2 s2 Pag,2
¼ ð11Þ
Pcu,r,1 s1 Pag,1
Since the load torque and synchronous speed are constant, the air gap power will not change based on Pag ¼ Teωs. In
other words:
Pag,2 ¼ Pag,1 ð12Þ
Solving (11) and (12) and considering the value of parameters:
Pcu,r,2 s2 0:1 P
¼ ¼ ) cu,r,2 ¼ 2:5
Pcu,r,1 s1 0:04 Pcu,r,1
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Z 0r ¼ 0:072 þ j0:8 Ω=phase ð4Þ
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð5Þ
X 0r X r
0:072
) sT max ¼ ¼ 0:09 ð6Þ
0:8
120f s
ns ¼ ð7Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð8Þ
4
) nT max ¼ 1500ð1 0:09Þ ) nT max ¼ 1365 rpm ð10Þ
The speed corresponding to maximum torque is the minimum speed in which the induction motor has its own stable
operation. Therefore, the speeds below this value will result in the unstable operation of motor. In other words,
nmin ¼ 1365 rpm. Thus, the unstable operating region of motor is as follows:
0 < n < 1365 rpm
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð1Þ
Pout ¼ 5 hp ð2Þ
n ¼ 1440 rpm ð3Þ
Prot ¼ 40 W ð4Þ
Ir ¼ 5 A ð5Þ
The new slip can be calculated as follows:
ns n
s¼ ð6Þ
ns
1500 1440
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:04 ð7Þ
1500
Figure 4.2 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. The electromagnetic power can be calculated as
follows:
Pe ¼ Pout þ Prot ð8Þ
) Pe ¼ 5 746 þ 40 ¼ 3770 W ð9Þ

As we know, the copper power loss of rotor can be calculated as follows:
s 0:04
Pcu,r ¼ P ¼ 3770 ¼ 157 W ð10Þ
1 s e 1 0:04
On the other hand, the copper power loss of rotor of a three-phase induction motor can be directly calculated as follows:
Pcu,r ¼ 3Rr ðI r Þ2 ð11Þ
) Pcu,r ¼ 3Rr ð5Þ2 ¼ 75Rr ð12Þ

157
Rr ¼ ) Rr 2 Ω=phase
75
p¼8 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Pin ¼ 35 kW ð3Þ
n ¼ 720 rpm ð4Þ
Pcu,s ¼ 1:5 kW ð5Þ
Prot ¼ 0:16 kW ð6Þ
Pc ¼ 0 kW ð7Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð8Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 750 rpm ð9Þ
8
The slip can be calculated as follows:
ns n
s¼ ð10Þ
ns
750 720
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:04 ð11Þ
750
Pag ¼ Pin ðPcu,s þ Pc Þ ¼ 35 ð1:5 þ 0Þ ¼ 33:5 kW ð12Þ
Pe ¼ ð1 sÞPag ¼ ð1 0:04Þ 33:5 ¼ 32:16 kW ð13Þ
Based on the power flow diagram, the output power can be calculated as follows:
Pout ¼ Pe Prot ¼ 32:16 0:16 ¼ 32 kW ð14Þ
As we know, the output torque can be calculated as follow
Pout P
T out ¼ ¼ 2π out ð15Þ
ω 60 n
32000 4000
) T out ¼ 2π ) T out ¼ N:m
60 720 3π
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Z 0r ¼ 0:5 þ j5 Ω=phase ð3Þ
The slip corresponding to maximum torque is as follows:
R0r
sT max ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ð4Þ
ðRth Þ2 þ X th þ X 0r
The impedances of stator and excitation branch are not given in the problem. It means that the impedance of stator is
almost zero and the impedance of excitation branch is too large. Therefore, the Thevenin impedance seen by the rotor is
ignorable (Rth ¼ Xth ¼ 0). Therefore, we have:
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð5Þ
X 0r X r
0:5
) sT max ¼ ¼ 0:1 ð6Þ
5
120f s
ns ¼ ð7Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð8Þ
6
Now, the speed of motor corresponding to the maximum torque can be calculated as follows:
p¼2 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
T st ¼ 0:8T FL ð3Þ
T st 2sT max
¼ ð4Þ

2sT max 2 ) Uncceptable
) 0:8 ¼ ) s T max ¼ ð5Þ
2
ðsT max Þ þ 1 0:5 ) Acceptable
Since the machine is operated as a motor (0 < s < 1), only sT max ¼ 0:5 is acceptable.
120f s
ns ¼ ð6Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 3000 rpm ð7Þ
2

σ Cu ≜2σ Al ð1Þ
From (1), it is concluded that:

R0Al ¼ 2R0Cu ð2Þ
1

X 0r R0r,Al R0r,Cu
¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼) 0 ¼2 ð3Þ
Xr X 0r
R0r Rr
sT max ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
X 0r X r
sT max ,Al ¼ 2sT max ,Cu ð5Þ
The ratio of speeds of motor in the two conditions can be calculated as follows:
nT max ,Al ns ð1 sT max ,Al Þ nT max ,Al 1 sT max ,Al

¼ ) ¼ ð6Þ
nT max ,Cu ns ð1 sT max ,Cu Þ nT max ,Cu 1 sT max ,Cu

nT max ,Al 1 2sT max ,Cu nT ,Al
) ¼ ) max < 1
nT max ,Cu 1 sT max ,Cu nT max ,Cu
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n1 ¼ 1450 rpm ð3Þ
Rr,2 ¼ 3Rr,1 ð4Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð5Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð6Þ
4
ns n1
s1 ¼ ð7Þ
ns
1500 1450
) s1 ¼ ) s1 ¼ 0:033 ð8Þ
1500
As we know, at speed around synchronous speed (stable operating region), the mechanical torque can be approximated
by the following relation:
V2 s
Tm ð9Þ
f s R0r
Since the power supply of motor is the same as the previous one, its voltage and frequency do not change. Moreover, the
load of motor is constant; therefore, the torque will be the same. Thus, from Eq. (9), it is concluded that slip is
proportional to rotor resistance. In other words:
s / R0r ) s / Rr ð10Þ
s2 ¼ 3s1 ¼ 0:1 ð11Þ
The new speed of motor can be calculated as follows:
n2 ¼ ns ð1 s2 Þ ð12Þ
) n2 ¼ 1500ð1 0:1Þ ) n2 ¼ 1350 rpm
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n ¼ 950 rpm ð3Þ
T load,1 ¼ T FL ð4Þ
T load,2 ¼ 0:5T FL ð5Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð6Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð7Þ
6
ns n1
s1 ¼ ð8Þ
ns
1000 950
) s1 ¼ ) s1 ¼ 0:05 ð9Þ
1000
V2 s
Tm ð9Þ
f s R0r
Since the power supply of motor is the same as the previous one, its voltage and frequency do not change. In addition,
the rotor resistance is constant. Hence, from Eq. (9), it is concluded that torque is proportional to slip. In other words:
Te / s ð10Þ
Solving (4), (5), (9), and (10):
s2 ¼ 0:025 ð11Þ
The speed of motor at half full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
n2 ¼ n s ð 1 s 2 Þ ð12Þ
) n2 ¼ 1000ð1 0:025Þ ) n2 ¼ 975 rpm
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
T out ¼ 120 N:m: ð3Þ
f r ¼ 2 Hz ð4Þ
Prot ¼ 2 kW ð5Þ
Pcu,s þ Pc ¼ 0:5 kW ð6Þ

fr
s¼ ð7Þ
fs
2
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:04 ð8Þ
50
120f s
ns ¼ ð9Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð10Þ
6
) n ¼ 1000ð1 0:04Þ ) n ¼ 960 rpm ð12Þ
The output power can be calculated as follows:
2π
Pout ¼ T out ω ¼ T out n ð13Þ
60
2π
) Pout ¼ 120 960 ) Pout ¼ 12063:7 W ð14Þ
60
Figure 4.4 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. The developed electromagnetic power can be
) Pe ¼ 12063:7 þ 2000 ¼ 14063:7 W ð16Þ
As we know, the air gap power can be calculated as follows:
Pe
Pag ¼ ð17Þ
1s
14063:7
) Pag ¼ ¼ 14649:7 W ð18Þ
1 0:04
Based on the power flow diagram, the input power can be calculated as follows:
Pin ¼ Pag þ Pcu,s þ Pc ð19Þ
) Pin ¼ 14649:7 þ 500 ¼ 15146:7 W ð20Þ
Now, the efficiency of motor can be calculated as follows:
Pout
η¼ 100 ð21Þ
Pin
12063:7
η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 79:6%
15146:7

p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n ¼ 1440 rpm ð3Þ
Pout ¼ 20 hp ð4Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð5Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð6Þ
4
ns n
s¼ ð7Þ
ns
1500 1440
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:04 ð8Þ
1500
Figure 4.5 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. Since the rotational power loss is not given, we can
ignore it. Therefore, the developed electromagnetic power is as follows:
Pe ¼ Pout ¼ 20 746 ¼ 14920 W ð9Þ
Pe
Pag ¼ ð10Þ
1s
14920
) Pag ¼ ¼ 15541:66 W ð11Þ
1 0:04
In addition, the copper power loss of rotor can be calculated as follows:
Pcu,r ¼ sPag ð12Þ
) Pcu,r ¼ 0:04 15541:66 ) Pcu,r ¼ 621:66 W

Fig. 4.5 The circuit of solution of problem 4.28
p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Pout ¼ 12 hp ð3Þ
n ¼ 950 rpm ð4Þ
Pcu,s ¼ 1 kW ð5Þ
Pc ¼ 0:5 kW ð6Þ
Prot 0 ð7Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð8Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð9Þ
6
ns n
s¼ ð10Þ
ns
1000 950
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:05 ð11Þ
1000
Figure 4.6 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. The rotational power loss is zero; thus, the developed
electromagnetic power is as follows:
Pe ¼ Pout þ Prot ¼ 12 746 þ 0 ¼ 8952 W ð12Þ
As we know, the copper power loss of rotor can be calculated as follows:
Pe s
Pcu,r ¼ sPag ¼ s ¼ P ð13Þ
1s 1s e
0:05
) Pcu,r ¼ 8952 ) Pcu,r ¼ 471:15 W ð14Þ
1 0:05
The total power loss of motor can be calculated as follows:
Ploss ¼ Pcu,s þ Pc þ Pcu,r þ Prot ð15Þ
) Ploss ¼ 1000 þ 500 þ 471:15 þ 0 ¼ 1971:15 W ð16Þ
Now, the efficiency of motor can be calculated as follows:
Pout
η¼ 100 ð17Þ
Pout þ Ploss
8952
η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 81:95 82%
8952 þ 1971:15
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
η ¼ 85% ð3Þ
Pout ¼ 25:5 kW ð4Þ
Pcu,s ¼ Pcu,r ¼ Pc ¼ Prot ð5Þ
As we know, efficiency can be calculated as follows:
Pout
η¼ 100 ð6Þ
Pout þ Ploss
25:5
85 ¼ 100 ) Ploss ¼ 4:5 kW ð7Þ
25:5 þ Ploss
4:5
Pcu,s ¼ Pcu,r ¼ Pc ¼ Prot ¼ ¼ 1:125 kW ð8Þ
4
Pe ¼ Pout þ Prot ¼ 25:5 þ 1:125 ¼ 26:625 W ð9Þ
As we know, the relation between copper power loss of rotor and electromagnetic power is as follows:
s
Pcu,r ¼ P ð10Þ
1s e
s
) 1:125 ¼ 25:625 ) s ¼ 0:0405 ð11Þ
1s
120f s
ns ¼ ð12Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð13Þ
4
) n ¼ 1500ð1 0:0405Þ ) n ¼ 1440 rpm
p¼8 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
n ¼ 700 rpm ð3Þ
Pin ¼ 5 kW ð4Þ
Pcu,s þ Pc ¼ 100 W ð5Þ
Prot ¼ 150 W ð6Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð7Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 750 rpm ð8Þ
8
ns n
s¼ ð9Þ
ns
750 700
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:066 ð10Þ
750
Pag ¼ Pin ðPcu,s þ Pc Þ ¼ 5000 100 ¼ 4900 ð11Þ
Pe ¼ ð1 sÞPag ¼ ð1 0:066Þ 4900 ¼ 4570 W ð12Þ
Based on the power flow diagram, the output power can be calculated as follows:
Pout ¼ Pe Prot ¼ 4570 150 ¼ 4420 W ð13Þ
Pout
η¼ 100 ð14Þ
Pin
4420
)η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 88:4%
5000
p1 ¼ 2 ð1Þ
p2 ¼ 4 ð2Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð3Þ
s1 ¼ 0:08 ð4Þ
Pcu,s þ Pc 0 W ð5Þ
The primary synchronous speed can be calculated based on the number of poles of rotor and frequency of stator as
follows:
120f s
ns,1 ¼ ð6Þ
p1
120 50
) ns,1 ¼ ) ns,1 ¼ 3000 rpm ð7Þ
2
Thus, the corresponding primary speed of rotor is as follows:
n1 ¼ ns,1 ð1 s1 Þ ð8Þ
) n1 ¼ 3000ð1 0:08Þ ) n1 ¼ 2760 rpm ð9Þ
When the number of poles of motor is changed from 2 to 4, its speed will temporarily remain constant; however, the
synchronous speed is updated. Therefore:
) n2 ¼ 2760 rpm ð10Þ
120f s 120 50
ns,2 ¼ ) ns,2 ¼ ) ns,2 ¼ 1500 rpm ð11Þ
p3 4
The new slip can be calculated as follows:
ns,2 n2
s2 ¼ ð12Þ
ns,2
1500 2760
) s2 ¼ ) s2 ¼ 0:84 ð13Þ
1500
As can be noticed from the new slip, the machine temporarily changes to a generator, since s2 < 0.
Figure 4.9 shows the power flow diagram of an induction motor. The air gap power in the second condition can be
Pag,2 ¼ Pin,2 ðPcu,s,2 þ Pc,2 Þ ¼ Pin,2 0 ) Pag,2 ¼ Pin,2 ð14Þ
As we know, the relation below exists between the electromagnetic power and air gap power in the second condition:
Pe,2 ¼ ð1 s2 ÞPag,2 ð15Þ
Pe,2
Pe,2 ¼ ð1 s2 ÞPin,2 ) ¼ 1 s2 ¼ 1 ð0:84Þ ð16Þ
Pin,2
Pe,2
) ¼ 1:84
Pin,2

p¼6 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
Pout ¼ 50 kW ð3Þ
n ¼ 970 rpm ð4Þ
Pc ¼ 1 kW ð5Þ
Pcu,s ¼ 1 kW ð6Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð8Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1000 rpm ð9Þ
6

ns n
s¼ ð9Þ
ns
1000 970
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:03 ð10Þ
1000
Pe ¼ Pout þ Prot ¼ 50 þ 1:5 ¼ 51:5 kW ð11Þ
1 1
Pag ¼ P ¼ 51:5 ¼ 53 kW ð12Þ
1 s e 1 0:03
Based on the power flow diagram, the input power can be calculated as follows:
Pin ¼ Pag þ Pcu,s þ Pc ¼ 53 þ 1 þ 1 ¼ 55 kW ð13Þ

Pout
η¼ 100 ð14Þ
Pin
50
)η¼ 100 ) η ¼ 91%
55
p¼4 ð1Þ
Pout ¼ 9:5 kW ð2Þ
n ¼ 1455 rpm ð3Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð4Þ
Ir ¼ 5 A ð6Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð7Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð8Þ
4
ns n
s¼ ð9Þ
ns
1500 1455
)s¼ ) s ¼ 0:03 ð10Þ
1500
As we know, the electromagnetic power can be calculated as follows:
) Pe ¼ 9:5 þ 0:2 ¼ 9:7 kW ð12Þ

Moreover, the copper power loss of rotor can be calculated as follows:
s 0:03
Pcu,r ¼ P ¼ 9:7 ¼ 0:3 kW ¼ 300 W ð13Þ
1 s e 1 0:03
On the other hand, the copper power loss of rotor of a three-phase induction motor can be directly calculated as follows:
Pcu,r ¼ 3Rr ðI r Þ2 ð14Þ
) Pcu,r ¼ 3Rr ð5Þ2 ¼ 75Rr ð15Þ
300
Rr ¼ ) Rr ¼ 4 Ω=phase
75
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð2Þ
T load ¼ Const: ð3Þ
n ¼ 1710 rpm ð4Þ
φag ¼ Const: ð5Þ
Prot ¼ Const: ð6Þ
Rr,2 ¼ 5Rr,1 ð7Þ
120f s
ns ¼ ð8Þ
p
120 60
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1800 rpm ð9Þ
4

ns n
s1 ¼ ð10Þ
ns
1800 1710
) s1 ¼ ) s1 ¼ 0:05 ð11Þ
1800
V2 s
Tm ð12Þ
f s R0r
Since the air gap magnetic flux is constant, the voltage and frequency of motor remain constant. Therefore:
0
T m,1 s1 Rr,2
¼ 0 ð13Þ
T m,2 s2 Rr,1
The load torque and rotational power loss are constant. Therefore, the mechanical torque will be unchanged:
T m,2 ¼ T m,1 ð14Þ
Solving (7), (11), (13), and (14):
s1
1¼ 5 ) s2 ¼ 5s1 ¼ 5 0:05 ¼ 0:25 ð15Þ
s2
As we know, the relation between developed electromagnetic power and air gap power is as follows:
Pe
¼1s ð16Þ
Pag
Therefore, for the second condition, we have:
Pe,2 P
¼ 1 s2 ¼ 1 0:25 ) e,2 ¼ 0:75
Pag,2 Pag,2
p¼4 ð1Þ
f s ¼ 50 Hz ð2Þ
T st ¼ 1:5T FL ð3Þ
T max ¼ 3T FL ð4Þ
T st 2sT max
¼ ð5Þ
1:5 2sT max

) ¼ ) sT max ¼ 0:2679 ð6Þ
3 ðsT max Þ2 þ 1
Moreover, the relation between rated torque and maximum torque is as follows:
T FL 2sT max sT FL
¼ ð7Þ
1 2 0:2679 sT FL
) ¼ ) sT FL ¼ 0:04597 ð8Þ
3 ð0:2679Þ2 þ ðsT FL Þ2
120f s
ns ¼ ð9Þ
p
120 50
) ns ¼ ) ns ¼ 1500 rpm ð10Þ
4
Now, the speed of motor at full-load condition can be calculated as follows:
nFL ¼ ns ð1 sFL Þ ð11Þ
) nFL ¼ 1500ð1 0:04597Þ ) nFL ¼ 1431 rpm
f s,1 ¼ 50 Hz ð1Þ
n1 ¼ 1425 rpm ð2Þ
V
¼ Const: ð3Þ
f
T load ¼ Const: ð4Þ
V 2 ¼ 1:5V 1 ð5Þ
f s,2 ¼ 1:5f s,1 ð6Þ
Based on the speed of motor given in the problem, we can determine the synchronous speed of machine as follows:
120f s
ns ¼ ð8Þ
p
8
>
> p ¼ 1 ) ns,1 ¼ 6000
>
>
>
< p ¼ 2 ) ns,1 ¼ 3000
>
120 50 6000
) ns,1 ¼ ¼ ) p ¼ 4 ) ns,1 ¼ 1500 ð9Þ
p p >
>
>
> p ¼ 6 ) ns,1 ¼ 1000
>
>
:
p ¼ 8 ) ns,1 ¼ 7500
Since speed of an induction machine is close to its synchronous speed during stable operation (rated condition), it is
clear that ns, 1 ¼ 1500 for this machine because n1 ¼ 1425 rpm.
Thus, the primary slip of motor can be calculated as follows:
ns,1 n1
s1 ¼ ð10Þ
ns
1500 1425
) s1 ¼ ) s1 ¼ 0:05 ð11Þ
1500
V2 s
Tm ð12Þ
f s R0r
Herein, since the resistance of rotor and load torque (and consequently mechanical torque) are constant, we can write:
2
V2 f s,1 s2
1¼ 1 ð13Þ
V1 f s,2 s1

1 s2 1
) 1 ¼ ð1:5Þ2 ) s2 ¼ ð14Þ
1:5 0:05 30
The new synchronous speed of machine can be calculated as follows:
120f s,2
ns,2 ¼ ð15Þ
p

120 1:5f s,1 120f s,1
) ns,2 ¼ ¼ 1:5 ¼ 1:5ns,1 ¼ 1:5 1500 ¼ 2250 rpm ð16Þ
p p
Then, the new speed of motor can be calculated as follows:
n2 ¼ ns,2 ð1 s2 Þ ð17Þ

1
) n2 ¼ 2250 1 ) n2 ¼ 2175 rpm
30

Problems: Synchronous Machines
5
Abstract
In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems related to the three-phase synchronous motors and generators are solved.
The subjects include the determination of excitation voltage, power angle, steady-state stability limit, armature current,
active power, reactive power, and power factor of a synchronous machine using its equivalent circuit at different load and
stability conditions. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy,
normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large); however, the problems are not ordered from the
easiest problems to the most difficult ones because some of the problems are related to the previous ones.
5.1. A three-phase, 5 kVA, 208 V, four-pole, 60 Hz, star-connected synchronous generator is delivering the rated apparent
power at the power factor of 0.8 lagging. Determine the excitation voltage and power angle if the generator has negligible
stator winding resistance and a synchronous reactance of 8 ohms per phase.
1) Ef ¼ 206.9 V/phase, δ ¼ 25.5°
2) Ef ¼ 120 V/phase, δ ¼ 0°
3) Ef ¼ 206.9 V/phase, δ ¼ - 25.5°
4) Ef ¼ 120 V/phase, δ ¼ - 25.5°
5.2. In problem 5.1, calculate the theoretical steady-state (static) stability limit of generator.
1) 4.56 kW
2) 18.64 kW
3) 0.932 kW
4) 9.32 kW
5.3. In problem 5.1, calculate the stator (armature) current and power factor when the generator is delivering the maximum
power based on its theoretical static stability limit.
1) Ia ¼ 15.95∠30.1° A, 0.865 lagging
2) Ia ¼ 29.9∠30.1° A, 0.865 leading
3) Ia ¼ 29.9∠30.1° A, 0
4) Ia ¼ 15.95∠30.1° A, 0.865 leading

88 5 Problems: Synchronous Machines
5.4. In Problem 5.1, by fixing the input power of generator (prime mover power), the field excitation current is increased
about 20%. Calculate the stator current, power factor, and reactive power supplied by the generator.
1) Ia ¼ 17.86∠51.5° A, 0.62 leading, 5.03 kVAr
2) Ia ¼ 17.86∠ - 51.5° A, 0.62 leading, 10.06 kVAr
3) Ia ¼ 17.86∠ - 51.5° A, 0.62 lagging, 5.03 kVAr
4) Ia ¼ 17.86∠51.5° A, 0.62 lagging, 10.06 kVAr
5.5. A three-phase, four-pole, 60 Hz, 208 V, star-connected synchronous motor is supplied by a three-phase, 208 V, 60 Hz
power source. The field excitation is adjusted to have the unity power factor when the motor is consuming 3 kW power.
Determine the excitation voltage and power angle. Herein, assume that the motor has negligible armature winding
resistance and a synchronous reactance of 8 ohms per phase.
1) Ef ¼ 137.35 V/phase, δ ¼ 29°
2) Ef ¼ 137.35 V/phase, δ ¼ - 29°
3) Ef ¼ 208 V/phase, δ ¼ - 29°
4) Ef ¼ 208 V/phase, δ ¼ 29°
5.6. In Problem 5.5, calculate the theoretical maximum torque developed by the motor if the field excitation is held constant
and the shaft load is slowly increased.
1) 32.8 N. m
2) 6280 N. m
3) 65.6 N. m
4) 16.4 N. m
5.7. A three-phase, 11 kV, 5 MVA, 60 Hz synchronous machine is connected to a 11 kV, 60 Hz bus and operated as a
synchronous condenser. Calculate the power angle and stator current. Herein, assume that Rs ¼ 0 and Xs ¼ 10 Ω/phase.
In addition, assume a normal excitation for the machine.
1) 90 °, 635.1∠0° A
2) 90 °, 1∠90° A
3) 0 °, 1∠-90° A
4) 0 °, 0 A
5.8. In Problem 5.7, calculate the stator current and power factor if the excitation is increased to 150% of the normal
excitation.
1) 317.55∠90° A, 0 leading
2) 317.55∠ - 90° A, 0 lagging
3) 317.55∠ - 90° A, 0 leading
4) 31.755 A, 0 lagging
5.9. In Problem 5.7, calculate the stator current and power factor if the excitation is decreased to 50% of the normal excitation.
1) 31.755 A, 0 lagging
2) 317.55∠ 90° A, 0 leading
3) 317.55∠ - 90° A, 0 leading
4) 317.55∠ - 90° A, 0 lagging
5 Problems: Synchronous Machines 89
5.10. A three-phase, 50 MVA, 30 kV, 60 Hz synchronous generator has the armature winding resistance and synchronous
reactance of 0 and 9 Ω/phase, respectively. The generator is delivering the rated power at 0.8 lagging power factor and
rated voltage to the infinite bus. Determine the excitation voltage and power angle of generator.
1) Ef ¼ 23558 V/phase, δ ¼ 17.1°
2) Ef ¼ 17320 V/phase, δ ¼ - 17.1°
3) Ef ¼ 23558 V/phase, δ ¼ - 17.1°
4) Ef ¼ 17320 V/phase, δ ¼ 17.1°
5.11. In Problem 5.10, if the excitation is kept constant, what is the steady-state maximum power that the generator can
deliver without losing its synchronism? In addition, calculate the stator (armature) current in this condition.
1) 45.3 MW,Ia ¼ 324.88∠36.32° A
2) 45.3 MW,Ia ¼ 3248.8∠36.32° A
3) 136 MW,Ia ¼ 3248.8∠36.32° A
4) 136 MW,Ia ¼ 324.88∠30.10° A
5.12. In Problem 5.10, the excitation is kept constant, but the driving torque is reduced until the generator delivers 25 MW.
Calculate the armature current and power factor of machine in this new condition.
1) Ia ¼ 807.4∠ - 53.43° A, 0.596 lagging
2) Ia ¼ 807.4∠53.43° A, 0.596 leading
3) Ia ¼ 80.74∠ - 53.43° A, 0.596 lagging
4) Ia ¼ 80.74∠53.43° A, 0.596 lagging
Solutions of Problems: Synchronous Machines
6
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the fifth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
6.1. Based on the information given in the problem, the stator winding of synchronous generator is star-connected. Moreover,
we have:
S ¼ 5 kVA ð1Þ
V t ¼ 208 V ð2Þ
p¼4 ð3Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð4Þ
Rs ≈ 0 Ω=phase ð6Þ
X s ¼ 8 Ω=phase ð7Þ
Since the synchronous generator is a star-connected machine, its rated phase voltage is as follows:
208
V t,ph ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 120 V ð8Þ
3
Normally, the terminal voltage of synchronous generator is assumed as the reference voltage. Therefore:
Vt,ph ¼ 120∠0 ° V ð9Þ
The rated current of machine can be calculated as follows:
S 5000
I t ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 13:9 A ð10Þ
3V t 3 208
It ¼ I t ∠ cos 1 PF ð11Þ

92 6 Solutions of Problems: Synchronous Machines
) It ¼ 13:9∠ cos 1 0:8 ¼ 13:9∠ 36:9 ° ð12Þ
In (12), negative sign is applied as the power factor of load is lagging.
Figure 6.1 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. By applying KVL in the loop, we have:
Ef,ph ¼ Vt,ph þ ðRs þ jX s ÞIt ð13Þ
) Ef,ph = 120∠0 ° þ ð0 þ j8Þð13:9∠ 36:9 ° Þ = 206:9∠25:5 ° ð14Þ

Ef ,ph = 206:9 V
)
δ ¼ 25:5 °

The value of phase angle of excitation voltage (power angle) is positive because the machine is operated as a generator.
Fig. 6.1. The circuit of solution of Problem 6.1
V t,ph ¼ 120 V ð1Þ
Ef ,ph ¼ 206:9 V ð2Þ
The theoretical steady-state (static) stability limit of a three-phase generator or the theoretical maximum deliverable
power of a three-phase generator can be calculated as follows:
3V t,ph Ef ,ph
P max ¼ ð4Þ
Xs
3 206:9 120
) P max ¼ ) P max ¼ 9:32 kW
8
Vt,ph ¼ 120∠0 ° V ð1Þ
Ef ,ph ¼ 206:9 V ð2Þ

6 Solutions of Problems: Synchronous Machines 93
Rs ≈ 0 Ω=phase, X s ¼ 8 Ω=phase ð3Þ
The theoretical steady-state (static) stability limit of a generator happens when its power angle is 90°. In other words:
δ max ¼ 90 ° ð4Þ
Ef,ph 2 Vt,ph 206:9∠90 ° 120∠0 °

) It = = ð6Þ
Rs þ jX s j8
) Ia ¼ It ¼ 29:9∠30:1 ° A
PF ¼ cos ðθV θI Þ ¼ cos ð0 30:1 ° Þ ) PF ¼ 0:865
Since (θV θI) < 0, the power factor is leading.
Pprime mover,2 ¼ Pprime mover,1 ð1Þ
I f ,2 ¼ 1:2I f ,1 ð2Þ
Ef,ph,1 ¼ 206:9∠25:5 ° ð3Þ
Vt,ph ¼ 120∠0 ° V ð4Þ
Rs ≈ 0 Ω=phase, X s ¼ 8 Ω=phase ð5Þ
From (1), we can conclude that:

P2 ¼ P1 ð6Þ
3V t,ph Ef ,ph,2 3V t,ph Ef ,ph,1

) sin δ2 ¼ sin δ1 ð7Þ
Xs Xs
E f ,ph,1
) E f ,ph,2 sin δ2 ¼ E f ,ph,1 sin δ1 ) sin δ2 ¼ sin δ1 ð8Þ
E f ,ph,2
From (2), we can conclude that:
Ef ,ph,2 ¼ 1:2Ef ,ph,1 = 1:2 206:9 ¼ 248:28 V ð9Þ
1
) sin δ2 ¼ sin 25:5 ° ) sin δ2 ¼ 0:3587 ) δ2 ¼ 21 ° ð10Þ
1:2
Ef,ph,2 ¼ 248:28∠21° V ð11Þ
Ef,ph,2 ¼ Vt,ph þ ðRs þ jX s ÞIt,2 ð12Þ
Ef,ph,2 Vt,ph 248:28∠21° 120∠0°

) It,2 ¼ ¼ ð13Þ
Rs þ jX s j8
) Ia,2 ¼ It,2 ¼ 17:86∠ 51:5° A ð14Þ
PF 2 ¼ cosðθV θI Þ ¼ cosð0 ð51:5 ° ÞÞ ) PF 2 ¼ 0:62 ð15Þ
Since (θV θI) > 0, the power factor is lagging.
The reactive power delivered by the generator in the second condition can be calculated as follows:
2 !
V t,ph Ef ,ph,2 V t,ph
Q2 ¼ 3 cos δ2 ð16Þ
Xs Xs
2
120 248:28 ð120Þ
) Q2 ¼ 3 cos 21° ) Q2 ¼ 5:03 kVAr ð17Þ
8 8
Or we can use the following relation to calculate the reactive power supplied by the generator in the second condition:
Q2 ¼ 3V t,ph I t,2 sin ðθV θI Þ ð18Þ
) Q2 ¼ 3 120 17:86 sin ð51:5 ° Þ ) Q2 ¼ 5:03 kVAr

V t ¼ 208 V ð1Þ
PF ¼ cos θ ¼ 1 ð2Þ
P ¼ 3 kW ð3Þ
208
V t,ph ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 120 V ð6Þ
3
Vt,ph ¼ 120∠0° V ¼ 120 V ð7Þ
P 3000
3V t cos θ 3 208 1
It ¼ I t ∠ cos 1 ðPF Þ ð9Þ
) It ¼ 8:33∠ cos 1 ð1Þ ¼ 8:33∠0 ° ¼ 8:33 A ð10Þ
Figure 6.4 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous motor. By applying KVL in the loop, we have:
Ef,ph ¼ Vt,ph ðRs þ jX s ÞIt ð11Þ
) Ef,ph = 120 ð0 þ j8Þð8:33Þ = 137:35∠ 29 ° V ð12Þ

Ef ,ph = 137:35 V
)
δ ¼ 29 °

The value of phase angle of excitation voltage (power angle) is negative because the machine is operated as a motor.
V t,ph ¼ 120 V ð1Þ
Ef ,ph ¼ 137:35 V ð2Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð4Þ
p¼4 ð5Þ
3V t,ph Ef ,ph
P max ¼ ð6Þ
Xs
3 137:35 120
) P max ¼ ) P max ¼ 6185 W ð7Þ
8
The theoretical maximum torque can be calculated as follows:
P max P P
T max ¼ ¼ max2π ¼ 120f max 2π ð8Þ
ωs ns 60 p 60
s
6185
) T max ¼ 12060 2π ) T max ¼ 32:8 N:m:
4 60
V t ¼ 11 k V ð1Þ
S ¼ 5 MVA ð2Þ
Since the machine is operated as a synchronous condenser, it does not generate or consume any active power (P ¼ 0).
Therefore, based on the relation below, its power angle is zero:
3V t,ph Ef ,ph 3V t,ph Ef ,ph

P¼ sin δ ) 0 ¼ sin δ ) δ ¼ 0 ° ð5Þ
Xs Xs
Moreover, based on the relation below, the armature current is zero:
P ¼ 3V t,ph I a cos ðθÞ ) 0 ¼ 3V t,ph I a cos ðθÞ ) I a ¼ 0 A ð6Þ
Figure 6.5 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. Since Ia ¼ 0, we have:
Ef,ph ¼ Vt,ph ð7Þ
11000
) Ef ,ph ¼ V t,ph ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 6351 V ð8Þ
3
Vt,ph ¼ Ef,ph ¼ 6351∠0 ° V ð9Þ
Vt,ph ¼ Ef,ph,1 ¼ 6351∠0 ° V ð1Þ
Ef,ph,2 ¼ 1:5Ef,ph,1 ¼ 1:5 6351∠0 ° V ¼ 9526:5∠0 ° V ð2Þ
Figure 6.6 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. By applying KVL in the loop for the
second condition, we have:
Ef,ph,2 Vt,ph 9526:5∠0 ° 6351∠0 °

) It,2 ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
Rs þ jX s j10
) Ia,2 ¼ It,2 ¼ 317:55∠90 ° A ð5Þ
) PF ¼ cos ðθV θI Þ ¼ cos ð0 90 ° Þ ) PF ¼ 0
Since (θV θI) < 0, the power factor is leading.

Vt,ph ¼ Ef,ph,1 ¼ 6351∠0 ° V ð1Þ
Ef,ph,2 ¼ 0:5Ef,ph,1 ¼ 0:5 6351∠0 ° V ¼ 3175:5∠0 ° V ð2Þ
Figure 6.7 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. By applying KVL in the loop for the
second condition, we have:
Ef,ph,2 Vt,ph 3175:5∠0 ° 6351∠0 °

) It,2 ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
Rs þ jX s j10
) Ia,2 ¼ It,2 ¼ 317:55∠ 90 ° A ð5Þ
) PF ¼ cos ðθV θI Þ ¼ cos ð0 ð90 ° ÞÞ ) PF ¼ 0

S ¼ 50 MVA ð1Þ
V t ¼ 30 kV ð2Þ
f s ¼ 60 Hz ð3Þ
30 kV
V t,ph ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 17:32 kV ð7Þ
3
Vt,ph ¼ 17:32∠0 ° kV ð8Þ
S 50 MVA
3V t 3 30 kV
It ¼ I t ∠ cos 1 PF ð10Þ
) It ¼ 962:25∠ cos 1 0:8 ¼ 962:25∠ 36:87 ° A ð11Þ
In (11), negative sign is applied since the power factor of load is lagging.
Figure 6.8 illustrates the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. By applying KVL in the loop,
we have:
) Ef,ph = 17320∠0 ° þ ð0 þ j9Þð962:25∠ 36:87 ° Þ = 23558∠17:1 ° kV ð13Þ

Ef ,ph = 23558 V
)
δ ¼ 17:1 °

The value of phase angle of excitation voltage (power angle) is positive because the machine is operated as a generator.
V t,ph ¼ 17:32 kV ð1Þ
E f ,ph ¼ 23:558 kV ð2Þ
3V t,ph Ef ,ph
P max ¼ ð5Þ
Xs
3 23:558 17:32
) P max ¼ ) P max ¼ 136 MW ð6Þ
9
A synchronous generator has its theoretical steady-state (static) stability limit if its power angle is 90°. In other words:
δ max ¼ 90° ð7Þ
Ef,ph 2 Vt,ph 23558∠90° 17320∠0°

) It = = ð9Þ
Rs þ jX s j9
) Ia ¼ It ¼ 3248:85∠36:32° A

Ef ,ph,2 ¼ Ef ,ph,1 ¼ 23:558 kV ð1Þ
P2 ¼ 25 MW ð2Þ
V t,ph ¼ 17:32 kV ð3Þ
The power delivered by the generator in the new condition can be calculated as follows:
3V t,ph Ef ,ph,2
P2 ¼ sin δ2 ð6Þ
Xs
3 ð23:558 kV Þ ð17:32 kV Þ
) 25 MW ¼ sin δ2 ð7Þ
9
) sin δ2 ¼ 0:183 ) δ2 ¼ 10:59° ð8Þ
) Ef,ph,2 ¼ 23:558∠10:59° kV ð9Þ
Figure 6.10 shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator. By applying KVL in the loop,
we have:
Ef,ph,2 2 Vt,ph 23558∠10:59° 17320∠0°

) It,2 = = ð11Þ
Rs þ jX s j9
) Ia,2 ¼ It,2 ¼ 807:4∠ 53:43° A ð12Þ
) PF ¼ cosðθV θI Þ ¼ cosð0 ð53:43 ° ÞÞ ) PF ¼ 0:596


Index
A H
Active power, 8, 22, 97 Half-load condition, 4, 7, 8, 20, 38, 51
Air gap magnetic flux, 53, 84 High-voltage side, 2–5, 7, 8, 14–17, 21, 25, 26, 33, 34, 38
Air gap power, 53, 58, 66, 69, 74, 75, 79–81, 84
All-day efficiency, 9, 42, 45
Apparent power, 5, 9, 14–17, 21, 22, 31, 33, 37, 42, 43, 45, 87 I
Approximate equivalent circuit, 33, 34 Induction generator
Armature current, 89, 97 Induction machine, 62, 65, 85
Armature winding resistance, 88, 89 Induction motor, 47–54, 58, 63, 67–69, 74–77, 79–81, 83
Autotransformer, 9, 43 Infinite bus, 89
Input power, 48, 51–53, 74, 81, 88
B
Base value, 2, 13 L
Lagging power factor, 89
Line current, 55
C Load cycle, 9, 41, 44
Complex power, 22 Load factor (LF), 1, 2, 4–9, 11–13, 22, 23, 30, 35–38, 41, 42, 44, 45
Copper power loss, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 20, 26, 27, 38, 39, 51–53, 66, Low-voltage side, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 24–26, 33, 34
68, 75, 76, 78, 83
Core loss current, 25
Core loss resistor, 5, 25 M
Core power loss, 2, 4–7, 9, 24, 27, 31, 42, 44, 45, 51–53 Magnetizing component, 1, 11
Critical power factor, 20, 39 Magnetizing current, 25
Current, 2–5, 7, 8, 12, 14–16, 19, 21, 22, 24–26, 33, 34, 37, Magnetizing reactance, 5, 25
38, 43, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55, 87, 89, 91, 95, 99 Maximum, 6–8, 49–51, 87, 89, 92, 96, 100
Maximum efficiency, 1, 2, 4–9, 11–13, 22, 23, 29, 30, 35–38, 40, 41, 44
Maximum torque, 48–51, 53, 56, 59–67, 69–71, 84, 88, 96
D Maximum voltage regulation, 3, 8, 17, 40
Delta-connected stator, 55 Mechanical power
E N
Efficiency, 4–9, 23, 27, 29, 36, 38, 43, 48, 52, 53, 58, No-load condition, 31
74, 77, 79, 82 No-load current, 1, 6, 11
Electromagnetic power, 53, 58, 59, 67, 69, 74–82, 84 Normal excitation, 88
Electromagnetic torque, 53
Electromotive force (emf), 47, 52
Equivalent series impedance, 2–8, 17 O
Excitation current, 2, 11, 12, 88 Ohmic and inductive voltage drops, 4
Excitation voltage, 87–89, 92, 95, 99 Ohmic power loss, 4, 50
Exciting current, 3, 16 Open-circuit test, 2, 5, 12, 15, 24, 25
External resistance, 48 Output power, 42, 45, 48, 52, 59, 69, 74, 79
Output torque, 69
F
Frequency, 6, 43, 47, 48, 52–61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70–76, 78, 80–85 P
Full-load condition, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 39, 43, 62, 63, 73, 85 Parameters of equivalent circuit, 50
Full-load copper power loss, 4, 20, 21, 24, 30, 38, 40, 41 Per unit (p.u.), 2–4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 16–18, 20, 21, 24, 30, 38, 40, 41
Full-load torque, 49, 62, 63 Percent impedance of transformer, 17, 19
Phase current, 55
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 103
M. Rahmani-Andebili, AC Electric Machines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15139-2
104 Index
Pole, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70–72, 74–76, 78, 80–83, 85 Stator, 47–53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67–72, 74–76, 78,
Power, 2, 4–8, 12, 14–16, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 42, 45, 47, 48, 52, 80–83, 85, 87, 89, 91
53, 58, 72, 73, 77, 87–89, 92, 96, 100, 101 Stator copper power loss, 51–53
Power angle, 87–89, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100 Stator current, 88
Power factor, 1, 3–9, 15, 20, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 87–89, Stator impedance, 49, 50, 54
92–94, 98, 99, 101 Synchronism, 89
Power flow diagram, 58, 67, 69, 74–77, 79–81 Synchronous generator, 48, 87, 89, 91–95, 97–101
Primary side, 4, 5 Synchronous machine, 88
Prime mover power, 88 Synchronous motor, 88, 95
Synchronous reactance, 87–89
Synchronous speed, 55, 57, 59, 61–63, 65–68, 70–76, 78, 80–83, 85, 86
R
Rated torque, 47, 48, 51, 53, 84
Rating, 2, 5, 12, 14, 24, 26 T
Reactance, 8, 19, 20, 26, 28, 39, 41 Tertiary side, 4
Reactive power, 22, 88, 94 Theoretical static stability limit, 87
Resistance, 2, 4, 6, 8, 19–21, 24–26, 28, 30, 38–41, 86, 87 Theoretical steady-state stability limit, 87, 92, 93, 96, 100
Revolving field of rotor, 48, 57 Three-phase, 2, 47–53, 68, 83, 87–89, 92, 96, 100
Revolving field of stator, 48, 57 Transformer, 1–9, 11–24, 26–45
Rotational power loss, 48, 50–53, 75, 76, 84 Two-winding transformer, 9, 43
Rotor, 47–50, 52, 53, 55, 57–61, 63–72, 74–76, 78, 80–83, 85, 86
Rotor copper power loss, 52, 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 83
Rotor impedance, 48, 51, 59–61, 63, 64, 66, 71 U
Rotor resistance, 50, 51, 53, 72, 73 Unity power factor, 4, 6, 7, 88
Unstable operating region, 50, 67
S
Secondary side, 5, 8, 37, 43 V
Series equivalent reactance, 5 Voltage, 2–7, 9, 12, 14–16, 19, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 43,
Series equivalent resistance, 6, 8 47–49, 53, 54, 56, 60, 72, 73, 84, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99
Short-circuit test, 3–5, 8, 15, 18, 19, 26, 28, 38 Voltage regulation, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17–19, 33–35, 40
Single-phase, 2–9, 12, 14, 24, 26
Slip, 47–49, 53, 55, 57, 59–69, 71–73, 75, 76, 79–83, 85
Speed, 47–55, 57, 62, 63, 65, 67, 70–74, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86 W
Squirrel-cage induction generator, 48 Wound rotor induction generator, 48
Squirrel-cage induction motor, 51 Wound rotor induction motor, 48–50, 53
Stable operating region, 49, 63, 72, 73, 83, 86
Star-connected stator, 47, 48, 50
Starting torque, 47, 49–51, 53, 56, 61, 64, 70, 84 Z
Stationary impedance of rotor, 49, 50 Zero voltage regulation, 20, 39

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ISBN 978-3-031-15138-5 ISBN 978-3-031-15139-2 (eBook)

Edmond, OK, USA Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering and

# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1

O.C. test on low-voltage side

O.C. test on low-voltage side

S.C. test on high-voltage side

V oc = 220 V,I oc = 9:5 A,Poc = 460:8 W

V sc = 175 V,I sc = 10:9 A,Psc = 720 W

Load factor 0% 50% 75% 100% 110%

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

No-load for about 6 hours

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

2.1. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Therefore, for this problem, we have:

Choice (1) is the answer.

Choice (3) is the answer.

# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 11

2.3. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Therefore, for this problem, we have:

Choice (1) is the answer.

O.C. test on low-voltage side

Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Choice (4) is the answer.

Fig. 2.1 The circuit of solution of Problem 2.4

2.5. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

LF η max ¼ 90% ð1Þ

Solving (1) and (2):

Choice (1) is the answer.

2.6. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

V B,new ¼ 2V B,old ð1Þ

SB,new ¼ 2SB,old ð2Þ

Choice (3) is the answer.

2.7. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Srated ¼ 500 kVA ð 2Þ

SB ¼ 500 kVA ð6Þ

Therefore, we can write:

Choice (1) is the answer.

Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Psc ¼ 215 W ð6Þ

The power factor of open-circuit test can be calculated as follows:

Poc ¼ V oc I oc cos φoc ð7Þ

Likewise, the power factor of short-circuit test can be calculated as follows:

Psc ¼ V sc I sc cos φsc ð9Þ

Choice (1) is the answer.

2.9. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

The turns ratio of transformer can be calculated as follows:

V B,H ¼ 2200 V ð4Þ

Choice (1) is the answer.

2.10. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

I o,H ¼ 0:25 A ð3Þ

Choice (4) is the answer.

2.11. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

Zeq,H ¼ 10:4 þ j31:3 Ω ð 3Þ

V B,H ¼ 2200 V ð5Þ

Zeq,H 10:4 þ j31:3

Choice (1) is the answer.