CAMP002-1 Internet Fundamentals

Windsor Career
College
CAMP002
Internet Concepts
Lesson #1:
Fundamentals.
Chapter Outline
• The Internet: A Network of

“It’s a bit like Networks
climbing a
mountain. You
• Internet Applications:
don’t know Communication and Connection
how far you’ve • Inside the World Wide Web
come until you
stop and look • The Evolving Internet
back.”
Vint Cerf
Windsor Career CollegeÓ

10.2
The Internet:
A Network of Networks
The Internet (or internet) is the

global system of
interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
communicate between networks and
devices.
10.3
Internet Services
The Internet provides scientists,

engineers, educators, students,
business people, and others with a
variety of services such as:
– Electronic mail (send/receive mail
messages)
– Remote login (Telnet - access to other
computers
10.4
Internet Services
– Transferring files
(FTP)– (File Transfer
Protocol) accessing
archives of data)
– Newsgroups (Usenet -
on-line public
discussions)
– World Wide Web (a
collection of
multimedia documents)
10.5
Counting Connections
Today, the Internet connects

computers to about every country in
the world. However, the Internet is:
– growing too fast to measure its growth
– too decentralized to quantify
– a network with no hard boundaries
10.6
Internet Protocols
The language at the heart of the

Internet is TCP/IP…
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

… that allows cross-network
communication

10.7
Internet Protocols
– TCP breaks messages into packets

• Each packet has all the information needed
to travel from network to network
• Host systems called Routers determine how
to route transmissions

Prentice Hall
10.8
Internet Protocols
– IP is the address for the packets

• Each Internet host computer has a
unique IP Address
• Each address is comprised of four sets
of numbers separated by periods, such
as
123.23.168.22

10.9
üThere are two versions of IP that currently
coexist in the global Internet: IP
version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6).
ü IP addresses are made up of binary values
and drive the routing of all data over the
Internet.
üIPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, and IPv6
addresses 128 bits long.
üThe IPv4 address is made up to 4 Octets
Windsor Career CollegeÓ 10.10

Internet Access Options
Direct (dedicated) Connection

• Computer has its own IP address and
is attached to a LAN
• No need to dial up
• Files are stored on your computer
• Response time is quick

10.11
Dial-up Connections
– limited connection using a modem
– Full access dial up uses SLIP or PPP via modem
Broadband Connections
– DSL service is newer, faster, and cheaper than
ISDN
– can share phone line with voice traffic
10.12
Cable Modem Connection

– allow Internet connections using shared TV cables
– can exceed DSL speeds
– Carry increased privacy and security risks
Satellite Connections
– provides connections using DirecTV satellite
dishes
10.13
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

– local ISPs provide connections through
local telephone lines
– national ISPs offer connections on a
nationwide scale

10.14
Intranets and Extranets
Intranets: self-contained intra-

organizational networks
designed using the same
technology as the Internet
Firewalls: used to prevent unauthorized
communication and secure
sensitive internal data
10.15
Firewall separates the internet form your
internal network and prevent an authorized
communication form the internet form
accessing your private internal network.

Prentice Hall 10.16
Typical Intranets include:

– E-mail
– Newsgroups
– File transfer
– Web publishing
– Other services

10.17
Extranets: designed for outside use

by customers, clients,
and business partners
Electronic
Commerce: business transactions
through electronic
networks
10.18
Electronic data interchange (EDI):

a decade-old set of specifications for
ordering, billing, and paying for parts
and services over private networks.
Virtual private networks:

not subject to the traffic and
security problems.

10.19
Internet Applications:
Communication and Connection
• The user interface varies depending

on which client/server application is
being used.
• UNIX - developed by Bell Labs, allows
a timesharing computer to
communicate with several other
computers or terminals at once.

10.20
Internet Addresses
“Each person on • E-mail addresses are made up

the “Internet” of two parts separated by an
has a unique e- at(@) sign:
mail “address” – User name@host name
created by
– Example:
having a squirrel
johnsmith@mindspring.com
run across a
computer • The host is named using DNS
keyboard.” (domain name system), which
Dave Barry
translates IP addresses into a
string of names.
Domain name
A domain name is an identification string that

defines a realm of administrative autonomy,
authority or control within the Internet. Domain
names are used in various networking
contexts and for application-specific naming
and addressing purposes

Prentice Hall 10.22
Internet Addresses
An Internet address includes:

username@hostname.sub.dom
– username is the person’s “mailbox”
– hostname is the name of the host
computer and is followed by one or
more domains separated by periods:
– arun@windsorcareercollege.ca
• host.subdomain.domain
• host.domain
Windsor Career CollegeÓ• host.subdomain.subdomain.domain
10.23
Internet Addresses
Top level domains (the last part of the

address) include:
– .edu - educational sites
– .com - commercial sites
– .gov - government sites
– .mil - military sites
– .net - network administration sites
– .org - nonprofit organizations

10.24
Internet Addresses
Examples: User President whose

mail is stored on the
president@whitehouse.gov host whitehouse in the
government domain
User hazel_filbert at
the server for Lane
County, Oregon, k-12
hazel_filbert@lane.k12.or.us school district
10.25
E-mail on the Internet
What appears on the

screen depends on the
type of Internet
connection and mail
program you use
Eudora is an easy to use

Email software. Outlook
and Netscape
Communicator are
popular e-mail software

10.26
Why are free e-mail accounts made

available?
– often offered to attract Web site visitors
– available for users of public computers
– sensible for those wanting multiple e-mail
addresses not associated with a workplace
Remember that security is still an issue

10.27
E-mail Formats include:

– ASCII text so they can be viewed with any
client program
– MIME that can be used to send and receive
text with enriched text or HTML (displays
text formatting, graphics, and links to Web
pages)

10.28
Mailing Lists and
Network News
• Mailing lists allow you to participate

in email discussion groups on special-
interest topics.
• Network News are public discussions
that you can go in and out as you
please.
– Messages are posted on virtual bulletin
boards (for everyone to read).

10.29
Real-Time Communication
• Internet relay chat (IRC) allows

several users to chat simultaneously
• Internet Telephony turns the
Internet into a toll-free long-
distance telephone service
• Video teleconferences allow multi-
person videoconferences via the Web
10.30
Real-Time Communication
See…
…T
ype
Hear…
10.31
Telnet and FTP
Information gathering
(the most popular use of the Internet)
Telnet
– makes remote login possible
FTP (file transfer protocol)

– allows files to be uploaded and
downloaded from remote computers

10.32
What port numbers are used by
FTP?
• The FTP protocol typically uses port 20/21 as its

main means of communication. An FTP server will
listen for client connections on port 20/21. FTP
clients will then connect to the FTP server on port
20/21 and initiate a conversation. This main
connection is called the Control Connection or
Command Connection.

Telnet is a client-server protocol, based on a
reliable connection-oriented transport. Typically,
this protocol is used to establish a connection
to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port
number 23, where a Telnet server application
(telnetd) is listening.

The IPv6 contains no IP-level checksum, so
the checksum does not need to be recalculated
at every router hop. Directed Data Flows –
IPv6 supports multicast rather than broadcast.
And is more IP Addresses than IPv4 and better
security

Telnet and FTP
A friendlier face…
• Web browsers locate and
transfer files without
typing commands
• When you click a Web

link to download a file,
you’re probably using
FTP
Prentice Hall 10.36
Inside the World Wide Web
• WWW is a distributed browsing and

searching system developed at CERN
• System was designed to give Internet
documents unique addresses
• HTML language was created for encoding
and displaying documents
• Browser software was built for viewing
documents from remote locations
Prentice Hall
10.37
Browsing the Web
Web site Jargon:
• Web pages are made up of text and images

• A Web site is a collection of web pages
• A Home page is the main entry to a Web site
• A Web browser like Netscape Communicator
or Internet Explorer allows you to explore
the Web by clicking links
10.38
Browsing the Web
• Hyperlinks (links) are

words or pictures that
act as buttons,
allowing you to go to
another Web page
Links are typically underlined or

displayed in a different color

10.39
More on Browsing the Web
More Web site Jargon

• Links allow you to locate information
without knowing its exact location (it may
move from time to time)
• Back and Forward buttons let you
retrace your steps
• Bookmarks (or Favorites) can be set up
to mark your favorite Web locations

10.40
Web Addresses
Pronounced
Earl…like the
Go directly to any Web name
destination by typing its URL
(Uniform Resource Locator)
A typical URL looks like this:

http://www.prenhall.com.beekman

10.41
Web Addresses
Dissecting the address

The path to the resource
The protocol used to transfer on the host that contains
Web pages across the Net the information
http:// www.vote-smart.org/ help/database.html
The domain name of

the server containing
the resource
10.42
Searching the Web
Ways to search the Web

• Search engines
– produce a list of pages that match a keyword
– they are built around a database that catalogs
Web locations based on content
• Directory or Subject Tree
– A hierarchical catalog of Web sites
• Natural Language Search Engines
– Allows users to ask for what they want
10.43
Search Engines
Search engines help find

information when you type a
query using keywords.
Windsor Career College

10.44
Search Engines
Directory/subject tree
engines offer a menu of
subject choices

10.45
Search Engines
Ask questions in a Natural

Language Search Engine

10.46
Portals
Portals offer quick and easy access to a

variety of services such as e-mail, chat,maps,
news, shopping, etc.
• Examples of consumer portals include
– Yahoo!, Excite, Lycos, Alta Vista, Netscape
Netcenter, Snap
• Specialized portals target specific
industries and economic sectors

10.47
From Hypertext to Multimedia
Typical Web pages can contain:
• Tables • Streaming audio

• Frames and video
• Real-time live audio
• Forms
or video
• Downloadable
audio and video • 3-D environments

Prentice Hall 10.48
From Hypertext to Multimedia
Plug-Ins are software extensions that

add new features. Examples include…
• QuickTime
• Shockwave/Flash
• RealPlayer
• Acrobat
10.49
Webcasting: Push Technology
• Client computers pull information

– Browsers initiate a request for
information
• Push technology delivers

information automatically to the
client computer
– Up to the minute weather reports
– News headlines
10.50
Publishing on the Web
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

• An HTML document
includes codes that
determines the format,
layout, and structure of
a Web document
HTML is not
WYSIWYG
10.51
This text coded as HTML …

<H1>Welcome to Computer Confluence</H1>
<b>Publishing on the Web</b>
Appears like this

on the screen …
10.52
Alternatives to HTML…
• Programs that convert document
format features into HTML codes
– Microsoft Word, FileMaker
• Web authoring programs
– HomePage, GoLive, FrontPage

10.53
Beyond HTML
Dynamic HTML:
adds more programming power to
HTML by allowing code to
automatically modify itself under
certain circumstances
JavaScript:
a simple language for enhancing HTML
Web pages
10.54
Beyond HTML
WML:
Wireless Markup Language helps create Web
documents containing stock quotes, phone
numbers, and other small nuggets of information
XML:
Will replace HTML plus provide additional features
and extensions (EXtensible Markup Language
VRML:
Virtual Reality Modeling Language creates 3-D virtual
worlds
10.55
Beyond HTML
Java:
A full-featured, cross platform, object-oriented
programming language
Java applets:
Small Java programs that can be automatically
downloaded onto your client computer and can run
on any platform

10.56
The Evolving Internet
Internet2 and the

Next Generation Internet
• provides faster network communications
for universities and research institutions
• virtual laboratories, digital libraries, and
distance learning applications are being
built on Internet 2

10.57
Internet Issues
Ethical and Political Dilemmas

• Filtering software can prevent unwanted
and inappropriate content
• Encryption prevents credit card and e-
mail forgery
• Digital cash makes on-line transactions
safer
• Universal access is a problem
10.58
Internet Everywhere:
The Invisible Information
What Next? Electronic Frontier

• A blurring of Web and interpersonal
communication applications
• Internet appliances connected to the
Web
• Continued computer crime and
security issues
10.59
Remember: Microsoft Edge browser would provide you
additional security features like the ability to use an
Application Guard Window.

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Windsor Career

• The Internet: A Network of

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

The Internet (or internet) is the

The Internet provides scientists,

Today, the Internet connects

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

The language at the heart of the

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

– TCP breaks messages into packets

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

– IP is the address for the packets

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Windsor Career CollegeÓ 10.10

Direct (dedicated) Connection

• Files are stored on your computer

• Response time is quick

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Cable Modem Connection

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Intranets: self-contained intra-

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Typical Intranets include:

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Extranets: designed for outside use

Electronic data interchange (EDI):

Virtual private networks:

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

• The user interface varies depending

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

“Each person on • E-mail addresses are made up

A domain name is an identification string that

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

An Internet address includes:

Top level domains (the last part of the

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Examples: User President whose

What appears on the

Eudora is an easy to use

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

Why are free e-mail accounts made

Remember that security is still an issue

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

E-mail Formats include:

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

• Mailing lists allow you to participate

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

• Internet relay chat (IRC) allows

FTP (file transfer protocol)

Windsor Career CollegeÓ

• The FTP protocol typically uses port 20/21 as its

Windsor Career CollegeÓ 10.33

Windsor Career CollegeÓ 10.34

Windsor Career CollegeÓ 10.35

• When you click a Web