SET 4

KOLEJ MATRIKULASI PULAU PINANG

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA
BIOLOGY UNIT
BIOREAL
SB015
BIOLOGY 1
ANSWER SCHEME
SEMESTER 1
SESSION 2020/2021
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

1. (a) FIGURE 1 shows the structure of Polysaccharide A and B that can be found in a plant
cell.

Polysaccharide A

Polysaccharide B

FIGURE 1
(i) Name the Polysaccharide A and B.
[2 marks]
Answer Marks
Polysaccharide A: Cellulose 1
Polysaccharide B: Amylose 1

(ii) State ONE structural difference between Polysaccharide A and Polysaccharide B.

[1 mark]
Answer Marks
Monomer of polysaccharide A is β-glucose while monomer of 1
polysaccharide B is α- glucose
The monomer of polysaccharide A is linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bond 1
while the monomer for polysaccharide B is linked α- 1,4 glycosidic bond

(iii) How does consumption of vegetable cellulose in daily diet help you?
[2 marks]
Answer Marks
Vegetables contain cellulose that is an insoluble (fibre) in water 1
The fibre absorbs water which help prevent constipation/ prevent 1
diverticular disease
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

2 (a) FIGURE 2 shows two types of organelles.

FIGURE 1

(i) Name organelles A and B in FIGURE 1.

[2 marks]

Answers Marks
A : Mitochondria 1
B : Chloroplast 1

(ii) State TWO reason for these organelles to be considered as semiautonomous.

[2 marks]

Answers Marks
Both have their own DNA molecules 1
Both can replicate independently/freely 1

(b) For a heavily perspiring athlete, what type of drink should be taken to replace the water
loss in his body. Explain your answer.
[5 marks]
Answers Marks
Hypotonic drink 1
Hypotonic drink will have higher water potential compare to the 1
body cells
Thus, water will move/enter the body cells 1
by osmosis 1
to replace the water loss from the body 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

3 FIGURE 3 shows the cell cyle in a plant cell.

X
Y

FIGURE 3
(a) Name the stage in the cell cycle where the following events are take place.
(i) Replication of DNA.
[1 mark]
Answers Marks
S phase 1

(ii) Formation of nuclear envelope.

[1 mark]
Answers Marks
Telophase 1

(b) Explain why is not possible to distinguish individual chromosomes after telophase.
[2 marks]
Answers Marks
Because the chromosomes uncoil 1
to become a tangled mass of chromatin again 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(c) Describe the differences between chromosomal behavior in X and Y

[2 marks]
Answers Marks
In X the chromosome/sister chromatid align at metaphase plate while
in Y the chromosome/sister chromatid separate and move to opposite 2/0
cell

(d) Give ONE example of cell that undergo this cell cycle.
[1 mark]
Answers Marks
Meristem cell 1

4 (a) The cross between a white-eyed male fruit fly and a red-eyed female, results in all of the
F1 generation having red-eyes. The F1 are then self-crossed producing F2 generation with
the ratio of 3 red-eyed flies to 1 white-eyed.
(i) State the type of inheritance of eye color.
[1 mark]
Answers Marks
Monohybrid 1

(ii) Determine the dominant eye color in this cross. Give a reason to your answer.
[2 marks]
Answers Marks
Red-eyed 1
Because all the F1 generation having red-eyes 1

(iii) By using the suitable symbol, draw a genetic diagram to show the cross of F1
generation.
[4 marks]
Answers Marks
Self crossed F1 : Rr X Rr 1
Gamete : R r R r
1
F2
generation : RR Rr Rr rr 1

Phenotypic : 3 red-eyes : 1 white-eyes 1

ratio
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(b) In pea plant, purple flower is the dominant trait while flower is the recessive trait.
Explain how to determine the genotype of the purple flowered pea plant.
[5 marks]
Answers Marks
Carry out test cross 1
The purple flowered plant was crossed with the white flowered plant / 1
homozygous recessive
The genotype for purple flowered can be homozygous dominant or 1
heterozygous
If the cross produced all dominant purple flower progeny 1
The genotype of the purple flowered plant is homozygous dominant 1
If the cross produced 50% white and 50% purple progeny 1
The genotype of purple flowered plant is heterozygous 1
Any 5

5 A farmer has 2000 cows. A total of the 1500 cows are brown coated and the rest are
white coated. Allele B for the brown coat is dominant while allele for b for the white
coat is recessive. Assume that the population of the cows is at genetic equilibrium and
bred randomly.

(a) Calculate the frequency for the dominant and recessive alleles of the population.
[2 marks]
Answers Marks
Frequency of white cows/homozygous recessive, q2 = 500/2000
Frequency of recessive allele, q = √500/2000 = 0.5 1

Frequency of dominant allele , p = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5 1

(b) Calculate the heterozygous genotype frequencies in the F1 generation if the cows are lef
t to bred randomly
[1 marks]
Answer Marks
Frequency of heterozygous, 2pq = 2(0.5)(0.5) = 0.5 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(c) If the farmer adds another 1000 homozygous dominant brown cows into the
population, calculate the new dominant allele frequency.
[2 marks]
Answer Marks
New total of cows = 2000 + 1000 = 3000
Total number of all alleles = 3000 x 2 = 6000
Number of BB cows = 1500 ; Number of Bb cows = 1000
So, total number of B alleles = (1500 x 2) + 1000 = 4000 1
New frequency of dominant allele, p = 4000/6000 = 0.67 1

6 (a) FIGURE 4 shows the karyotype of a person suffering from the genetic disorder A.

FIGURE 4

(i) What is genetic disorder A? Give a reason to your answer.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Down syndrome 1
Has extra 1 chromosome at chromosome 21 / 3 chromosome 21 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(ii) Explain how genetic disorder A arises.

[4 marks]

Answer Marks
Non-disjunction of chromosome 21 during gametogenesis/meiosis 1
Produce abnormal gamete with extra 1 chromosome 21 /3 1
chromosome 21 /n+1 /24 chromosome
When the abnormal gamete fertilise with normal gamete, n /with 23 1
chromosome
Produce zygote with 2n+1 / contain 47 chromosomes 1

(b) Compare and contrast between the genetic disorder in FIGURE 4 and Klinefelter
syndrome.
[4 marks]
Answer Marks
Similarity :
- Both occurs because of non-disjunction during meiosis 1
- Both have 47 chromosomes / Both are trisomy 1
Differences :
- Down syndrome/Genetic disorder A occurs in autosome chromosome
whereas Klinefelter syndrome occurs in sex chromosome 1
- Down syndrome can affect both male and female whereas Klinefelter 1
syndrome affect male only

7 (a) Hundred of differents restriction enzymes have been identified and isolated from bacterial
cells by scientists since 1960s. Based on the way it cuts, there are two types of restriction
enzymes. Examples of these two types are EcoR1 and Sma1. Both restriction enzymes
have been used in recombinant DNA technology.
(i) State TWO differences between EcoR1 and Sma1.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
EcoR1 cuts the palindromic sequence of GAATTC whereas Sma1 1
cuts the palindromic sequence CCCGGG
EcoR1 made a staggered cut whereas Sma1 made a straight cut 1
EcoR1 produce sticky end whereas Sma1 produce blunt end 1
Any 2

(b) When a piece of human DNA strand with two palindromic sequences are treated with
EcoR1, DNA fragments with sticky ends are produced.
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(i) What is the meaning of sticky ends?

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Single-strand DNA fragment that contain unpaired bases 1
which can complement to the sticky end of other fragment 1

(ii) State the base sequence of the sticky ends of the DNA fragments.
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
…TTAA… 1
…AATT…

(c) FIGURE 2 shows the production of human insulin using recombinant DNA
technology.

FIGURE 5
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(i) Give TWO (2) advantages of using complementary DNA (cDNA) in gene cloning.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
mRNA strand consists of exon only 1
Exon is a coding sequence / which code for amino acid 1
Host cells used are bacterial cells that do not recognize introns 1
Any 2

(ii) Name molecule Q.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
recombinant DNA/ recombinant plasmid 1

(iii) Name an organism that can be used as a host in gene cloning.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Bacteria 1

(iv) Name the enzyme that joins the plasmid vector with the human cDNA.
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
DNA ligase 1

(v) State TWO (2) advantages of producing insulin through genetic engineering.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Cheaper 1
Non allergic 1
Insulin produced similar to human insulin// same function as 1
human insulin
The gene used is from human 1
Any 2
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(b) Describe FOUR differences between a plasmid and a chromosome.

[4 marks]

Answer Marks
Plasmid Chromosomes 1
Circular DNA Linear or circular DNA 1
Found in bacterial cells / Found in eukaryotes or 1
prokaryotes / yeast prokaryotes
Does not involve in heredity Involve in heredity 1
Not associate with protein associate with protein 1
Can replicate independently in Replicate during cell division / 1
host cell binary fission
Used as cloning vector Not used as cloning vector 1
Any 4

8 (a) FIGURE 6A shows structures produced by the male reproductive organs of two
different organisms, P and Q.

FIGURE 6A
(i) Name the structures P and Q.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
P : sperm/spermatozoa 1
Q : germinated pollen 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(ii) Describe the roles played by R and S in ensuring that fertilization is successful.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
R helps the sperm to swim towards secondary oocyte in Fallopion 1
tube
S grows down the style and carry two male nuclei/sperm enters the 1
embryo sac through micropyle

(iii) State ONE similarity and ONE difference between structure T and the cells that
produced it.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Similarity
Both contain nuclei which contain hereditary materials 1
Difference
T is haploid while the cells that produced it is diploid 1

(b) FIGURE 6B shows a cross section of seminiferous tubule in a human testis.

FIGURE 6B
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 4

(i) Name cell A and C.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Cell A : spermatogonium 1
Cell C : spermatid 1

(ii) Explain how Sertoli cells involve in negative feedback during spermatogenesis.
[ 3 marks]

Answer Marks
Secrete inhibin 1
Inhibin will reduce the secretion of FSH 1
from anterior pituitary gland 1

(c) If human female begins taking estrogen and progesterone immediately after the start of
new menstrual cycle, explain how ovulation will be affected.
[3 marks]

Answer Marks
(Estrogen and progesterone) give negative feedback on hypothalamus 1
to inhibit secretion of GnRH 1
thus LH secretion is reduced 1
preventing ovulation 1

9. What is isometric growth? State an organism that displays this growth pattern.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Growth in which the organs of an organism grow at the same rate as the 1
rest of the body.
Example : fish 1