Aao Module 2, Lesson 2 B Lecture

PhilCST
PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OLD NALSIAN ROAD, BRGY. NALSIAN, CALASIAO, PANGASINAN
ARCHITECTURE AND
ORGANIZATION
MODULE 2, LESSON 2 B:
EXTERNAL MEMORY
By: MS. RACHELLE N. CAMACHO, MIT

PhilCST
What is External Memory?

• Eternal memory can also be known as secondary memory or backing store. It is
used to store a huge amount of data because it has a huge capacity. At present, it
can measure the data in hundreds of megabytes or even in gigabytes. The
important property of external memory is that whenever the computer switches
off, then stored information will not be lost. The external memory can be
categorized into four parts:
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk
Disk Disk
– a type of circular platter – It has the ability to increase disk
reliability by improving the
constructed by a
uniformity of a magnetic film
nonmagnetic material, surface.
which is known as a – It is used to reduce the errors of
substrate. read-write by doing a significant
 Aluminum (old) reduction in overall surface
defects.
 Glass (new)
– It has better stiffness, which will
– Coated with a help to reduce disk dynamics. It
magnetisable material has the great ability that it can
withstand against shock and
damage.
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Read/Write

Mechanisms
– Recording and retrieval via
conductive coil called a head.
– May be single read/write head
or separate ones.
– During read/write, head is
stationary, platter rotates.
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Read/Write

Write Read
– Current through coil produces  Traditional
magnetic field. – Magnetic field moving relative to
coil produces current.
– Write head will receive the – Coil is the same for read and write.
electric pulses.  Contemporary
– Below surface will record the – Separate read head, close to write
resulting magnetic pattern head.
– Partially shielded magneto resistive
(MR) sensor.
– Electrical resistance depends on
direction of magnetic field.
– High frequency operation
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Organization, Formatting and Layout
Term Description
Head A small device capable of reading
from or writing to a portion of the
platter rotating beneath it.
Track Organize data on the platter in a
concentric set of rings.
Width Track width – head width
Gaps Separate the adjacent tracks
Sectors Form of transferring the data
Fixed length or variable length
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Velocity

– Issue: Bit near center of rotating disk
passes fixed point slower than bit on
outside of disk.
– Solution:
– Increasing the spacing between bits of
information recorded in segments of the disk.
– The info can then be scanned at the same
rate by rotating the disk at a fixed speed
known as constant angular velocity (CAV)
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Constant Angular Velocity
 The disk is divided into a number of pie-

shaped sectors and into a series of
concentric tracks
 Advantage of CAV:
– The individual blocks of data ca be directly
addresses by tracks and sectors.
 Disadvantages of CAV:
– The amount of data that can be stored on the
long outer tracks is the only same as what can
be stored on the short inner tracks
PhilCST
Magnetic Disk – Multiple zoned recording
 The surface is divided into a number of

concentric zones –
– The number of bits per track is constant (within
the zone)
– Zones farther from the center contain more bits
(since more sectors) than zones closer to the
center.
 Advantage:
– Increase density
 Disadvantage:
– Require complex circuitry
PhilCST
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

 The RAID is also known as a redundant array of independent
disks.
 It is a type of data virtualization technology, which is used to
combine components of multiple disks into a logical unit so
that they can improve the performance or create
redundancy.
 RAID cannot be consider as a replacement for data backup.
 Striping: In this, data will be split between more than one disk.
 Mirroring: In this, data will mirror between more than one disk.
 Parity: It can also be called checksum. It can be described as a
calculated value, which is used to mathematically rebuild the data.
PhilCST
RAID 0
 RAID 0 can also be called disk striping.
 In the RAID 0 technique, data is evenly
divided into two or more than two storage
devices such as HDD or SDD.
 If we have a large number of applications and
enormous data, the best solution will be disk
stripping.
 It can also be called the most affordable type
of redundant disk organization.
 On the downside, there will be no
redundancy, and that means if any disk fails,
we will lose all our data across all disks.
PhilCST
RAID 0
Advantages Disadvantages
– In the read and write operations, it – RAID 0 cannot be used in critical
provides us with great systems because it is unable to
performance. tolerate the fault.
– There will be no overhead because – If one disk fails in RAID 0, then all
RAID 0 uses all the storage capacity. the data of other disks are also lost.
– In RAID 0, we can easily implement
the technology.
PhilCST
RAID 1
 RAID 1 can also be called Mirroring.
 It will take all data from a disk and then write it
into a second disk, which is parallel to the first
disk.
 In RAID 1, there is very high redundancy
because each disk contains the exact copy of
data on another disk. It needs minimum two
disks to work.
 The setup of RAID 1 provides protection
against data loss, or we can say that it has the
fault tolerance capacity.
 If one disk fails, then the copy of that disk
provides the required data.
PhilCST
RAID 1
– As compare to the single disk, the RAID 1 – In RAID 1, the data has to be written twice. That's
provides an excellent read and write why effective storage capacity is only half of the
total disk capacity, and it is the main disadvantage
speed. of RAID 1.
– It has the fault tolerance ability. If one disk – RAID 1 is more expensive as compared to RAID 0
fails, we don't need to build the data because it needs twice disks to mirror the data.
again, and we will just simply copy the – The hot-swapping of failed disks are not always
allowed by the software RAID 1. When we power
data into the replacement disk.
down the computer through which failed disk is
– It is a very simple technology, and the attacked, the failed disk can only be replaced.
implementation of RAID 1 is also very – A lot of people simultaneously use the servers, and
simple. this power-down process may not be accepted by
them. That's why these types of systems typically
use hardware controllers because they support hot-
swapping.
PhilCST
RAID 1
 RAID 1 can also be called Mirroring.
 It will take all data from a disk and then write it
into a second disk, which is parallel to the first
disk.
 In RAID 1, there is very high redundancy
because each disk contains the exact copy of
data on another disk. It needs minimum two
disks to work.
 The setup of RAID 1 provides protection
against data loss, or we can say that it has the
fault tolerance capacity.
 If one disk fails, then the copy of that disk
provides the required data.
PhilCST
RAID 2
 RAID 2 can also be
called Bit-level
stripping.
 In RAID 2, we strip the
bits across the disks in
place of striping the
blocks across the disks.
 At this level, we require
two groups of disks.
 The first group of disks Advantages Disadvantages
will be used to write the – RAID 2 uses hamming code – RAID 2 needs an extra drive for
data, and the second while error correction. error detection.
group of disks will be – It can store the parity with the – It contains an extra drive.
used to write the error help of one designated drive. That's why it is expensive and
correction codes. contains a complex structure.
PhilCST
RAID 3
 RAID 3 can also be
called Byte level
stripping.
 The working of RAID 3 is
the same as RAID 0 as it
uses byte-level
stripping, but it also
needs an extra disk in
the array.
 RAID 3 is used to
support a special type – RAID 3 provides high throughput – If we only need to transfer a small
of processor in the to transfer the huge data. file, the configuration may be too
– It solves RAID 2's main much.
parity code calculations,
disadvantage that means it can be – If there is any disk failure, then it
which can be called
resistant to disk failure and will significantly decrease the
'parity disk'. breakdown. throughput.
PhilCST
RAID 4
 RAID 4 can be known
as Block-level
striping.
 The working of RAID
4 is the same as RAID
3.
 The main difference
between them is the Advantages Disadvantages
process of sharing – RAID 4 allows the block-level – It contained the parity drives, which
the data. striping, which provides the facility may lead to a bottleneck.
 They are divided into to simultaneously send I/O requests. – If we try to perform a write operation
blocks such as 16, 32, – It provides a low storage overhead. If simultaneously, the operation will be
64, or 128 GB. Same we add various disks, it will become slower because the information of
as RAID 0, it will be more lowers. parity is written to one disk.
– This level does not need a
written on the disk.
synchronized controller or spindles.
PhilCST
RAID 5
 RAID 5 can be called Stripping with parity.
 It uses the block level for data striping and also uses distributive parity.
 RAID 5 needs minimum three disks but can work up to 16 disks.
 It is the most secured RAID level. Parity is a type of raw binary data.
 RAID system calculates the values of parity and using these values, create a parity
block. If any disk fails in the RAID system, it will use the parity block to recover striped
data.
PhilCST
RAID 5
– In RAID 5, the write data transactions are – If there is any disk failure, it will affect the
slow because of the calculation of parity, throughput, but this process is still
while the read data transactions are very acceptable.
fast. – RAID 5 is complex technology. Suppose
– If there is any disk failure in the RAID 5, we there is a disk of 4TB in the array of
still have the power to access all the data various disks, and it fails. In this case,
no matter that the failed drive is being replacing and restoring the data of failed
replaced and the data is rebuilt by the disk may take a day or more than that on
storage controller on a new disk. the basis of the speed of the controller
and the load on an array. At this time, if
any disk goes bad, data will be lost forever.
PhilCST
RAID 6
 RAID 6 can also be called Striping with double parity.
 The working of RAID 5 is the same as RAID 6, and the difference between them is that
the system stores an additional parity block on each desk in RAID 6.
 Due to this, a configuration will be enabled where before the array is unavailable, the
two disks may be failed.
 It needs two different sets for parity calculations, and it has the ability to rebuild an
array even if two drives simultaneously fail.
PhilCST
Optical Storage
– Originally for audio.
– 650Mbyte giving over 70 minutes audio
– The disk is formed from a resin such as polycarbonate.
– Record data digitally (music/computer data)
– Data recorded as a series of microscopic pits on the surface of
the polycarbonate.
– Organized in a single spiral track in a sequence of blocks
– Sectors near the outside of the disk are the same length as
those near the inside.
– Info is packed evenly across the disk in segments of the same
size – scanned at the same rate by rotating the disk as a
variable speed
– The pits are then read by the laser as a constant linear
velocity (CLV)
PhilCST
Optical Storage
Types of Compact Disk
Compact Disk (CD)
– It is a type of digital audio CD-ROM (CD read-only memory)
system, which is used to – Removable and is appropriate for large amount of data.
store data. It is composed – Disadvantages: read only – cannot be updated, the access
of circular plastic, in which time is longer compared to magnetic disk drive
aluminum alloy is used to CD-R (CD-Recordable)
coat the single side of – Write Once Read only Memory (WORM)
plastic, which is used to – Compatible with CD-ROM drives
store the data. It also
contains an additional
thin plastic covering, CD-W (CD-Rewritable)
which is used to protect – Erasable and it is getting cheaper
the data – Mostly CD-ROM drive compatible
– Can be rewritten and can used as secondary storage
similar to magnetic disk.
PhilCST
Optical Storage
DVD
 The DVD (digital versatile disk) technology was first Two Layered Disk
launched in 1996. The first base of the two-
layered disk is the same as CD
 The appearance of the CD (compact disk) and the that means it is also composed
DVD (digital versatile disk) has the same. of circular plastic.
 The storage size is the main difference between CD
and DVD. So the storage size of a DVD is much larger
than the CD. Two-Sided Disk
 Digital Video Disk In a two-sided disk, the
– Used to indicate a player for movies (only plays video disks) implementation of tracks will be
applied on both sides of the
 Digital Versatile Disk DVDs. This structure is also
– Used to indicate a computer drive (will read computer disks known as two single-sided
and play video disks) disks.
PhilCST
Optical Storage
Magnetic Tape
 Tape system use the same reading/writing
technique as disk system
 Made from polyester tape coated with
magnetizable material
 Data on the tape are structured as a number of
parallel tracks running lengthwise
 Serial access
 Slow
 Very cheap
 Backup and archive
PhilCST
Optical Storage
Magnetic Tape
Older version-parallel recording Modern version-serial recording

 Have 9 tracks  Data are laid out as a sequence of
 Store one byte at a time with bits along each track similar to
additional parity bit magnetic disks.
 Later system have 19 or 36 tracks  Data read and write in contiguous
blocks called physical records on a
tape.
 Typical recording technique used
in serial tapes is referred as
serpentine recording.
PhilCST
END OF MODULE 2, LESSON 2

Aao Module 2, Lesson 2 B Lecture

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PhilCST

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

By: MS. RACHELLE N. CAMACHO, MIT

What is External Memory?

Magnetic Disk – Read/Write

Magnetic Disk – Read/Write

Magnetic Disk – Organization, Formatting and Layout

Magnetic Disk – Velocity

Magnetic Disk – Constant Angular Velocity

 The disk is divided into a number of pie-

Magnetic Disk – Multiple zoned recording

 The surface is divided into a number of

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

Older version-parallel recording Modern version-serial recording

END OF MODULE 2, LESSON 2

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