SOCSCI031

Readings in Philippine History (First Semester)

Introduction to Philippine History
History
❖ Marcus Tullius Cicero: “History is the witness of the times, the light of the truth, the life of memory, the
teacher of life, the messenger of antiquity.”
❖ Historia (Greek): investigation; inquiry; recorded knowledge of past events
❖ Study of man, his growth and development in all aspects – political, economic, social, cultural, religion
❖ Helps us understand change and how society we live in came to be
“The past causes the present, and so the future.”
❖ Important parts about knowing a country’s history:

1)
People

2) Land

3) God

Philippines
The Name “Philippines”
a) Ma-yi (Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro): Land of the Gold
b) Maniolas (Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek mapmaker)
c) Archipelago of Saint Lazarus (Magellan, 1521)
d) Felipinas (Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, a Spanish explorer): in honor of King Phillip II
e) Pearl of the Orient Seas
➢ Popular nickname for the Philippines
➢ Dr. Jose Rizal
Fr. Juan J. Delgado (1751)
Geographical Features
1) Location
➢ Southeast Asia
➢ Archipelago (large group of islands): 7107 islands
➢ Part of a Western Pacific arc system characterized by active volcanoes (Ring of Fire)
2) Shape and size
a. Shape: elongated; archipelago
b. Area: 115 830 sq miles
Coastline: 22549 miles
c. Length: 1851 km (1150 mi); SSE-NNW
d. Width: 1062 km (660 mi): ENE-WSQ
3) Neighboring countries and surrounding bodies of water
a. North: Luzon Strait
West: South China Sea
East: Philippine Sea
South: Celebes Sea

b.
 4) Terrain and Points
➢ Mostly mountainous
➢ All islands are prone to earthquakes
➢ Lowest Point: Philippine Sea
Highest Point: Mount Apo (9691 ft.)
5) Other Facts
a) Climate
✓ March – May: hot and dry
June – October: Rainy
November – February: cool
✓ Temperature:
• 78A°F/25A°F – 90A°F/32A°F
• Humidity: 77%
b) The Islands
✓ Northern Island: Luzon
Central group of islands: Visayas
Southern group of islands: Mindanao
✓ Eleven Main Islands:
1. Luzon
2. Mindanao
3. Samar
4. Negros
5. Palawan
6. Panay
7. Mindoro
8. Leyte
9. Cebu
10. Bohol
11. Masbate
c) Regions
Luzon Regions
I. Ilocos Region – San Fernando City
II. Cagayan Valley – Tuguegarao City
III. Central Luzon – San Fernando City
IV. A. Calabarzon – Calamba City
B. Mimaropa – Calapan City
V. Bicol Region – Legaspi City
NCR (National Capital Region) – Manila
CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region) – Baguio City
Visayas Regions
VI. Western Visayas – Iloilo City
VII. Central Visayas – Cebu City
VIII. Eastern Visayan – Tacloban City
Mindanao Regions
IX. Western Mindanao (Zamboanga Peninsula) – Pagadian City
X. Northern Mindanao – Cagayan de Oro City
XI. Southern Mindanao (Davao Region) – Davao City
XII. Central Mindanao (Soccksargen) – Koronadal City
XIII. Caraga Region – Butuan City
ARMM (Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao) – Cotabato City
Philippine Topography
❖ Varied topography
❖ Coastline: 36289 km.
❖ Extensive coral reef (attracts tourists around many islands)
Larger islands: rugged, mountainous interiors (ranges from north to south)
 ❖ Four Major Lowland Areas
1) Luzon Central Plain
2) Cagayan Valley
3) Agusan Valley
4) Cotabato Valley
❖ Major Mountain Ranges
a) Sierra Madre (north of Cagayan to south of Quezon)
b) Cordillera
c) Carballo
d) Mt. Kitanglad (Bukidnon)
e) Mt. Igmatongtong (Capnayan, Laua-an, Antique)
❖ Volcanoes
➢ 221 volcanoes
21 active
➢ Pacific Ring of Fire (most of the highest mountains = volcanic origin)
➢ E.g.: Mt. Mayon, Mt. Pinatubo
Philippine Demography

❖ Languages
➢ Two official languages: English and Filipino
➢ Eight major dialects:
1) Bikol
2) Cebuano
3) Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
4) Ilocano
5) Kapampangan
6) Pangasinan
7) Tagalog
8) Waray
❖ Religion
➢ 83% – Catholic
12% – Smaller Christian dominations and Other religions
5% – Muslim
Prehistory
❖ Theories on the Origin of the Philippines
1) The Land Bridges Theory
2) Plate Tectonics Theory
3) Sunda Shelf Theory
4) Volcanic Eruption Theory
5) Continental Drift Theory
6) The Lost-Continent Theory
❖ Sunda Land
➢ Believed that we are part of mainland Asia (Taiwan Route & Borneo Route)
❖ Early Inhabitants
➢ Negritos
Indonesians
Malays
Chinese
Indians
Arabs
➢ Generally free
Each governed by a system of laws promulgated by the datu or a council of elders
❖ Three Groups/ Strata

Maharlika (Noble)
Timawa (Freeman)
Alipin (Slave)

❖ Economic Life
➢ Hunting
Farming
Weaving
Fishing
Mining
Ship building
Barter – trading with other tribe/ group of people
❖ Form of Government
➢ Balangay (Malay “balanghai/ balanghai”): composed of 30 – 100 families
➢ Datu
Rajah
Sultan
➢ Law-making process
1) Chieftain made necessary rules with consultation of the elders of the balangay/
barangay.
2) Umalohokan (a public announcer) was summoned and ordered to go around the
barangay to announce the promulgation of the new rules
✓ Kinds of Laws:
a) Customary – based on customs, traditions, and beliefs
b) Written – e.g.: code of kalantiao; code of maragtas
✓ Subjects dealt with:
• Inheritance Property rights
• Divorce Family relations
• Usury Adoptions
• Partnership Loans
• Crimes and Punishment
Major Crimes
• Rape Insult
• Incest Trespassing
• Murder Sacrilegious act
• Witchcraft Larceny
Minor Crimes
• Adultery Petty theft
• Cheating Perjury
• Disturbance of peace and order
• Destroying documents owned by chief
✓ Kinds of penalties
• Death Small fine
• Heavy fine Flogging
• Exposure to ants Cutting of fingers
• Swimming for a certain number of hours
➢ Judicial Process
✓ Disputes are resolved by court – comprised of the chieftain (judge) and barangay elders
(jury)
✓ Trial Process
• Held publicly
Decisions were made abruptly
 • Accused and accuser faced each other with their respective witnesses
• Trial by Ordeal: determines guilt of a person; resorted to in order to show that
God, in His infinite wisdom, always took the side of the innocent
o E.g.: suspects were ordered to place a stone in a vessel with boiling
water and compelling them to dip their hands into the vessel to take out
the stone. The suspect who refused to obey the command was regarded
as the culprit. Hand was scalded the most → guilty.
o E.g.: giving lighted candles to the suspects. Candle dies out first → guilty
o E.g.: ordering suspects to plunge into river/ lake with lances. Comes to
the surface first → guilty
o E.g.: exposure to ants
❖ Filipino Traits and Values
1) Hospitality
2) Close family ties
3) Respect for the elders
4) Fatalistic
5) Tendency to be indolent
6) Regionalistic
7) Matiisin
8) Superstitious beliefs
9) Utang na loob
10) Sentimental

Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines

❖ 15th century: Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the country for 333 years (1565 –
1898)
➢ Changed our history because:
1) Through Spain, we became Catholic.
2) We got new and more advanced culture from Europe and Mexico.
3) But for the first time, we lost our freedom and independence.
The Magellan Expedition
❖ Ferdinand Magellan
➢ Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown
➢ Looking for westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia
1) March 16, 1521: Magellan’s expedition landed on Homonhon island in the
Philippines
➢ First European to reach the islands
➢ Rajah Humabon was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity.
Their enemy, Lapu-Lapu, was not
➢ Humabon: wanted Magellan to kill Lapu-lapu
Magellan: wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity
2) April 27, 1521: Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed him by the native lead by Lapu-lapu
3) September 6, 1522: the Victoria and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain
➢ Out of the 5 ships and 300 men who left for the expedition of 1519
➢ Juan Sebastian de Elcano (master of the Concepcion): took over the command of the
expedition afterwards and captained Victoria back to Spain
✓ Earned the distinction with his men of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one
full journey
✓ Took him 16 more months to return to Spain
❖ Historic = marked the first circumnavigation of the globe
proved that the word was round
Spain sends other expedition
❖ Celebration of Elcano’s return → King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines →
five expeditions were sent
 1) Garcia Jofre Loasia (1525)
2) Sebastian Cabot (1526)
3) Alvaro Saavedra (1527)
4) Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542)
5) Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564)
➢ Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the
Philippines
The Villalobos Expedition
1) November 1, 1542: set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico
2) February 2, 1543: reached Mindanao  followed route taken by Magellan
➢ Established colony in Sarangani, but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply
➢ Fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas → captured by Portuguese
❖ Remembered for naming country Islas Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip (later king of Spain), son of
King Charles I
The Legazpi Expedition
❖ Unsuccessful expeditions to PH → King Charles I stopped sending
1) 1556: Philip II succeeded throne → instructed Luis de Velasco (viceroy of Mexico) to prepare for anew
expedition headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta (priest who
survived Loasia mission)
2) February 13, 1565: Legazpi’s expedition landed in Cebu island
➢ Proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin
➢ Bohol: (1) made blood compact with chieftain Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship (2) obtained
sprices and gold due to friendship
3) April 27, 1565: Legazpi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement
➢ King Philip II orders → 2100 men arrive from Mexico
✓ Built the Port of Fuerza de San Pedro → Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the
region
4) Martin de Goiti hears riches of Manila → expedition with 300 men left Cebu for Manila→ found islands
of Panay and Mindoro → May 8, 1570: arrived in Manila
➢ First welcomed → formed alliance with Raja Suliman (Muslim king) → locals sensed true
objectives → battle between troops of Suliman and Spaniards
➢ Heavily armed Spaniards → able to conquer Manila → later joined by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
➢ Legazpi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula, and Matanda
5) 1571: Legazpi ordered construction of the walled city of Intramuros → proclaimed it as seat of
government of colony and capital of the islands
6) 1572: Legazpi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros
7) 1574: Manila was bestowed the title “Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana” (distinguished and
ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II
Why was the Philippines easily conquered?
a) Barangays were scattered and were not united by an integrative political/ religious system
➢ Only Mindanao and Sulu were not conquered (religious reasons)
b) Diversity of language → lack of communication among ethnic areas
c) Willingness to cooperate with the Spaniards (e.g. numerous blood compacts and treaties of friendship
between Filipinos and Spaniards)
d) Superiority of Spanish arms and in art of warfare
Philippines under Imperial Spain
❖ System of Government
➢ Centralized form of government
➢ Frailocracia
❖ Religion
➢ Christianity
❖ Social Structures
➢ Principalia
➢ Ilustrados
❖ Educational System
➢ Educational Decree 1863
➢ Focused on Christian Doctrines
❖ System of Writing
➢ Latin Alphabet
❖ Economy
➢ Spaniards implemented economic program mainly about land ownership and taxes
a) Encomienda
b) Hacienda
c) Imposition of different kinds of taxes
d) Galleon trade
e) Monopoly
f) Polo y serivicios
1) Encomiendia
✓ Land ownership system with the use of titulo as proof of ownership
✓ Lands given by the King of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions
✓ Econmendero (landlords)
• Collect taxes or rent from the residents of their land
• His obligation to protect the residents from any danger or threat (e.g. bandits,
invaders) (was actually contrary)
2) Taxation
a) Direct
1. Tithe: payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government
2. Sanctorum: tax being paid as support to the church
3. Buwis (tribute): tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under
o May be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, produce, gold, blankets,
cotton, rice, etc.)
o Fixed at 8 reales, later increased to 15 reales
• Tribute = 10 reales
Diezmos prediales (tithes or 1/10) – 1 real
Treasury = 1 real
Sanctorum tax (church tax) = 3 reales
All in all, an average Filipino will pay 15 reales
b) Indirect
• Bandala
• An annual enforcd sale and requisitioning of goods (e.g. rice)
Also included custom duties and income tax
• 1884: tribute was replaced by Cedula personal – colonists were required to pay
for personal identification
o Everyone over age of 18 was obliged to pay
o Local gobernadorcillos: responsible for collection of tribute
o Taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish authorities for
payment of tax; subject to summary arrest for failure to show cedula
receipt
3) Polo y Servicio (forced labor)
✓ Forced labor for 40 days of men (16 – 60 years old): obligated to give personal services
to community projects
✓ Exemption: paying falla (paying 1.5 real)
✓ 1884: reduced to 15 days
✓ Patterned after the Mexican repartimento (selection for forced labor)
 4) Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
✓ Main source of income for the colony during early years
✓ Inaugurated in 1565, and continued into early 19th century
✓ Brought silver (new Spain) and silk (China) by way of Manila → Philippines earned
income through buy and sell
• Bought silk from China → resell to New Spain
Bought American silver → resell to China
✓ Very prosperous, but neglected development of colony’s local industries → affected
Indios (agriculture = main source of income)
✓ Building and operation of galleons → too much burden on colonists’ annual polo y
servicio → cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and Americas →
introduction of new crops and animals to Philippines (tobacco) → gave colony its first
real income → extended to common Indio
✓ Lasted for over 200 years
Ceased in 1821: succession of American colonies from Spain
Royal Company of the Philippines
❖ March 10, 1785: Charles III created Royal Philippine Company with a 25-year charter
❖ Granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, Philippines; Chinese and Indian goods and shipping
them directly to Spain via Cape of Good Hope
❖ Objected by Dutch and English (direct attack on their trade of Asian goods)
Opposed by traders of Galleon Trade (competition) → Death of both Royal Philippine Company (1814)
and Galleon trade (1815)
Philippine Economy under Spain
❖ Economically underdeveloped
➢ Philippines = economic burden to Spain → annual deficit to Spanish coffers
❖ Economic Society of Friends of the Country → agricultural advancement of country
❖ Tobacco Monopoly → made Philippines greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient
➢ All farmers have a quota of tobacco to raise annually →sold to the government
❖ Unhelpful Spanish policies
Most government officials = Spanish by blood
Filipinos = work tedious jobs
❖ No sign of fairness to Filipinos (especially division of responsibilities in polo y servicio)
➢ Irresponsibility → Filipinos still work apart from allotted time in work
❖ Galleon Trade: misfortune due to heavy loads → died and separated from families due to poverty
Central Government under Spain
❖ One central government
➢ Many independent barangays disappeared
➢ For the first time, united as one nation called “Filipinas”
❖ Spain was far → Spanish king ruled Islands through viceroy of Mexico (another Spanish colony)
➢ King of Spain → Viceroy of Mexico → Philippines
❖ 1821: Mexico regained freedom → governor general
➢ King of Spain → governor general → Philippines
❖ Political Structure
➢ Centralized colonial government: (a) National Government (b) Local Government (provinces,
cities, town, and municipalities)
➢ National Government
✓ Maintained peace and order
✓ Collected taxes
✓ Built schools and other public works
➢ Governor-general
✓ King’s representative and highest-ranking official in the Philippines
✓ Power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by King
✓ Commander-in-chief of colonial armed forces
✓ President of the Royal Audencia (like the current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court)
✓ 115 Spanish Governor-generals
• 1st: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565 – 1572)
 • Last: Diego de los Rios (1898)
✓ A lot of power → commonly abused → creation of three bodies: Residencia, Visita,
Royal Audiencia
➢ 1: Residencia
✓ Special judicial court that investigates performance of a Governor-general who was
about to be replaced
✓ Where the incoming governor general is usually a member of
✓ Submitted a report of its findings to the king
➢ 2: Visita
✓ A government official sent by the Council of Indies in Spain to observe conditions in the
colony
✓ Visitador General reported findings directly to the king
➢ 3: Royal Audiencia
✓ Served as an advisory body to the Governor-general
✓ Power to check and report on his abuses
✓ Audited expenditures of the colonial government
✓ Sent a yearly report to Spain
✓ The Archbishop and other government officials could also report abuses of colonial
government
✓ Highest court in the land during the Spanish times
➢ Provincial Government
✓ Created Local Government Units (LGU) for the provinces
✓ Paid a small salary, but still enjoyed privileges
• Indulto de Comercio – right to participate in Galleon Trade
a) Alcaldia: Alcalde Mayor
• Represented Spanish king and the Governor-general
• Managed day-to-day operations of provincial government
• Implemented laws and supervised collection of taxes
b) Corrigimiente: Corregidor
• Governed provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control
➢ City Government
✓ Ayuntamiento – larger cities
• Center of trade and industry
• Cabildo – city council
o Alcalde (Mayor)
Regidores (Councilors)
Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief)
Escribando (Secretary)
➢ Municipal Government
✓ Province → divided into several towns or pueblos, headed by Gobernadorcillos (little
governors)
• Main duties: efficient governance and tax collection
✓ Four Lieutenants who aided gobernadorcillo:
1. Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant)
2. Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant)
3. Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields)
4. Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)
➢ Cabeza de Barangay (Barrio Administrator/ Barangay Captain)
✓ Responsible for peace and order of barrio
✓ Recruited men for public works
✓ Qualifications:
• Literate in Spanish
• Have good moral character and poverty
• 25 years of service → exemption from forced labor
Philippine Revolution – Early Filipino Revolts (1565 – 1892)
❖ Filipinos began to fight the Spaniards the moment they settled permanently in 1565 and continued this
resistance to the end of their rule in 1898
October 1889: A group of ilustrados in Paris, signing themselves as the “Filipinos”
❖ The Philippine Revolt patterns must be treated holistically, and not separately

Category of Revolts:
a) Personal and religious
a. Personal Motives
✓ Personally led by former barangay datus and mahalikas, as well as babaylans and
katalonas, lost their prestige and power in their communities & supplanted by leaders
chosen by Spaniards and Spanish friars
1. 1574: Lakandula and Soliman Revolt  sequestration of their landed properties and
toleration of encomendero’s abuse and oppression of their people
2. Conspiracy of the Maharlikas headed by Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan
3. 1621 – 1622: Outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Bohol employed magic and religion in
alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and to return to their former
beliefs → crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, mayor of Cebu
4. Rebellion in Carigara (Leyte) led by Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa
5. 1744 – 1829: Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol
longest revolt in Philippine history at 85 years
6. Silang Revolt in Ilocos
7. Palaris Revolt in Pangasinan
8. Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan
b. Religious Motives
1. 1621: Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of
Capinatan (Apayao) → beheaded Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao
2. A nativist revolt with religious overtones
Led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo
Proclaimed himself, “God Almighty”
3. October 1718: Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan
Led by Francisco Rivera, a visionary who gave himself the title of “Papa Rey”
4. Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt
1832 – 1841: Phase 1 – founding of Confraida de San Jose (1832) to his death (1841)
1870 – 1871: Phase 2 – revival of Confraida (1870) to the revolt and capture of Januario
Labios (1871)
b) Resistance to Spanish-imposed economic and religious institutions
➢ Late 16th century: Led by Magalat of Cagayan
Late 16th century: The Sumodoy
17th century: CARAGA revolts
NAME OF THE DATE PLACE CAUSE LEADER RESULT
REVOLT
1. Lakandula 1574 Tondo, Navotas Failure of Gov. Lakandula Failed.
Lavezares to
fulfill Legazpis’
promise to
Lakandula
2. Pampanga 1585 Pampanga Abuses of Failed. Woman
Spanish betrayed the
encomendero revolt.
3. Tondo 1587 – 1588 Tondo, Cuyo, Desire for Magat Salamat Failed because
Calamianes Independence Martin Pangan plot was
Juan Banal discovered.
Pedro Balingit Leaders were
executed.
4. Cagayan- 1589 Cagayan, Ilocos Refusal to pay Failed. Easily
Ilocos Norte tributes suppressed.
5. Magalat 1596 Cagayan Abuses of the Magalat Failed.
tribute Assassins were
collectors hired to kill
Magalat.
6. Igorot 1601 Northern Luzon Desire for Failed.
religious
toleration
7. Irrayas 1621 Cagayan Valley Oppression of Felipe Cutabay Not
Indios by Gabriel Dayag materialized
Spanish due to Fr.
officials Pedro Sto.
Tomas
preaching.
8. Tamblot 1621 – 1622 Bohol Desire to Babaylan Supressed by
abandon Tamblot both Spaniards
Cristianity and and Cebuanos
return to old
religious faith
9. Bankaw 1621 Leyte Desire for Bangkaw Pagali Failed.
religious
toleration
10. Cagayan 1625 Cagayan Desire for Miguel Lanab Failed.
1627 independence Aldaban Leaders were
1639 and punishment pardoned and
of a woman later killed when
whom they revolted
displeases anew
certain Spanish
officials.
11. Caraga 1629 – 1631 Caraga, Dissatisfaction Failed
Northern of townspeople
Mindanao to Spanish rule
12. Cagayan 1639 Cagayan Dissatisfaction Suppressed.
with Spanish
rule
13. Ladia 1643 Malolos, Weariness from Pedro Ladia Failed.
Bulacan, and Spanish
Southern Luzon oppression
14. Visayan 1649 – 1650 Eastern Gov. Fajardo’s Juan Ponce Leaders were
Visayas, order to send Sumoroy captured and
Northern Visayan Pedro Caamug beheaded.
Mindanao, laborers to
Zamboanga Cavite for
shipbuilding
15. Pampanga 1660 - 1661 Bacoor Failure of Francisco General
Cavite officials to pay Maniago amnesty to
Pampanga rice purchased rebels.
Repeated Initial payment
requirements of for services.
polo y servicio
16. Pangasinan 1660 – 1661 Binalatongan, Quarrel Andres Malong Failed.
Pangasinan between Fr. Pedro
Gorospe and Gumpaos
Malong
 17. Ilocos 1661 San Nicolas, Spanish Juan Magsanop Failed.
Bacarra, Laog, aggression Pedro Almazan Leaders were
Ilocos Gaspar executed.
Cristobal
18. Panay 1663 Oton, Panay Desire to put up Tapar Suppressed.
a modified form
of Christianity
19. Agrarian 1745 – 1746 Bulacan, Usurpation of Matienza Failed
Morong (Rizal), Filipino lands by
Cavite, Laguna religious orders
20. Dagohoy 1744 – 1828 Bohol Refusal of Fr. Francisco Failed but
Morales to give Dagohoy rebels were
Dagohoy’s pardoned
brother a
Christian Burial
21. Silang 1762 – 1763 Ilocos Desire to expel Diego Silang Failed.
the Spaniards and Gabriela Diego was
from Ilocos Silang assassinated.
22. Palaris 1762 – 1765 Pangasinan Demand for Juan dela Cruz Failed.
reforms, Palaris Palaris was
especially the executed.
changing of
local officials
23. Basi 1807 Ilocos Government Pedro Mateo Failed.
monopoly of Rebels were
basi crushed by
manufacturing government
troops.
24. Hermano 1840 – 1841 Quezon Being a native, Apolinario dela Failed.
Pule Province Pule was Cruz
denied to be
admitted as a
monk. He
founded the
religious brother
Confradia de
San Jose,
which the
government
outlawed and
ordered to be
dissolved.

c) Land problems
Moro Resistance
➢ Most united groups = Muslim
➢ Bounded by Islam
➢ Continuous military expeditions failed to subdue them
Fought back by raiding coastal towns under Spain
Why these revolts failed
1) Absence of national leader
2) Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos
3) Inadequate training and preparation for warfare
Nationalism
❖ Love of one’s country and people
❖ Feeling of oneness that binds people to a common past and a common identitiy
 ❖ Pride in one’s cultural heritage
Support for country’s aspirations
Patriotism
Advocacy of national independence
❖ Factors that gave it birth
1) Influx of liberal ideas (from abroad)
2) Spanish Revolution (1868)
3) Opening of Suez Canal (1869)
4) Martyrdom of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora
5) Introduction of modern technology
6) Rise of new middle class → occupying high position of society (due to prestige and wealth)
Criticized unequal treatment of Spaniards to Filipinos
7) Secularization issue
✓ Two kinds of priests during the Spanish regime:
a. Regular – Spanish priests who belong to any of the religious orders.
b. Secular – Priest who obtained religious training in the Philippines → under direct
control of bishops and archbishops
8) Cavite Mutiny
✓ Soldiers and workers at Cavite Arsenal rebelled against withdrawal of their privileges of
nonpayment of taxes and exemption from forced labor
9) Disillusionment over Spanish rule
✓ Common sufferings → unity
The Propaganda Movement
❖ Concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions/ behavior of large numbers of people
❖ Not radical agitation to overthrow Spanish rule by bloody revolution → peaceful campaign
Rise of the Propaganda Movement
❖ 1872: Fr. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora executed at Luneta
❖ Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students met in Hong Kong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid,
Paris, London, etc.
❖ Work of promoting welfare and happiness of fatherland
Reforms desired by the Propaganda Movement
1) Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the las
2) Assimilation of Philippines as regular province of Spain
3) Restoration of Philippine representation in Spanish Cortes
4) Filipinization of Philippine parishes and expulsion of friars.
5) Human rights for Filipinos (speech, press, meet, redress gievances).

American Period (1901 – 1935)

Economic
Economic Progress
❖ Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America
Achieved by America in 50 years, unlike Spain not even in 333 years
But also caused economic problems
A. American Economic Prosperity’
➢ Philippine Bill of 1902: all public lands and natural resources of the Philippines are for “the
benefit of the inhabitants”
➢ Jones Law of 1916
Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934
➢ William H. Taft (first American Governor-General): Philippines was for the Philippines
➢ American Economic Policy
✓ Had to serve national interests of the United States
✓ Could not make our own policy
B. New Prosperity
1. Population Explosion

Population
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
1898 1903 1918 1939
Series 1 6,000,000 7,635,426 10,314,310 16,000,303

2. New Land Policy

✓ Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
✓ Homestead Act 1924 – allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land
✓ All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torren titles
3. Agricultural Increase
✓ Filipinos and Americans cooperated to revive agriculture
✓ 1902: Bureau of Agriculture
✓ 1903: American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to import rice and carabaos
from other Asian countries
✓ Introduction of modern farm tools
4. Free Trade
✓ Most important economic change
✓ Trade with other countries → development
✓ Big American market and American products
✓ Americans – richest people in the mid-20th century
✓ No need to pay custom tariffs upon entry
5. Business Boom
✓ 1907 – 1935: doubling od retail trade inside the Philippines
✓ Filipinos had more money to buy different things (preference of imported goods)
6. New Industries
✓ Entry of the Philippines to Industrial Age
✓ Invention of mass production in big factories
a) Manila: coconut oil, cigars, and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles
b) Marikina: shoes
c) Ilocos: blankets and towels
d) Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and mats
e) Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture
f) Albay, Rizal, and Laguna: pottery and bricks
7. Improvement in transportation and communication
✓ Filipinos enjoyed automobile, electric street car (tranvia), airplane, telephones, wireless
telegraphs, radio, and movies
✓ Developed our rail roads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay
✓ Pier 7 (Manila): largest port in Asia
✓ Manila = center of air travel in Asia
Telephone and telegraph system = best in Asia
Best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia
8. Better Budget
✓ 1930: Great Depression – Philippine budget was still balanced, unlike others
 ✓ Philippines colonial budget had a surplus
9. New Banks
✓ 1906: introduction of the Postal Savings Bank
✓ 1906: establishment of Philippine National Bank
✓ Rural credit groups for farmers → reduce usury in provinces
10. International Exhibitions and Meetings
✓ Participation in international exhibitions, conferences, and meetings
✓ Philippine Army Band – world-famous at the Golden Gate Exposition (1939)
✓ Filipino athletes joined Olympic Games
C. Economic Problems
➢ Sold our raw materials cheap
Bought expensive manufactured goods from America
➢ Worsening of colonial mentality
➢ 1920’s -1930’s: Labor and peasant unrest spread
➢ American capitalists and businessmen controlled new empires

Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1986 – Present)

Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino
❖ 11th President of the Philippines
1st Female President
1st President of the Fifth Republic
1st elected female head of the State in Asia
“Icon of Democracy”
1986 – 1992
❖ Best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution → toppled authoritarian regime
of Marcos → restored democracy in the Philippines
❖ January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009
❖ Education
i. Elementary and Secondary
1. St. Scholastica’s College
2. Ravenhill Academy, Philadelphia, United States
3. Notre Dame Convent School, New York
ii. College
1. 1953: Bachelor of Arts, College of Mount Saint Vincent, New York
2. Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, College of Mount Saint Vincent, New York, Ateneo
de Manila University, Xavier University
3. Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, University of Boston, Fordham University, Waseda
University (Tokyo), Far Eastern University, University of Sto. Tomas
4. Honoris Causa, Stonehill College (Massachusetts)
❖ About her
➢ Born on January 25, 1933
Jose Cojuangco of Tarlac (wealthy Chines-Filipino) and Demetria Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal
(ethnic Filipina who belongs to a politically influential clan)
➢ Married to late Sen. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino
Maria Elena (ballsy), Aurora Corazon (Pinky), Benigno Simeon II (Noynoy), Victoria Eliza (Viel),
Kristina Bernadette (Kris)
Declared herself plain housewife
➢ Led 1986 People Power Revolution
Established Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) during presidency
Issued Proclamation No. 3 → revolutionary government
Family Code of 1987
Administrative Code of 1987 (recognized structure of executive branch)
1991 Local Government Code
Top agenda: economic management and agrarian reform
❖ Important Notes in History
➢ February 7, 1986 Snap Election: agreed to run for president against Marcos  supporters
gathered million signatures
➢ February 25, 1986: installed as President of the republic of the Philippines  People’s Power
Revolution stripped Marcos of power
➢ Took oath under Supreme Court Justice Claudio Teehankee as President of the Philippines at
Club Filipino
➢ Implemented a program of reconciliation
Freed political prisoners like Bernabe Buscayno (New People’s Army) and Jose Maria Sison
(Communist Party of the Philippines)
➢ Retained presidential form of government
➢ February 2, 1987: Held a national plebiscite → ratify amendments to 1935 Constitution
Named woman of the year in Time Magazine
➢ Awarded the Gawad Eleanor Roosevelt for Human rights
➢ Waning of popularity: people around her wanted to exact vengeance on Marcos
➢ 6 coup d’états: overthrow her government
1987 * 1989: bloodiest
➢ July 16, 1990: Earthquake,
Typhoon Rufing
Increase in the price of oil  Middle East War
1991: eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
❖ Problems as a President
➢ Natural disasters and calamties
➢ 9 coup attempts against her administration
➢ Graft and corruption
➢ Failure of land reform
➢ Rising prices
➢ Inadequate essential public service
➢ Economic decline
❖ Awards and Achievements
1) 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year
2) 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
3) 1986 United Nations Silver Award
4) 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
5) 1986 Nobel Peace Prize Nominee
6) 1986 International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political Consultants
7) 1987 Prize for Freedom Award from Liberal International
8) 1993 Special Peace Award from Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and
Concerned Women of the Philippines
9) 1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World History (by G.M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San
Francisco, CA)
10) 1995 Path to Peace Award
11) 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from U.S. Department of State
12) 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding
13) 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award
14) 1999 One of Time Magazine’s 20 Most Influential Women of the 20th Century
15) 2001 World Citizenship award
16) 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
17) 2005 One of the World’s Elite Women Who Made a Difference by the International Women’s
Forum Hall of Fame
18) 2006 One of Time Magazine’s 65 Asian Heroes
19) 2008 One of A Different View’s 15 Champions of World Democracy
20) EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
21) Women’s International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award
22) Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
23) United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Award for Political Leadership
State, Government, and Constitution
State
❖ Politics: community of persons more or less numerous living in a definite territory possess a
government and entirely free from external control
❖ Basic Elements of a State
1) People
2) Territory
3) Government
4) Sovereignty
✓ Supreme and final legal authority above and beyond which no legal power exists
✓ Aspects:
a) Internal Sovereignty: State is supreme over all its citizens and associations
b) External Sovereignty: State is independent and free from foreign control
✓ Characteristics of Sovereignty
1. Absolute
2. Permanent
3. Indivisible
4. Exclusiveness
5. inalienable
❖ Three Inherent Powers of the State
1) Police Power: enact laws for the promotion of public safety and order, public health, public
morals, education, and general welfare
2) Taxation Power. Exact proportional contribution from the people to defray cost of governmental
expenditures
3) Power of Eminent Domain: take private property for public use upon payment of just
compensation
Government
❖ Organization that people set up to protect their community and to enforce rules
❖ Role:
➢ protect the lives, liberties, and property of members of the community
➢ provide services that individuals cannot provide their own
➢ exercise authority (from given power)
❖ Six Purposes of Government
1) Form a more perfect union (to link the states together)
2) Establish justice (fair, reasonable, and impartial law)
3) Ensure Domestic Tranquility (ensure peace)
4) Provide for the Common Defense (defend countries from foreign and domestic threat)
5) Promote the General Welfare (protect the quality of life)
6) Secure the Blessings of Liberty (freedom)
❖ Functions of Government
a) Constituent function – those which constitute the bond of society, and are therefore compulsory
in society
b) Ministrant functions – those undertaken by way of advancing the general interest of society, and
are therefore optional, such as public works, public education, etc.
❖ Types of Government
a) Democracy: ruled by many
b) Monarchy: ruled by one
c) Dictatorship: ruled by one
d) Oligarchy: ruled by a few
e) Anarchy: ruled by none
FORM OF DEFINITION EXAMPLES ADDITIONAL
GOVERNMENT INFORMATION
Limited Monarchy King/ Queen is head of Parliament in Great Magna Carta helped to
the state, but power Britain and Queen form this so that common
limited by a Elizabeth in England people would have a
representative governing voice
body
Absolute Monarchy King/Queen has total Japan and parts of Asia Often results in abuse of
power and rule and Africa the people because of its
control
Dictatorship Absolute rule Cuba People have no freedom
Not restricted by laws or or power.
constitution
Aristocracy Ruled by a privileged Government of the “Ruled by the best”
upper class Middle Ages No longer exists as a
government, but exists in
conjuction with monarchy
❖ Division on Power
SYSTEM DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Unitary System Authority is United Kingdom
concentrated in the Japan
central government Sweden

Federation Authority is divided Canada

between central and India
state government United States under
the Constitution
Derived from the
people

Confederation Authority is United States under

concentrated in the Articles of
states Confederation

❖ Parliamentary vs. Presidential Democracies

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Joining of powers Separation of powers
Executive branch members are also legislative Clear separation between executive and legislative
branch members branches
Parliament elects the head of the government; The government’s executive (President) is separate
Head can be voted out by parliament from Congress
Political parties are strong; Political parties have less of a role in the government
Opposition party is important to control of the
government
Government Legitimacy
❖ De Jure vs. De Facto
DE JURE DE FACTO
Declared In Practice
By right, according to law In reality, as a matter of fact
➢ Standards declared to be the standard, often ➢ Standards grow to become adopted as
by a consortium standards
➢ Often, but not always open ➢ Often but not always proprietary
❖ Constitution
➢ A set of laws/ principles may be written or unwritten on which a country is acknowledge to be
governed
➢ System of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and limit of a
government or another institution
➢ Body of rules which regulate the system of government within a state
➢ Purposes and Functions
✓ Defines and limits government’s powers
✓ Lists the rights of the people
✓ Establishes the structure of government
✓ Provides the rules and operating procedures for government
✓ Serve as:
a) Supreme Law of the land
b) Fundamental Law of the land
➢ Classification of Constitution
1) Cumulative/ Evolved – product of growth or long period of development
originating in customs, traditions, judicial decisions, etc. rather than from a
deliberate and formal enactment
A. As to their form
1) Written – been given definite written form at a particular time, usually by a
specially constituted authority (constitutional convention)
2) Unwritten – entirely product of political evolution, consisting largely of a mass of
customs, usages, and judicial decisions together with a smaller body of statutory
enactments of a fundamental character, usually bearing different dates
B. As to manner of amending them
1) Rigid/ Inelastic – regarded as a document of special sanctity which cannot be
amended or altered except by some special machinery more cumbrous than
ordinary legislative process
2) Flexible or elastic – possesses no higher legal authority than ordinary laws and
which may be altered in the same way as other laws
✓ Philippine Constitution = conventional, written, rigid; drafted by appointive body
(Constitutional Commission)
➢ Requisites of a good written constitution
A. As to form
1) Brief – only outlines structure of government of whole State and rights of citizens\
2) Broad – a comprehensive statement of powers and functions of government and
of relations between governing body and the governed
3) Definite – ensures easy and clear interpretation and application of its provisions
to concrete situations
B. As to content
1) Constitution of Government – framework of government and its powers and
defines electorate
2) Constitution of liberty – fundamental rights of the people and imposes certain
limitations on powers of government as a means of securing enjoyments of rights
3) Constitution of sovereignty – mode or procedure for amendment/ revision of
Constitution
Philippine Constitution
I. 1897 Constitution
➢ Philippines’ first constitution
➢ Biak-na-Bato Constitution
➢ Written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer
➢ Lasted only until General Aguinaldo and Governor General Primo de Rivera signed pact of Biak-
na-Bato
➢ Created in accordance with establishment of Biak-na-Bato republic
➢ Almost the same as Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayu
II. Malolos Constitution
➢ Written by Felipe Calderon
➢ Ratification and proclamation held at Barasoain Church in Malolos
➢ Created in accordance with the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, 1899
➢ Lasted until Philippine-American war
III. 1935 Constitution
➢ Written by Claro M. Recto
➢ Created in accordance with establishment of Commonwealth Republic
➢ Tydings-Mcduffie Law of 1934 caused its drafting
➢ Effectivity was halted during Japanese occupation but continued in 1946 until 1972
➢ Constitution had to be approved by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt
➢ Ratification of constitution included women for the first time
IV. 1943 Constitution
➢ Drafted by PCPI
➢ Created in accordance with the establishment of the Second Philippine Republic (or the Puppet
Republic)
➢ Lasted until end of Japanese occupation (1945)
➢ Purposes:
1) Make Filipinos believe that they would be given independence
2) Allow Japanese to have more influence over Philippine territory and resources
V. Martial Law Constitution (1973)
➢ Marcos’ declaration of martial law
➢ Supposed to introduce parliamentary-type of government
➢ Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly = members were elected for 6-year terms
➢ President = elected as symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state from Members of the
National Assembly for a 6-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of times
VI. Freedom Constitution (1986)
➢ Followed EDSA People Power revolution → removed Pres. Marcos from office → Pres. C.
Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 as provisional constitution
➢ Adopted certain provisions from 1973 constitution and granted President broad powers to
reorganize government and remove officials from office
Mandated that president would appoint a commission to draft a new constitution
VII. 1987 Philippine Constitution
Framing and Ratification
1) April 1986: Pres. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 9 creating a constitutional commission to draft
a new constitution as provided for in Freedom Constitution
2) June 2, 1986: Pres. Aquino addressed opening session on June 2, 1986 at former Batasang
Pambansa Building (debates and heated arguments took place)
3) October 12, 1986: Constitutional Commission finished its work
4) October 15, 1986: Draft of said constitution was submitted to the Pres.
5) February 2, 1987: a plebiscite for the charter’s ratification was held
✓ YES = 76.37% (17 059 495)
NO = 22.65% (5 058 714)
New Constitution was ratified and made effective
Significant features
a) Constitution (preamble + 18 articles) = presidential system of government and restores
bicameral Congress of the Philippines (Senate + House of Representatives)
 b) Judicial department = fiscal autonomy + authority increased (in comparison before) due to
definition)
Basic Principles Underlying the New Constitution
1) Recognition of the Aid of Almighty God
2) Sovereignty of the people
3) Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
4) Supremacy of civilian authority over the military
5) Separation of the Church and the State
6) Recognition of the importance of the family as basic social institution and of vital role of the
youth in nation building
7) Guarantee of human rights
8) Government through suffrage
9) Separation of Power
10) Independence of Judiciary
11) Guarantee of local autonomy
12) High sense of public service morality and accountability
13) Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected by public interest
14) Non-suability of the state
15) Rule of the majority
16) Government of laws and not men
Preamble
➢ Preambulare (Latin): walk before; going before
➢ preliminary statement of the constitution
➢ objectives of the creating of the constitution and its purpose
➢ technically not essential part of the constitution
➢ Purpose of Preamble
1) Indicates the authors of the Constitution – the sovereign Filipino people
2) Enumerates primary aims and aspiration of the framers in drafting the Constitution
3) Useful as an aid in construction and interpretation of the text of the Constitution
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and human
society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common
good, conserve, and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
National Purpose and aims in adopting the 1987 Philippine Constitution
➢ Build a just and human society
➢ Establish a government that shall:
a) Embody our ideals and aspirations
b) Promote the common good
c) Conserve and develop our patrimony
d) Secure to ourselves and posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under
the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain
and promulgate this constitution
Articles
Article I. National Territory
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and al other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction,
consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of
the internal waters of the Philippines.
Article 2. Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article II lays out the basic social and political creed of the Philippines, particularly the
implementation of the constitution and sets forth the objectives of the government.
➢ Section 1 – 6: principles
Section 7- 28: state policies
Article 3. Bill of Rights
Article III enumerates specific protections against the abuse of state power, most of which are
similar to the provisions of the U.S. Constitution of Public Concern
➢ 33 sections
➢ Charter of Liberties
➢ Enumerates the basic rights of each person designed to protect from government abuses
Article IV. Citizenship
Article IV defines the citizenship of Filipinos. It enumerates two kinds of citizens; natural-born
citizens and naturalized citizens. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire or perfect Philippine citizenship. The Philippines follows a jus
sanguinis system where citizenship is mainly acquired though a blood relationship with Filipino
citizens. Natural born citizenship forms an important part of the political system as only natural-born
Filipinos are eligible to hold high offices, including all elective offices beginning with a representative
in the House of Representatives up to the President.
Article V. Suffrage
Article V mandates various age and residence qualifications to vote and a system of secret ballots
and absentee voting. It also mandates a procedure for overseas and disabled and illiterate Filipinos
to vote.
Article VI. The Legislative Department
Article VI provides for a bicameral legislature called the Congress composed of the Senate and the
House of Representatives. It vests upon Congress, among others, the power of investigation and
inquiry in aid of legislation, the power of the purse, the power of taxation, and the power of eminent
domain.
Article VII. The Executive Department
Article VII provides for a presidential form of government where the executive power is vested upon
the President. It provides for the qualification, terms of office, election, and power and functions of
the President. It also provides for a Vice President and for the presidential line of succession.
Article VIII. The Judicial Department
Article VIII vests the judicial power upon the Supreme Court and other lower courts as may be
established by law (by Congress). While the power to appoint justices and judges still reside with the
President, the President may only appoint nominees pre-selected by the Judicial and Bar Council, a
body composed of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Secretary of Justice, the Chairs of the
Senate, and House of Committees on Justice, and representatives from the legal profession.
Article IX. Constitutional Commissions
Article IX establishes three constitutional commissions; the Civil Service Commission, the
Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Article X. Local Government