2ND QUARTERLY EXAMS Reproduction in Birds

REVIEWER IN “SCIENCE” Birds produce sexually through mating, like

mammals.
Cloaca
-REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS-
The hollow chamber inside the male and
female bird where the egg cell and sperm cells
Sexual Reproduction meet, and the fertilized ovum becomes the nucleus
of the egg.
The process wherein a male and a female
animal of the same kind mate to reproduce Part of the bird where the egg develops.
offspring.
Incubation
Fertilization
Process by which the egg of the animal is
The sperm cell of the male and the egg cell kept warm and develops into a baby animal.
of the female unite to produce a fertilized ovum or
Hatchling
a zygote.
A newly hatched bird
External Fertilization
Fertilization that occurs outside the body of
the female animal. -METAMORPHOSIS-
Example: fishes and frogs which
release their egg and sperm cell in the water.
Metamorphosis
The process in which the animal passes
Reproduction in Fishes through different changes in growth.
Fishes undergo both external and internal Kinds of Metamorphosis:
fertilization.
1. Complete metamorphosis
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION: 2. Incomplete metamorphosis
The female fish have an organ that Complete Metamorphosis
allows the transfer of the sperm cell to the female
Has four stages of development: 1) egg 2)
body.
larva 3) pupa and 4) adult
Egg hatches inside the female’s
Example: butterfly, bees, beetles
body.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Chas three stages: 1) egg 2) nymph 3) adult
Bony fishes reproduce through
insect
external fertilization.
Example: cockroach, dragonfly, grasshopper
Hermaphrodites
An animal which has both male and female
reproductive organs. Reproduction And Life Cycle of Frogs
Spawning Season (Mating Season) Frogs
The time during which the sperm cell from Belong to the group of amphibians
the male and the egg cell from the female are
Undergo metamorphosis wherein much
released in the water
physical challenges occur as part of growth and
Mouthbreeders development.
the fish’ special way of protecting their egg 3 Organs of Male Frog Reproduction System
by placing their egg in their mouths until the eggs
1) Testes – where sperm is produced
are hatched.
 2) Urinary duct – carry urine STAGE 4: ADULT BUTTERFLY (IMAGO)
3) Cloaca – where sperm and urine exit the
- Chrysalis opens and a butterfly comes
body.
out
2 Organs of Female Frog Reproduction System - Butterfly dries its wings and allow blood
to pump into it before flying
1) Oviduct – a tube through which the ova
pass from the ovary to the uterus or to the NOTE:
outside of the body.
Pheromone - a chemical substance released by the
2) Ovaries – where eggs are produced and
male butterfly to signal courtship.
stored.
NOTE:
Reproduction And Life Cycle of Mosquitoes
 Frogs produce sexually through fertilization
outside of the female’s body. METAMORPHOSIS CYCLE OF A MOSQUITO
 Female releases eggs into the water, and at
Eggs > Larva > pupa > adult > egg
the same time, male releases sperm into
the water. STAGE 1: EGG
 When a frog grows, it becomes a TADPOLE
- Female mosquito can lay 100-300 eggs.
 After a month, the tadpole grow legs. As the
- Hatches within 1 to 2 days.
front leg grow, the internal organ changes.
- Eggs are released to the water.
 A FROGLET is a tadpole which its tail had
Individual eggs will float.
already disappeared as part of
metamorphosis. It becomes an adult frog. STAGE 2: LARVA

METAMORPHOSIS CYCLE OF A FROG: - Develops within 7 days depending on

the food and temperature
Egg > tadpole > tadpole with back legs > tadpole
- A larva is also known as a WRIGGLER
with front and back legs > froglet with small tail >
- It molts at least 4 times before It
adult frog > egg.
changes into a pupa
STAGE 3: PUPA
Reproduction And Life Cycle of Insects
- Also known as a TUMBLER
METAMORPHOSIS CYCLE OF AN INSECT (ANT): - It can breathe air, but it cannot bite.
- Stays in this stage for 2 days after which
Eggs > larvae > pupae > Queen; or
the skin opens up its back where the
 Male; or head and the legs emerge followed by
 Worker (female) its body
STAGE 4: ADULT

Reproduction And Metamorphosis of Butterflies - It looks for nectar to feed itself.

- Female mosquito will look for a meal
STAGE 1: EGG blood. After such, it will look for a place
- Butterfly lays eggs on a leaf. After 5 where to digest, rest and lay its eggs.
days, a tiny worm hatches from it.
STAGE 2: CATERPILLAR (LARVA) Reproduction And Life Cycle of Dragonflies
- The easting and growing stage. METAMORPHOSIS CYCLE OF A DRAGON FLY
- Caterpillar sheds its skin 4 to 5 times in a
process called MOLTING Egg > nymphs (larvae) > adult > egg

STAGE 3: CHRYSALIS (PUPA)

- It is brown/green in color.
- Caterpillar is done growing
Dragonfly
- The resting and changing stage into a
butterfly.
 has a long slender abdomen, pair of wings 1) CLIMATE CHANGE
and three pair of legs. It has big eyes and - The warming of the planet due
undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. to excessive carbon footprints
creating greenhouse effect.
Male dragonfly attaches the back of his
abdomen into the head of the female. They will fly
2) FORREST DEGRATION
together and find a place o mate
- the conversion of forest lands
into commercial and industrial
development
-ENDANGERED ANIMALS-
3) POLLUTION
Extinction - Contamination of the
environment with chemicals, and
All members of a particular group of living
other emissions made by human
things die.
activity
Endangered Species 4) SOIL DEGRATION
a) SOIL COMPACTION
Categorized to become likely extinct
- Compressed pores that would
Threatened Species otherwise transport water and
air.
Species that most likely will become
- Hinders root growth and causes
endangered in the future.
oxygen deficiency
Found in the environment but are b) SOIL EROSION
decreasing in number. - Wearing away of topsoil.
TIPS FOR HABITAT PROTECTION:
Destruction of Habitat
1) Join campaign for the protection of
Humans destroy the natural environment of animals and their habitats
a living thing. 2) Recycle and reduce energy and good
consumption
Pollution
3) Minimize the use of herbicides and
Contamination of habitats and devastating pesticides
the species. 4) Take care of injured wildlife.

Overhunting
Humans hunting animals for raw materials
and consumption more than what is needed
leaving animals lesser in number.
Exotic Species
An animal arrives into a new habitat from a
foreign place, it brings with it diseases that the
native species cannot fight.

-PROTECTING THE HABITATS OF ANIMALS-

HABITAT
Place where animal lives and gets its
nourishment for survival.

Threats to the Habitats: