Data

In Shell In Coil
Quantity of Fluid 1 m3/min
60.00 m3/hour Quantity of Fluid 80.00 gpm USA (Chiller 1)
2119.2 ft3/hour 60.00 gpm USA (Chiller 2)
Fluid Name Water 60.00 gpm USA (Chiller 3)

Intial Phase Liquid Total 200.00 gpm USA (All chiller)

Final Phase Liquid

Initial Temp. 30 degree Celcius Fluid Name Freon R-22

86 degree Fahrenheit
303.15 K Intial Phase Gas

Final Temp. 60 degree Celcius Final Phase Liquid

140 degree Fahrenheit
333.15 K Initial Temp. 100 degree Celcius
212 degree Fahrenheit
Pressure 4.00 bar(G) 373.15 K
400,000.00 Pa(G)
400.00 kPa(G) Final Temp. 30 degree Celcius
3.95 atm(G) 86 degree Fahrenheit
58.02 Psi(G) 303.15 K
Physical Properties
Pressure 21.00 bar(G)
2,100,000.00 Pa(G)
2,100.00 kPa(G)
20.73 atm(G)
304.58 Psi(G)

1 Density ? mol/L 1 Density

Molecular Weight 18 g/mol For R-22 freon gas, if we want to determine density of gas, we can use Martin-Hou's Equation of State
with constant
If water & o-Terphenyl Except water & o-Terphenyl i 2 3 4 5
R 0.11455 kJ/kg K Ai -1.72E-01 2.38E-04 -4.33E-07 -6.24E-10
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4 Tc 72.13 degree Celcius Bi 1.65E-04 -1.46E-08 0.00E+00 1.38E-12
-13.851 0.64038 -0.00191 0.0000018211 -13.851 0.64038 -0.00191 1.821E-06 345.28 K Ci -6.29E+00 1.53E-02 0.00E+00 1.60E-07
Tr 1.08
b 4.36E-04 Ai -1.72E-01 2.38E-04 -4.33E-07 -6.24E-10
Density 55.49 mol/L Density -33.77613 mol/L k 5.75 BiT 0.0614312367 -5.458449E-06 0 5.1512201E-10
998.75 kg/m3 -607.9703 kg/m3 Ci exp (-kTr) (0.01) 0.00 - 0.00
Assume V 0.0257 m3/kg (V-b)^i 0.0006389707 1.615182E-05 4.0828361E-07 1.032054E-08
Especially for water @ 0 - 374 degree Celcius
m (193.030) 16.305 (1.060) 0.021
τ 0.53

P 1,513.21 kPa(G) Total m (177.764)

Density 55.11 mol/L Density 38.89 kg/m3
991.98 kg/m3 61.90 lb/ft 3
2.427 lb/ft 3

2 Dynamic Viscosity ? Pa.s 2 Dynamic Viscosity ? Pa.s

For all liquids For freon gas

1097.28
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 2416.9162996
-52.843 3703.6 5.866 -5.879E-29 10 11.7 0.0398 0 0 0

Dynamic Viscosity 8.20E-04 Pa.s 0.0617 lb/ft hr Dynamic Viscosity 1.57E+01 μPa.s 1.568E-05 Pa.s 0.0379 lb/ft hr

3 Thermal Conductivity ? W/m K (Only for Prandtl Number) 3 Thermal Conductivity ? W/m K (Only for Prandtl Number)

For all liquids For freon gas

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
-0.432 0.0057255 -0.000008078 -0.000000001861 0 11.54 0.0741 0 0 0

Thermal Conductivity 0.5095 W/m K 0.294 Btu/hr ft oF Thermal Conductivity 39.19 mW/m K 0.0392 W/m K 0.023 Btu/hr ft oF

4 Specific Heat Capacity ? J/kmol K (Only for Prandtl Number) 4 Specific Heat Capacity ? J/kg K (Only for Prandtl Number)

Molecular Weight 18 kg/kmol For Freon Gas

For all liquids

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
276370 -2090.1 8.125 -0.014116 0.00000937 0.2676084 0.002115353 -0.0000009848184 6.493781E-11 0

Specific Heat Capacity 75,310.2640 J/kmol K Specific Heat Capacity 0.923 KJ/kg K
4,183.90 J/kg K 1.0 Btu/lb oF 923.20 J/kg K 0.22 Btu/lb oF
Liquid (Freon R22)

0.09
t (oF) k (Btu/hr ft F)
-40 0.0792 0.08
f(x) = − 0.000234285714285714 x + 0.0698285714285714
0 0.0698 0.07
R² = 0.999996281988838
40 0.0605 0.06

k (Btu/hr ft F)
120 0.0417 0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1
Temperature (F)

Gas (Freon R22)

t (oF) k (Btu/hr ft F) 0.008

-40 0.005 0.007 x³ − 0.00000003125 x² + 0.0000133333333 x + 0.00
f(x) = 2.6041667E-10
0 0.0056 R² = 1
0.006
40 0.0061
0.005
k (Btu/hr ft F)

120 0.0072
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1
Temperature (F)
+ 0.0698285714285714

60 80 100 120 140

(F)

x² + 0.0000133333333 x + 0.0056

60 80 100 120 140

(F)
Liquid (Freon R22)

0.4
t (oF) η (cP) f(x) = − 0.0455119613313419 ln(x) + 0.428888139
-40 0.349 0.35 R² = 1
f(x) = − 1.17187500000002E-08 x³ + 4.37500000000003E-06 x² − 0.00108125 x
0 0.298 R² = 1 0.3
40 0.261
0.25

k (Btu/hr ft F)
120 0.211
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (F)

Gas (Freon R22)

t (oF) η (cP) 0.016

-40 0.01 0.014
f(x) = 1.30208333E-10 x³ − 0.00000003125 x² + 0.00002604166667 x
0 0.0111 R² = 1 0.012
40 0.0121
0.01
k (Btu/hr ft F)

120 0.014
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (F)
3419 ln(x) + 0.428888139071615

03E-06 x² − 0.00108125 x + 0.298

0 80 100 120 140

)

² + 0.00002604166667 x + 0.0111

0 80 100 120 140

)
Liquid (Freon R22)

0.6
t (oF) Cp(Btu/lb F)
-10 0.27
0.5
20 0.275 f(x) = 1.61942E-13 x⁶ − 7.34454E-11 x⁵ + 0.0000000125886 x⁴ − 0.00000094
50 0.285 + 0.0000289483
0.4 x² + 0.000105087 x + 0.267079
R² = 1 f(x) = 0.0732611977456835 ln(x) + 0.0183748075916725
80 0.295

Cp(Btu/lb F)
R² = 0.560780948496122
110 0.32 0.3
140 0.365
0.2
170 0.48
0.1

0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature (F)

Gas (Freon R22)

t (oF) η (cP) 0.016

-40 0.01 0.014
f(x) = 1.30208333E-10 x³ − 0.00000003125 x² + 0.00002604166667 x
0 0.0111 R² = 1 0.012
40 0.0121
0.01
k (Btu/hr ft F)

120 0.014
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (F)
 C1 0.2671
C2 0.0001
0125886 x⁴ − 0.000000943692 x³ C3 3.00E-05
C4 -9.00E-07
0183748075916725 C5 1.00E-08
C6 -7E-11
C7 2E-13

00 120 140 160 180

)

² + 0.00002604166667 x + 0.0111

0 80 100 120 140

)
Data

In Shell In Coil

Quantity of Fluid - m3/hour Quantity of Fluid 80.00 gpm USA (Chiller 1)

0 ft3/hour 60.00 gpm USA (Chiller 2)
Fluid Name Water 60.00 gpm USA (Chiller 3)

Intial Phase Liquid Total 200.00 gpm USA (All chiller)

Final Phase Liquid

Initial Temp. 30 degree Celcius Fluid Name Freon R-22

86 degree Fahrenheit
303.15 K Intial Phase Gas

Final Temp. 60 degree Celcius Final Phase Gas

140 degree Fahrenheit
333.15 K Initial Temp. 102 degree Celcius
215.6 degree Fahrenheit
Pressure 4.00 bar(G) 375.15 K
400,000.00 Pa(G) 675.29 R
400.00 kPa(G) Final Temp. 62 degree Celcius
3.95 atm(G) 143.6 degree Fahrenheit
58.02 Psi(G) 335.15 K
Physical Properties 603.29 R
Pressure 21.00 bar(G)
2,100,000.00 Pa(G)
2,100.00 kPa(G) 46,377.48
20.73 atm(G)
304.58 Psi(G) 3,124.49

1 Density ? mol/L 1.1 Density 1.2. Density

Molecular Weight 18 g/mol For R-22 freon gas, if we want to determine density of gas, we can use Equation of State (equation from Dupont) For Freon Liquid,
with constant
If water & o-Terphenyl Except water & o-Terphenyl i 2 3 4 5 6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
R 0.124098 - Ai -4.35E+00 -1.75E-02 2.31E-03 -3.72E-05 1.36E+08 32.76 54.6344093 36.74892 -22.292566 20.473289
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4 Tc 204.81 degree Fahrenheit Bi 2.41E-03 7.63E-05 -3.61E-06 5.36E-08 -1.67E+05
-13.851 0.64038 -0.00191 0.0000018211 -13.851 0.64038 -0.00191 1.821E-06 664.5 R Ci -4.41E+01 1.48E+00 0.00E+00 -1.85E-04 0 Temperature 603.29 R
Tr 1.02 d 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 548.2 Critical Temperature 204.81 degree Fahrenheit
b 2.00E-03 664.5 R
Density 55.49 mol/L Density -33.77613 mol/L k -4.2 Ai -4.35E+00 -1.75E-02 2.31E-03 -3.72E-05 1.36E+08
998.75 kg/m3 -607.9703 kg/m3 BiT 1.625593203 0.0515103784 -0.0024349087 3.616492E-05 -112949816 Reduced Temperature 0.91
Assume V 0.2329 cu ft/lb Ci exp (-kTr) (0.62) 0.02 - (0.00) - (Tr)
Especially for water @ 0 - 374 degree Celcius 20.15 cu ft/lb mole (V-b)^i 0.053322081 0.0123129079 0.00284324427 0.00065654987 -
Exp(d*V) - - - - 2.8355E+55
τ 0.53
m (62.736) 4.453 (0.044) (0.006) 8.24849E-49
P 304.58 Psi
Density 55.11 mol/L Density 4.29 lb/ft3 Total m (58.332) Density 63.73 lb/cuft
991.98 kg/m3 61.90 lb/ft3 68.776 kg/m3 1,020.86 kg/m3

2 Dynamic Viscosity ? Pa.s 2.1 Dynamic Viscosity ? Pa.s 2.2 Dynamic Viscosity ? Pa.s

For all liquids For freon gas For freon liquid

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
-52.843 3703.6 5.866 -5.879E-29 10 0.0111 3.00E-05 -3.00E-08 1E-10 0 0.298 -1.10E-03 4.00E-06 -1.00E-08 0

Dynamic Viscosity 4.74E-04 Pa.s 0.0357 lb/ft hr Dynamic Viscosity 1.72E-02 cP 1.718E-05 Pa.s 0.0415 lb/ft hr Dynamic Viscosity 1.93E-01 cP 1.929E-04 Pa.s 0.4663 lb/ft hr

3 Thermal Conductivity ? W/m K (Only for Prandtl Number) 3.1 Thermal Conductivity ? W/m K (Only for Prandtl Number) 3.2 Thermal Conductivity ? W/m K (Only for Prandtl Number)

For all liquids For freon gas For freon liquid

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
-0.432 0.0057255 -0.000008078 -0.000000001861 0 0.0056 1.00E-05 -3.00E-08 3E-10 0 -0.0002 6.98E-02 0.00E+00 0 0

Thermal Conductivity 0.5101 W/m K 0.295 Btu/hr ft oF Thermal Conductivity 9.37E-03 Btu/hr ft oF 0.0162 W/m K Thermal Conductivity 1.00E+01 Btu/hr ft oF 17.3410 W/m K

4 Specific Heat Capacity ? J/kmol K (Only for Prandtl Number) 4 Specific Heat Capacity ? J/kg K (Only for Prandtl Number) 4.2 Specific Heat Capacity ? J/kg K (Only for Prandtl Number)

Molecular Weight 18 kg/kmol For Freon Gas For freon liquid

For all liquids

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
276370 -2090.1 8.125 -0.014116 0.00000937 2.81E-02 257.341 2.26E-04 -6.509607E-08 0 0.2671 1.00E-04 3.00E-05 -9.00E-07 1.00E-08 -7E-11 2E-13

Specific Heat Capacity 75,310.2640 J/kmol K Specific Heat Capacity 0.151 Btu/lb F Thermal Conductivity 2.67E-01 Btu/lb F
4,183.90 J/kg K 1.0 Btu/lb oF 633.11 J/kg K 0.63 kJ/kg K 1,117.57 J/kg K 1.12 kJ/kg K
Number of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger 2 Unit(s)

1. Released heat from heating fluid

Quantity of freon 20,417.11 lb/hour

Boiling Point at 21.00 bar 55 C
Heat Capacity of freon (liquid) 0.00E+00 Btu/lb oF 131.00 F

Heat Capacity of freon (gas) 1.51E-01 Btu/lb oF Condensation Heat 0 kJ/kg

- Btu/lb
Initial Temperature 215.6 F

Final Temperature 143.6 F

Released Heat 289,165.96 Btu/hr

84.74 kW
4,881,121.35 kJ/day

2. Required Mass Flow for heating cold water

Quantity of water 131,178.13 lb/hour

Heat Capacity of water (liquid) 1.00 Btu/lb oF

Density of liquid water at 1 atm pressure
Initial Temperature 86 oF 30 oC Temp. (°C)[note 1] Density (kg/m3)
−30 983.854
Final Temperature 88.20 oF 31.22471 oC −20 993.547
−10 998.117
Quantity of water 131,178.13 lb/hour 0 999.8395
59,554.87 kg/hour 4 999.972
10 999.7026
3. Efficiency 15 999.1026
20 998.2071
1. Thermal Efficiency 22 997.7735
25 997.0479
Input Energy from burner for 89.01 m3/day Efficiency -4790.6% 30 995.6502
a day 40 992.2
60 983.2
HHV for LPG 39,165.00 kJ/m3 80 971.8
100 958.4
Input Energy from burner for 3,485,927.45 kJ/day Notes:
a day
1. Values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.
Outlet Temp from Heater 74 C
165.2 F

Inlet Temperature to Heater 88.204480039528 F

Required Heat to heat water 10,099,652.88 Btu/hour

10,655,133.78 kJ/hour
170,482,140.56 kJ/day

3. Data Specification for HE

3.1 Coil

Size 3/4 inch

Inside Diameter (D) 16 mm

0.05 ft
Outside Diameter (do) 19 mm
0.06 ft
Wall Thickness 0.6 mm
0.00 ft
Pitch Space (p) 23.75 mm
0.08 ft
3.2 Annulus

Inside Cylinder (B) 0.52 m

Outside Cylinder {C} 0.764 m

4. Calculate Required Dimension for HE

4.1 Length of Coil is needed (L)

Pitch Space 23.75 mm

0.02 m

Inside Cylinder (B) 0.52 m

Outside Diameter of coil (do) 19 mm

0.019 m

Average Helical Coil radius {r} 0.317 m

Length of coil is needed (L) 1.99 N (in m) ……….(1)

4.2 Available volume for the fluid flow In annulus

4.2.1 Volume occupied by coil (Vc)

Outside Diameter of coil (do) 19 mm

0.019 m
49.34

Vc 0.00056 N ……….(2)

4.2.2 Volume of annulus (Va)

Outside Cylinder {C} 0.764 m

Inside Cylinder (B) 0m

Pitch Space (p) 23.75 mm
0.02375 m

Va 0.01089 N ……….(3)

4.2.3 Available volume for the fluid flow in annulus (V f)

Substitute eq. (2) & (3) to determine Vf

Vf 0.01032 N ……….(4)

4.3 Equivalent Diameter of Shell Side (De)

Substitute Vf from equation (4)

Vf 0.01032 N

Outside Diameter of coil (do) 19 mm

0.019 m

Length of coil is needed (L) 1.99 N

Equivalent Diameter of Shell Side (De) 0.35 m

1. Coil Side Heat Transfer

1.1 Velocity of Heating Fluid in Coil (v)

Inside Diameter of coil (do) 0.02 m

Required heating media for heating (m) 9,269.37 kg(s)/hour

Density of heating media at operation 68.78 kg/m3

pressure and temperature (ρ)

v 670,322.54 m/hour
186.20 m/s

1.2 Reynold Number Gas-Liquid (NreLO) 1.3 Prandtl Number (NPr)

Density of heating media at operation 68.78 kg/m3 Specific Heat Capacity of Heating Fluid (Cp) 633.11 J/kg K
pressure and temperature (ρ)
Thermal Conductivity of Heating Fluid (k) 0.0162 W/m K
Velocity of Heating Fluid in Coil (v) 186.20 m/s
Viscosity of Heating Fluid (μ) 1.718E-05 Pa.s
Inside diameter of coil (ID) 0.02 m

Viscosity of Heating Fluid (μ) 1.718E-05 Pa. s

Nre 11,929,545.84 NPr 0.671

1.4 Internal Heat Transfer Coefficient inside coil (h i) 1.5 Corrected Internal Heat Transfer Coefficient inside coil (h ic)

For Reynold Number 11,929,545.84 hi 10,977.11 W/m2 K

so, Colburn Factor 1.00 r 0.634 m

2.08 ft
Inside Diameter of coil 16 mm Inside Diameter of coil 16 mm
0.02 m 0.05 ft

Thermal Conductivity of heating media 0.0162 W/m K

NPr 0.671

hi 10,977.11 W/m2 K hic 11,946.69 W/m2 K

1.6 Corrected Internal Heat Transfer Coefficient inside coil (h io)

hic 11,946.69 W/m2 K

Outside diameter 0.019 m

Inside Diameter of coil 0.016 m

hio 10,060.37 W/m2 K

2. Shell Side Heat Transfer

2.1 Velocity of Cooling Fluid in Shell (v)

Inside Diameter of shell (D) 0.76 m

Outside diameter of cylinder (d) 0.52 m

Equivalent Diameter 0.24 m

Required cooling media for heating (m) 59,554.87 kg(s)/hour

Density of heating media at operation 991.98 kg/m3

pressure and temperature (ρ)

v 243.99 m/hour
6.78E-02 m/s

2.2 Reynold Number (Nre) 2.3 Prandtl Number (NPr)

Volumetric Flow of Cold Fluid 59,554.87 kg/hour Specific Heat Capacity of Cooling Fluid (Cp) 4,183.90 J/kg K
16.54 kg/s
Thermal Conductivity of Cooling Fluid (k) 0.5101 W/m K
Hydraulic diameter of annulus (ID) 0.24 m
Viscosity of Cooling Fluid (μ) 4.742E-04 Pa.s
Viscosity of Cooling Fluid (μ) 4.742E-04 Pa.s

Nre 182,040.78 NPr 3.890

2.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient inside annulus (ho)

Reynold Number 182,040.78

Prandtl Number 3.890

Equivalent Diameter 0.24 m

Thermal Conductivity (k) 0.5101 W/ m K

ho 815.36 W/m K

3. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

Heat Transfer Coefficient inside annulus (ho) 815.36 W/ m K

hio 10,060.37 W/ m K
Thickness of Coil 6.00E-04 m

Thermal Conductivity of Coil 383 W/ m K

U 753.34 W/m K

4. Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 400 400

Cold fluid 350 350 ΔT2

t1 303.15 K
86 F ΔT1 300 300
30 oC
250 250
Hot fluid
T2 335.15 K 200 250
143.6 F
Helical Coil Heat Exchanger
62 oC 150 150
Hot fluid
T1 375.15 K 100 100
215.6 F
102 oC 50 50

0 0

t2 333.15 K
140 F
60 oC
ΔT1 32 K
ΔT2 42 K

Log Mean Temperature Difference 36.77 K

Correction Factor 90%

Real Log Mean Temperature Difference 33.10 K

5. Required Area for Heat Transfer

Heat Load 84,741.69 W

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 753.34 W/ m K

Real Log Mean Temperature Difference 33.10 K

Required Area for Heat Transfer 3.40 m2

6. Determine Required Number of Turn Coil

See equation (1) in Sheet "Heat Tansfer Calculation"

Required Area 3.40 m2

Outside Diameter of Coil 0.02 m

Length of Coil Needed 1.99 N

Number of Turn Coil 29.00

7. Length of Coil

Length of Coil 57.77 m

8. Height of Coil 0.71

No. JH Re
1 60 20,000.00 1200
2 80 30,000.00
3 100 40,000.00
4 130 50,000.00 1000
f(x) = 0.0144240151340678 x^0
5 150 60,000.00 R² = 0.999055031803998
6 170 70,000.00
7 190 80,000.00 800
8 200 90,000.00
9 220 100,000.00
600
10 310 150,000.00
11 400 200,000.00
12 580 300,000.00
400
13 750 400,000.00
14 850 500,000.00
15 1000 600,000.00 200
16 153,760.81 240,000,000.00

0
0.00E+00 1.00E+05 2.00E+05 3.00E+05
 f(x) = 0.0144240151340678 x^0.838686276741593
R² = 0.999055031803998

Column B
Power (Column B)

+00 1.00E+05 2.00E+05 3.00E+05 4.00E+05 5.00E+05 6.00E+05 7.00E+05

 PT HASAKONA BINACIPTA
Jl. Dipati Kertabumi No. 16 Bandung - 40115
Telp.(022) 4265252 (hunting) Fax. (022) 4265124
e-mail : -

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
  SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHAGE
 
 
  PROCESS DATA
  TUBE SIDE
 
Medium Freon (R-22)
Flow Average m³ / h
 
Flow Maximum m³ / h
 
Inlet Temperature °C 102
Outlet Temperature °C 62
pH
Density (at operationt temp.) kg / m³
Viscosity (at operation temp.) mm² / s
Pressure Drop bar
Thermal Conductivity W/mK
Specific Heat (Cp) kJ / kg K

MECHANICAL DATA
Type Shell & Tube Flow
Working Temp (Shell / Tube) °C No of Shell
Design Pressure bar No tube / shell
Tube type
Shell D x L
Tube D x L
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Shell Mild Steel
Tube Seamless

DESIGN DATA
Log Mean Temperatur Difference K
Surface area (req'd / selected) m²
Heat Transfer Coeficient W / m² K
 ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION
T1-4

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION*
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHAGER
 

SHELL SIDE
Water

30
60
6-8
1000
1
max 0.5
0.6
4.2

Counter Current
1

Seamless

ON
 Jumlah air 7.8
7,800.00 kg/h
CHILLER 75-100
Type 30GTC30 80
Heat load 106.98 kW 85.58 kW
30.42 TR

Freon R-22
QR m Cp Tin Tout
kW BTU/h lb/h BTU/lb.oF o
F o
F
1 85.58 292,025 20,417 0.1513 215.6 121.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

300 L 20,000,000
7800 520,000,000.00
m3/h 7800 kg/h 17,196.1 lb/h
7.80 m3/h

GPM 18.16997656 m3/h

ρ

Thermal Water 60 oC
Qw m Cp Tin Tout
BTU/h lb/h BTU/lb.oF o
F o
F 30 C
o

292,025 17,196.06 1.00 86 103.0 39.4 C

o

48.9 C
o
103.0 120.0
58.3 C
o
120.0 136.9
67.7 C
o
136.9 153.9
77.2 C
o
153.9 170.9
86.6 C
o
170.9 187.9
96.0 C
o
187.9 204.9
105.5 C
o
204.9 221.9
114.9 C
o
221.9 238.8
124.3 C
o
238.8 255.8
133.8 C
o
255.8 272.8
143.2 C
o
272.8 289.8
152.7 C
o
289.8 306.8
162.1 C
o
306.8 323.8
171.5 C
o
323.8 340.7
181.0 C
o
340.7 357.7
190.4 C
o
357.7 374.7
199.8 C
o
374.7 391.7
209.3 C
o
391.7 408.7
218.7 C
o
408.7 425.7
228.1 C
o
425.7 442.6
237.6 C
o
442.6 459.6
247.0 C
o
459.6 476.6
256.4 C
o
476.6 493.6
265.9 C
o
493.6 510.6
275.3 C
o
510.6 527.6
284.7 C
o
527.6 544.5
294.2 C
o
544.5 561.5
303.6 C
o
561.5 578.5
313.0 C
o
578.5 595.5
322.5 C
o
595.5 612.5
331.9 C
o
612.5 629.5
629.5 646.4 341.4
 350.8 C
o
646.4 663.4
360.2 C
o
663.4 680.4
369.7 C
o
680.4 697.4
379.1 C
o
697.4 714.4
388.5 C
o
714.4 731.3
398.0 C
o
731.3 748.3
407.4 C
o
748.3 765.3
416.8 C
o
765.3 782.3
426.3 C
o
782.3 799.3

248,500,000
0.552222222
450,000,000
 140 oF

215.6 F 102.00 C
o o

121.1 F 49.49 C
o o

52.51 C
o

103.0 F 39.43 C
o o

86.0 F 30.00 C
o o

9.43 C
o

Flow rate 11.2 L/s

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/copper-pipe-heat-loss-d_19.html
Heat loss at various temperature differences between pipe and ambient air for 1/2" to 4" copper tubes - or pipes - are ind

Note that temperature difference is used - and that 1 oC temperature difference equals to 1.8 oF difference.

Heat loss for the fluid inside pipe Heat loss for the fluid inside pipe
Nominal bore (W/m) (Btu/hr ft)
Temperature difference (oC) Temperature difference (oF)
(mm) (inches) 22 38 55 40 68
15 1/2 21 32 45 22 34
22 3/4 28 43 60 29 45
28 1 34 53 76 36 56
35 1 1/4 41 64 89 43 67
42 1 1/2 47 74 104 49 77
54 2 59 93 131 62 97
67 2 1/2 71 111 156 74 116
76 3 83 129 181 87 135
108 4 107 165 232 111 172

Example - Heat Loss from a 2" Pipe

A 2" pipe with temperature 75 oC (167 oF) is located in a room with temperature 20 oC (68 oF).
The temperature difference between the pipe and the ambient room is 55 oC (99 oF).
The heat loss from the pipe to the room can be estimated from the table (or chart) above to 131 W/m.

Uninsulated Cylinder or Pipe

Conductive heat loss through the wall of a cylinder or pipe can be expressed as
q = 2 π k (ti - to) / ln(ro / ri)        (1)

where
q = heat transferred per unit time per unit length of cylinder or pipe (W/m, Btu/hr ft)
k = thermal conductivity of material (W/mK or W/m oC, Btu/(hr oF ft2/ft))
to = temperature outside pipe or cylinder (K or oC, oF)
ti = temperature inside pipe or cylinder (K or oC, oF)
ln = the natural logarithm
ro = cylinder or pipe outside radius (m, ft)
ri = cylinder or pipe inside radius(m, ft)

Insulated Cylinder or Pipe

Heat loss through an insulated cylinder or pipe can be expressed as

q = (ti - to) / ((rs ln(ro / ri) / k) + (rs ln(rs / ro) / ks) + (1 / h))

where 

rs = outside radius of insulation (m, ft)

ks = thermal conductivity insulation (W/mK or W/m oC, Btu/(hr oF ft2/ft))
h = outside convective heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2K), Btu/(ft2 h oF)))

Thermal conductivity is a material property describing the ability to conduct heat. Thermal conductiv

"the quantity of heat transmitted through a unit thickness of a material - in a direction normal to

Thermal conductivity units is W/(m K) in the SI system and Btu/(hr ft °F) in the Imperial system.

Thermal conductivity for common materials and products:

-k-
W/(m K)
Material/Substance
Temperature - oC
25 125 225
1 Acetals 0.23
2 Acetone 0.16
3 Acetylene (gas) 0.018
4 Acrylic 0.2
5 Air, atmosphere (gas) 0.024
6 Air, elevation 10000 m 0.02
7 Agate 10.9
8 Alcohol 0.17
9 Aluminum 205 215 250
10 Aluminum Brass 121
11 Aluminum Oxide 30
12 Ammonia (gas) 0.022
13 Antimony 18.5
14 Apple (85.6% moisture) 0.39
15 Argon (gas) 0.016
16 Asbestos-cement board 0.744
17 Asbestos-cement sheets 0.166
18 Asbestos-cement 2.07
19 Asbestos, loosely packed 0.15
20 Asbestos mill board 0.14
21 Asphalt 0.75
22 Balsa wood 0.048
23 Bitumen 0.17
24 Bitumen/felt layers 0.5
25 Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture) 0.43 - 0.48
26 Benzene 0.16
27 Beryllium 218
28 Bismuth 8.1
29 Bitumen 0.17
30 Blast furnace gas (gas) 0.02
31 Boiler scale 1.2 - 3.5
32 Brass 109
33 Breeze block 0.10 - 0.20
34 Brick dense 1.31
35 Brick, fire 0.47
36 Brick, insulating 0.15
37 Brickwork, common (Building Brick) 0.6 -1.0
38 Brickwork, dense 1.6
39 Bromine (gas) 0.004
40 Bronze 110
41 Brown iron ore 0.58
42 Butter (15% moisture content) 0.2
43 Cadmium 92.1
44 Calcium silicate 0.05
45 Carbon 1.7
46 Carbon dioxide (gas) 0.0146
47 Carbon monoxide 0.0232
48 Cast iron 58
49 Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenera 0.23
50 Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet 0.17 - 0.33
51 Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 0.12 - 0.21
52 Cement, portland 0.29
53 Cement, mortar 1.73
54 Chalk 0. 09
55 Charcoal 0.084
56 Chlorinated poly-ether 0.13
57 Chlorine (gas) 0.0081
58 Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni) 16.3
59 Chromium 94
60 Chrom-oxide 0.42
61 Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8
62 Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5
63 Coal 0.2
64 Cobalt 69
65 Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54
66 Coke 0.184
67 Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3
68 Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7
69 Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8
70 Concrete, stone 1.7
71 Constantan 23.3
72 Copper 401 400 398
73 Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06
74 Cork board 0.043
75 Cork, re-granulated 0.044
76 Cork 0.07
77 Cotton 0.04
78 Cotton wool 0.029
79 Carbon Steel 54 51 47
 80 Cotton Wool insulation 0.029
81 Diamond 1000
82 Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06
83 Diatomite 0.12
84 Duralium 129
85 Earth, dry 1.5
86 Ebonite 0.17
87 Emery 11.6
88 Engine Oil 0.15
89 Ethane (gas) 0.018
90 Ether 0.14
91 Ethylene (gas) 0.017
92 Epoxy 0.35
93 Ethylene glycol 0.25
94 Feathers 0.034
95 Felt insulation 0.04
96 Fiberglass 0.04
97 Fiber insulating board 0.048
98 Fiber hardboard 0.2
99 Fire-clay brick 500oC 1.4
100 Fluorine (gas) 0.0254
101 Foam glass 0.045
102 Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (gas) 0.007
103 Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (liquid) 0.09
104 Gasoline 0.15
105 Glass 1.05
106 Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18
107 Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76
108 Glass, window 0.96
109 Glass, wool Insulation 0.04
110 Glycerol 0.28
111 Gold 310 312 310
112 Granite 1.7 - 4.0
113 Graphite 168
114 Gravel 0.7
115 Ground or soil, very moist area 1.4
116 Ground or soil, moist area 1
117 Ground or soil, dry area 0.5
118 Ground or soil, very dry area 0.33
119 Gypsum board 0.17
120 Hairfelt 0.05
121 Hardboard high density 0.15
122 Hardwoods (oak, maple..) 0.16
123 Helium (gas) 0.142
124 Honey (12.6% moisture content) 0.5
125 Hydrochloric acid (gas) 0.013
126 Hydrogen (gas) 0.168
127 Hydrogen sulfide (gas) 0.013
128 Ice (0oC, 32oF) 2.18
129 Ingot iron 47 - 58
130 Insulation materials 0.035 - 0.16
131 Iodine 0.44
132 Iridium 147
133 Iron 80 68 60
134 Iron, wrought 59
135 Iron, cast 55
136 Iron-oxide 0.58
137 Kapok insulation 0.034
138 Kerosene 0.15
139 Krypton (gas) 0.0088
140 Lead Pb 35
141 Leather, dry 0.14
142 Limestone 1.26 - 1.33
143 Lithium 301
144 Magnesia insulation (85%) 0.07
145 Magnesite 4.15
146 Magnesium 156
147 Magnesium alloy 70 - 145
148 Marble 2.08 - 2.94
149 Mercury, liquid 8.3
150 Methane (gas) 0.03
151 Methanol 0.21
152 Mica 0.71
153 Milk 0.53
154 Mineral wool insulation materials, wool bla 0.04
155 Molybdenum 138
156 Monel 26
157 Neon (gas) 0.046
158 Neoprene 0.05
159 Nickel 91
160 Nitric oxide (gas) 0.0238
161 Nitrogen (gas) 0.024
162 Nitrous oxide (gas) 0.0151
163 Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6 0.25
164 Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 0.15
165 Olive oil 0.17
166 Oxygen (gas) 0.024
167 Palladium 70.9
168 Paper 0.05
169 Paraffin Wax 0.25
170 Peat 0.08
171 Perlite, atmospheric pressure 0.031
172 Perlite, vacuum 0.00137
173 Phenolic cast resins 0.15
174 Phenol-formaldehyde moulding compoun 0.13 - 0.25
175 Phosphorbronze 110
176 Pinchbeck 159
177 Pitch 0.13
178 Pit coal 0.24
179 Plaster light 0.2
180 Plaster, metal lath 0.47
181 Plaster, sand 0.71
182 Plaster, wood lath 0.28
183 Plasticine 0.65 - 0.8
184 Plastics, foamed (insulation materials) 0.03
185 Platinum 70 71 72
186 Plutonium 6.7
187 Plywood 0.13
188 Polycarbonate 0.19
189 Polyester 0.05
190 Polyethylene low density, PEL 0.33
191 Polyethylene high density, PEH 0.42 - 0.51
192 Polyisoprene natural rubber 0.13
193 Polyisoprene hard rubber 0.16
194 Polymethylmethacrylate 0.17 - 0.25
195 Polypropylene, PP 0.1 - 0.22
196 Polystyrene, expanded styrofoam 0.03
197 Polystyrol 0.043
198 Polyurethane foam 0.03
199 Porcelain 1.5
200 Potassium 1
201 Potato, raw flesh 0.55
202 Propane (gas) 0.015
203 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.25
204 Polyvinylchloride, PVC 0.19
205 Pyrex glass 1.005
206 Quartz mineral 3
207 Radon (gas) 0.0033
208 Red metal 128
209 Rhenium 71
210 Rhodium 88
211 Rock, solid 7-Feb
212 Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) 0.5 - 2.5
213 Rock Wool insulation 0.045
214 Rosin 0.32
215 Rubber, cellular 0.045
216 Rubber, natural 0.13
217 Rubidium 58
218 Salmon (73% moisture content) 0.5
219 Sand, dry 0.15 - 0.25
220 Sand, moist 0.25 - 2
221 Sand, saturated 4-Feb
222 Sandstone 1.7
223 Sawdust 0.08
224 Selenium 0.2
225 Sheep wool 0.039
226 Silica aerogel 0.02
227 Silicon cast resin 0.15 - 0.32
228 Silicon carbide 15.2
229 Silicon oil 0.1
230 Silver 429
231 Slag wool 0.042
232 Slate 2.01
233 Snow (temp < 0oC) 0.05 - 0.25
234 Sodium 135 (solid) 86 (liquid)
235 Softwoods (fir, pine ..) 0.12
236 Soil, clay 1.1
237 Soil, with organic matter 0.15 - 2
238 Soil, saturated 0.6 - 4
239 Soot 0.07
240 Steam, saturated 0.0184
241 Steam, low pressure 0.0188
242 Steatite 2
243 Steel, Carbon 1% 43
244 Stainless Steel 16 17 19
245 Straw slab insulation, compressed 0.09
246 Styrofoam 0.033
247 Sulfur dioxide (gas) 0.0086
248 Sulfur, crystal 0.2
249 Sugars 0.087 - 0.22
250 Tantalum 54
251 Tar 0.19
252 Tellurium 4.9
253 Thorium 38
254 Timber, alder 0.17
255 Timber, ash 0.16
256 Timber, birch 0.14
257 Timber, larch 0.12
258 Timber, maple 0.16
259 Timber, oak 0.17
260 Timber, pitchpine 0.14
261 Timber, pockwood 0.19
262 Timber, red beech 0.14
263 Timber, red pine 0.15
264 Timber, white pine 0.15
265 Timber, walnut 0.15
266 Tin Sn 67
267 Titanium 22
268 Tungsten 174
269 Uranium 27.6
270 Urethane foam 0.021
271 Vacuum 0
272 Vermiculite granules 0.065
273 Vinyl ester 0.25
274 Water 0.58
275 Water, vapor (steam) 0.016
276 Wax 0.084
277 Wheat flour 0.45
278 White metal 35 - 70
279 Wood across the grain, white pine 0.12
280 Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055
281 Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timbe 0.147
282 Wood, oak 0.17
283 Wool, felt 0.07
284 Wood wool, slab 0.1 - 0.15
285 Xenon (gas) 0.0051
286 Zinc Zn 116

1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h oF)
Unit converter - thermal conductivity

What is conductive heat transfer?

Example - Conductive Heat Transfer through an Aluminum Pot versus a Stainless

The conductive heat transfer through a pot wall can be calculated as

q / A = k dT / s

where 

q / A = heat transfer per unit area (W/m 2)

k = thermal conductivity  (W/mK)

dT = temperature difference (oC)

s = wall thickness (m)

Conductive Heat Transfer through an Aluminum Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperatu

Thermal conductivity for aluminum is 215 W/(m K) (from the table above). Conductive heat transfer

 q / A = (215 W/(m K)) (80 oC)  /  (2 10-3 m)  

          = 8600000 (W/m2)

          = 8600 (kW/m2)

Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - tempera

Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). Conductive heat transf

q / A = (17 W/(m K)) (80 oC)  / (2 10-3 m)  

          = 680000 (W/m2)

          = 680 (kW/m2)

per tubes - or pipes - are indicated below:

oF difference.

loss for the fluid inside pipe

(Btu/hr ft)
mperature difference (oF)
99 Heat load
47 ø pipa
64 Tpipa
79 Truang
93 Temperature difference
108 The heat loss from the pipe to the room
136 Lpipa
162 heat loss di pipa HE
189
241
ø pipa
ri
ro
k, Carbon Steel
Tpipa
 Truang
Conductive heat loss through the wall of a cylinder or pipe can be expressed as
q = 2 π k (ti - to) / ln(ro / ri)        (1)

Lpipa

Total heat loss

Net Heat Load

Pipe carrying thermal water at

the maximum allowable temperature of outer wall of insulation is
Different temperature
Thermal conductivity of the insulation material for the temperature range of the pipe can be taken as
The heat loss from thermal water per meter of pipe length has to be limited to
e=
r2 =
Thickness Insulation

Heat loss through an insulated cylinder or pipe can be expressed as

q = (ti - to) / ((rs ln(ro / ri) / k) + (rs ln(rs / ro) / ks) + (1 / h))
Insulation
rs = outside radius of insulation
ks = thermal conductivity insulation
h = outside convective heat transfer coefficient
uct heat. Thermal conductivity can be defined as

erial - in a direction normal to a surface of unit area - due to a unit temperature gradient under steady state condi tions"

n the Imperial system.

Heat Transfer Coefficients - Units

1 W/(m2K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 0.1761 Btu/(ft2 h oF)

1 Btu/(ft2 h oF) = 5.678 W/(m2 K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m2 oC)
1 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 1.163 W/(m2K) = 0.205 Btu/(ft2 h oF)

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients

The convective heat transfer coefficient - hc - is dependent on the type of media, gas or l

Typical convective heat transfer coefficient for some common fluids:

Free Convection - air, gases and dry vapors : 0.5 - 1000 (W/(m 2K))
Free Convection - water and liquids: 50 - 3000 (W/(m 2K))
Forced Convection - air, gases and dry vapors:  10 - 1000 (W/(m2K))
Forced Convection - water and liquids:  50 - 10000 (W/(m2K))
Forced Convection - liquid metals:  5000 - 40000 (W/(m2K))
Boiling Water : 3.000 - 100.000 (W/(m 2K))
Condensing Water Vapor: 5.000 - 100.000 (W/(m 2K))
 0.048 Btu/(in h oF)

m Pot versus a Stainless Steel Pot

ckness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 oC

e). Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as

thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 oC

ove). Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as

 84.8 kW
3/4 inch
102 o
C
47 o
C
55 o
C
60 W/m
57.77 m
3.5 kW

4 inch 0.051 m
0.051 m
0.057 m
43 W/m.oK
68 o
C 341 oK
 30 o
C 303 oK
pipe can be expressed as
92,305.4 W/m
92.31 kW/m
20.0 m
1,846.11 kW

3.47 kW
81.33 kW

68.00 oC
30.00 oC
38.00 oC
0.04 W/m·K
80.00 W/m
0.12
0.06 m
0.0065 m
6.47 mm

Glasswool
0.01 m
0.04 W/m.oK
3000 W/m2.K
3,115.30 W/m
 condi tions"

n the type of media, gas or liquid, the flow properties such as velocity, viscosity and other flow and temperature dependent properties.
e dependent properties.
Determine the minimum insulation thickness required for a pipe carrying steam at 180 0C.
The pipe size is 8" and the maximum allowable temperature of outer wall of insulation is 50 0C.
Thermal conductivity of the insulation material for the temperature range of the pipe can be taken as 0.04
W/m·K. The heat loss from steam per meter of pipe length has to be limited to 80 W/m.

Solution

Solution to this sample problem is quite straightforward as d

As per EnggCyclopedia's heat conduction article,

For radial heat transfer by conduction across a cylindrical wall, the heat transfer rate is expressed by following equation,

For the given sample problem,

T1 = 50 oC
T2 = 180 oC
r1 = 8"
0.2032 m
k 0.04 W/m·K
N = length of the cylinder
Q/N = Heat loss per unit length of pipe 80 W/m

Hence, inserting the given numbers in the radial heat transfer rate equation from above,
80 = 2π × 0.04 × (180-50) ÷ ln(r2/0.2032)
80 = 2π x 0.04 x ( 180 - 50 ) : ln (r2 /
ln(r2/0.2032) = 2π × 0.04 × (180-50) / 80 = 0.4084
ln (r2 / 0.2032 ) = 2π x 0.04 x ( 180 - 50
Hence, r2/= r1 × e0.4084
r2 = r1 x e^ 0.408407
0.2032 xe^ 0.408407
0.2032 x 1.5044194 = 0.3057
Hence, insulation thickness = r2 - r1 = 0.1025 m
Thickness Insulation 102.5 mm
m is quite straightforward as demonstrated below.

onduction article,

by following equation,

0.2032 )

)/ 80