Hindawi

Journal of Sensors
Volume 2020, Article ID 8749764, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8749764

Research Article
Development of an IoT-Based Indoor Air Quality
Monitoring Platform

JunHo Jo ,1 ByungWan Jo ,1 JungHoon Kim ,1 SungJun Kim,1 and WoonYong Han2

1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, Republic of Korea
2
Smart IS, 22101 Incheon, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to ByungWan Jo; joycon@hanmail.net

Received 21 October 2019; Accepted 5 December 2019; Published 14 January 2020

Guest Editor: Zhenxing Zhang

Copyright © 2020 JunHo Jo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In this paper, an IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring platform, consisting of an air quality-sensing device called “Smart-Air”
and a web server, is demonstrated. This platform relies on an IoT and a cloud computing technology to monitor indoor air quality
in anywhere and anytime. Smart-Air has been developed based on the IoT technology to efficiently monitor the air quality and
transmit the data to a web server via LTE in real time. The device is composed of a microcontroller, pollutant detection sensors,
and LTE modem. In the research, the device was designed to measure a concentration of aerosol, VOC, CO, CO2, and
temperature-humidity to monitor the air quality. Then, the device was successfully tested for reliability by following the
prescribed procedure from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. Also, cloud computing has been integrated into a web server
for analyzing the data from the device to classify and visualize indoor air quality according to the standards from the Ministry.
An application was developed to help in monitoring the air quality. Thus, approved personnel can monitor the air quality at any
time and from anywhere, via either the web server or the application. The web server stores all data in the cloud to provide
resources for further analysis of indoor air quality. In addition, the platform has been successfully implemented in Hanyang
University of Korea to demonstrate its feasibility.

1. Introduction [6–8]. Therefore, air quality monitoring and management

Atmospheric conditions continue to deteriorate each year
due to the growth of civilization and increasing unclean
emissions from industries and automobiles. Although air is
an indispensable resource for life, many people are indiffer-
ent to the severity of air pollution or have only recently rec-
ognized the problem [1–3]. Among various types of
pollutants such as water, soil, thermal, and noise, air pollu-
tion is the most dangerous and severe, causing climate
change and life-threatening diseases. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), 90 percent of the population
now breathes polluted air, and air pollution is the cause of
death for 7 million people every year [4, 5]. The health effects
of pollution are very severe that causes stroke, lung cancer,
and heart disease. Furthermore, air pollutants have a negative
impact on humans and the earth’s ecosystem, as observed
in recent global air pollution problems like ozone depletion
are main subjects of concern.
According to the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), indoor air is 100 times more contaminated
than outside air. Most modern populations spend 80 to 90
percent of their time indoors; therefore, indoor air has a
greater direct impact on human health than outside air
[9–12]. Moreover, in contrast to atmospheric pollution,
indoor pollutants are about 1000 times more likely to be
transmitted to the lungs, causing diseases such as sick build-
ing syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, and dizziness.
Indoor air quality management is very important, as it can
prevent exposure through proactive precautionary measures
[9, 13–15]. Therefore, efficient and effective monitoring of
indoor air is necessary to properly manage air quality.
To reduce exposure to air contamination (especially
aerosols), new measures have been pursued, including devel-
opment of air quality measuring devices and air purifiers.The
2 Journal of Sensors
(a)
Figure 1: Primitive concept design of Smart-Air: (a) front and (b) back.
Ministry of the Environment in Korea assessed the efficacy of
17 widely used air quality measuring devices by analyzing
their accuracy and reliability. The result showed that only
two devices provided accurate readings of indoor air quality.
The other devices did not present accurate measurements of
aerosol and total volatile organic compounds except carbon
dioxide. According to the report, the Ministry suggests that
the low reliability of indoor air quality measurement values
in most devices depended on many factors such as measure-
ment methods, device structure, and data transmission. Thus,
a technologically advanced air quality monitoring platform
must be developed based on an understanding of the need
for more accurate monitoring devices [16].
In recent years, introduction of technologies such as the
Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing has revealed
new capabilities of real-time monitoring in various fields.
Thus, many scholars have studied integrating these technol-
ogies to indoor air quality monitoring system [17–21]. How-
ever, these studies were only focused on integrating an
architecture of IoT platform to monitor the air quality in real
time. Since the technologies feature a wireless sensor network
to automatically transmit, process, analyze, and visualize
data, merging these new technologies can also offer great
advantages to improve indoor air quality [22–25].
Therefore, an IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring
platform based on integration of cloud computing and
IoT is presented in this research. Also, a device called
“Smart-Air” was developed to precisely monitor indoor air
quality and efficiently transmit real time data to a cloud
computing-based web server using an IoT sensor network.
The cloud computing based web server introduced in this
platform analyzes real-time data and adds visual effects to
illustrate the conditions of the indoor air quality. In addi-
tion, the web server was designed to issue alert mobile
application users or facility managers of moderate or poor
air quality so that responsible parties can take immediate
remedial action. Real-time monitoring and a rapid alert
system produce an efficient platform for improving indoor
air quality. Major contributions of the proposed study are
as follows:
(b)
(i) We propose the use of the Smart-Air for the precise
monitoring of indoor air quality
(ii) We propose the utilization of an IoT for efficient
monitoring of real-time data
(iii) We propose the adoption of cloud computing for
real-time analysis of indoor air quality
(iv) We originally developed a mobile application to
make the proposed IoT system with features of
anytime, anywhere
(v) The device has been tested for reliability of the data
and the platform has been implemented in a build-
ing to test its feasibility
2. Smart-Air
An accurate data measurement of indoor air quality is the
most important factor for the platform. Thus, Smart-Air
was developed to collect accurate and reliable data for indoor
air quality monitoring. Because the monitoring area is not
constant, the device was designed to be easily customized to
an environment by using an expandable interface. Thus, var-
ious types of sensors can be installed or adjusted based on the
environment. Also, a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) modem is
mounted in the device to transmit detected data directly to
the web server for classifying and visualizing air quality. For
most IoT platforms, gateway or data loggers are installed to
gather and transmit data wirelessly to the web server. How-
ever, in this study, a microcontroller was installed in the
device to gather the data from the sensors and transmit it
to the web server using the LTE modem, eliminating the need
for a gateway and a data logger.
The most important purpose of Smart-Air is to precisely
detect air quality in the perception layer of the platform that a
primitive concept design of the device is shown in Figure 1.
This device has an expandable interface such that multiple
sensors can be installed simultaneously or easily added
according to monitoring requirements. In the present study,
Journal of Sensors 3

Table 1: Specifications of the STM 32 F407IG microcontroller. Table 2: Specifications of the laser dust sensor.

Specification Value Specification Value

Instruction set ARM Coretex-M4 (32-bit) Measurement particle size 0.3 to 10 μm
Flash memory 1024 Kbytes Measurement range 0 to 1000 μg/m3
SRAM (system) 192 Kbytes Time to first reading ≤8 s
SRAM (system) 4 Kbytes Working temperature -10 to 50 Celsius
12-bit ADC number of channels 24 Working humidity 0 to 95% RH (noncondensing)
12-bit DAC number of channels 2 Signal output UART-TTL, PWM, IIC
Maximum CPU frequency 168 MHz
Operating voltage 1.8 V to 3.6 V
Operating temperature range -40 to 125 Celsius
Table 3: Specifications of the VOC sensor.

the Smart-Air device consists of a laser dust sensor, a volatile
organic compound (VOC) sensor, a carbon monoxide (CO)
sensor, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and a temperature-
humidity sensor. Moreover, an LED strip was installed in
the center of the device to visualize air quality using colors.
When the quality of air changes, the device’s LED changes
color and wirelessly sends an alert message to the web server
via LTE. Thus, the LTE modem transmits and receives data
by communicating with the web server for detailed monitor-
ing and determination of air quality as the presentation layer
of the platform.
2.1. Microcontroller. The microcontroller is a compact inte-
grated circuit used as an embedded system by receiving input
from multiple sensors. In this paper, STM 32 F407IG from
STMicroelectronics was selected, since it is designed for high
performance and integration. The core of the microcontrol-
ler is the ARM 32-bit Coretex-M4 CPU that incorporates
high-speed embedded memory. Table 1 summarizes the
specifications of the STM 32 F4071G microcontroller [26].
2.2. Laser Dust Sensor. South Korean air space contains a very
high level of aerosol, especially PM 2.5 and PM 10 [27–29]. A
laser dust sensor, model PM2007 from Wuhan Cubic Opto-
electronics Co., was installed in Smart-Air to measure and
monitor concentrations of aerosol. This sensor can detect
and output real-time particle mass concentrations for PM
2.5 and PM 10, which are defined as the fraction of particles
with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm,
respectively. The main features of the sensor are high sensi-
tivity and accuracy in the range of 0 to 10000 μm/m3 for 0.3
to 10 μm sized particles. This model also has a quick response
time that can output real-time accurate particle mass concen-
tration. The main specifications of the fine-dust sensor are
provided in Table 2 [30].
2.3. Volatile Organic Compound Sensor. Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) are hydrocarbon-based products such
as petroleum products and organic solvents that are easily
vaporized in air due to high vapor pressure. Also, organic
materials such as liquid fuels, paraffins, olefins, and aromatic
compounds, which are commonly used in the living environ-
ment, are defined as VOCs. These compounds may cause
damage to the nervous system through skin contact or
Specification Value
Sensor input voltage 1 to 12 V
Operating temperature -10 to 50 Celsius
Operating humidity 5 to 95% RH (noncondensing)
Reaction time Less than 10 sec
Recovery time Less than 30 sec
Power consumption Below 460 mW
0:30 ≤ β ≤ 0:60
Sensitivity (β) for toluene
(concentration: 1.0 ppm)
0:35 ≤ β ≤ 0:70
Sensitivity (β) for H2
(concentration: 100 ppm)
0:20 ≤ β ≤ 0:60
Sensitivity (β) for i-butane
(concentration: 100 ppm)
Accuracy ±7%
∗β = resistance after gas injection/resistance in a clean state.
respiratory inhalation, indicating the importance of monitor-
ing [15, 31]. A VOC sensor module GSBT11-P110 from
Ogam Technology is installed in Smart-Air. The sensor
detects many types of VOCs, such as formaldehyde, toluene,
benzene, xylene, and organic solvents, and the main specifi-
cations are illustrated in Table 3 [31].
2.4. Carbon Monoxide Sensor. Carbon monoxide is a toxic
product of incomplete combustion of carbon compounds
such as gas, petroleum, and coal. When CO gas is absorbed
in the human body, it binds to hemoglobin in place of oxygen
and induces hypoxia by obstructing the oxygen supply. CO
gas can be generated from many sources, mainly human
activities such as heating systems, cooking facilities, or burn-
ing fuel to power vehicles [8, 32]. Therefore, a CO sensor
module GSET11-P110 from Ogam Technology is mounted
in the device to detect and monitor CO. This sensor is a
semiconductor-based gas sensor that is less expensive and
easier to operate than a nondispersive infrared sensor. Addi-
tionally, it is possible to detect CO gas with high sensitivity;
the specifications of the CO sensor are listed in Table 4 [33].
2.5. Carbon Dioxide Sensor. Although CO2 is produced both
naturally and through human activities, it is not classified as
an air pollutant. However, it is treated as a pollutant because
the amount of oxygen required for breathing becomes insuf-
ficient at high concentrations of CO2 in an indoor space. CO2
is a representative greenhouse gas that causes global warming
4 Journal of Sensors

Table 4: Specifications of the CO sensor. Table 6: Specifications of the temperature-humidity sensor.

Specification Value Specification Value

Sensor input voltage 1 to 12 V 0 to 50 Celsius
Measurement range
Operating temperature -10 to 50 Celsius 20 to 90% RH
5 to 90% RH Temperature accuracy ±2 Celsius
Operating humidity
(non-condensing) Humidity accuracy ±5% RH
Reaction time Less than 10 sec Response time 6 to 15 sec
Recovery time Less than 30 sec
Power consumption Below 380 mW
0:30 ≤ β ≤ 0:60
Sensitivity (β) for CO
(concentration: 100 ppm) Table 7: Specifications of the LTE module.
β ≤ 0:60
Sensitivity (β) for tobacco Index Specification
(concentration: 2000 ppm)
β ≤ 0:50 Communication method LG U+ LTE B5/B7 FDD cat. 4
Sensitivity (β) for ethyl alcohol vapor Band LTE FDD 850 MHz(B5)/2.6 GHz(B7)
(concentration: 50 ppm)
Accuracy ±7% Interface DB9 RS-232, RJ-45 ethernet, GPIO
Data speed 150 mbps DL/50 mbps UL
Input voltage 4.5 to 5.5 V
Table 5: Specifications of the CO2 sensor. Operating temperature -20 to 60 Celsius

Specification Value
CO2 measurement range 0-2000 ppm up to 0-10000 ppm
Resolution 10 ppm
Accuracy 40 ppm + 2% reading
Response time 30 sec
Maximum drift ±2% FS
Operating voltage DC 5 V ± 5%
Operating current Average: 70 mA, peak: 120 mA
Operating temperature 0 to 50 Celsius
Operating humidity 0 to 90% RH (noncondensing)
[22, 34]. Thus, the CO2 gas sensor module CM1103 is
installed to detect and monitor CO2 concentrations. The sen-
sor uses nondispersive infrared technology (NDIR) that have
advantages of high precision, fast response, and factory
calibration. Also, it features excellent long-term stability with
low power consumption. The detailed specifications are
listed in Table 5 [35].
2.6. Temperature-Humidity Sensor. According to the
Ministry of the Environment Korea, comfort of the indoor
environment is greatly influenced by temperature and
humidity [36]. Thus, a temperature-humidity sensor, model
DHT11 from OSEPP Electronics, is installed in Smart-Air
to measure temperature and humidity. The sensor guaran-
tees high reliability and excellent long-term stability using a
digital signal acquisition technique. The sensor is strictly cal-
ibrated in the lab, and the calibration coefficients are stored
as programs in the memory for application during the
sensor’s internal detection process. The specifications of
the temperature-humidity sensor are listed in Table 6 [37].
2.7. Network Modem. Since networking is important in IoT
technology to connect the Smart-Air with web servers for
monitoring, determining, and visualizing indoor air quality,
a model RCU890L LTE modem from Woojin Networks
was mounted in the device. The LTE modem is a mobile
communication terminal device with widespread network
coverage and can transmit, receive, and execute data
anywhere in real time. Therefore, the modem provides a con-
nection between the device and web server. The modem uses
LG U+ LTE B5/B7 FDD Cat. 4 as the communication
method; other characteristics are shown in Table 7 [38].
2.8. LED Strip. The proposed platform was designed to
alert users and managers through the web server and
mobile application when poor air quality is detected. How-
ever, the platform cannot alert everyone in the area. There-
fore, a WS2812 LED strip from WorldSemi is mounted in
the center of the device to immediately display colors
depending on air quality defined based on the Ministry of
Environment, Korea.
2.9. Reliability Tests. Since the accuracy of the sensors
installed in Smart-Air is the most important factor in
monitoring air quality, experimental efforts have focused
on verifying the reliability of the sensors. The sensors were
tested for the reliability according to the protocols from
the Korea Testing Laboratory that was approved by the
Ministry of Environment, Korea [16].
The VOC and CO sensors required calibration before the
Smart-Air reliability test and were calibrated in a 1 m × 1 m ×
1 m-sized acryl chamber. The CO2 sensor and temperature-
humidity sensor did not need extra calibration since they
were precalibrated in the factory. In total, five sensors were
tested based on the protocols of the Ministry: laser dust sen-
sor, VOC sensor, CO sensor, CO2 sensor, and temperature-
humidity sensor. Two types of chambers were used to
provide a constant environment for the experiments. For laser
dust and VOC sensors, an acryl chamber was used because the
experiment was not affected by temperature or humidity. A
Journal of Sensors
Table 8: Measurements from the reliability test of the laser dust sensor.
Inserted flow: 1 L/min
@ 1 minute @ 30 minutes
3
Smart-Air (A) (μg/m ) 92 93
Smart-Air (B) (μg/m3) 92 93
Smart-Air (C) (μg/m3) 92 93
GRIMM 1109 (μg/m3) 93
temperature-humidity chamber was used with an accurate set
temperature and humidity of 19°C and 55%, respectively, for
the CO sensor, CO2 sensor, and temperature-humidity sen-
sor. Both chambers provided a constant environment suitable
for the experiments. Then, the data were observed and
extracted from the web server and application to assess the
performance of the platform.
2.9.1. Laser Dust Sensor. The laser dust sensor was precali-
brated in the factory, so only a reliability test was required
to verify the data from Smart-Air. To test the accuracy of
the laser dust sensor installed in the device, two types of
experiments were performed based on aerosol concentration.
The first method utilized a chamber experiment and was
compared to a gravimetric method. The other method was
a field test that compared the sensor data to that of a certified
fine-dust measurement device to evaluate the reliability of
real-time monitoring. In this study, a combination of the
two methods was performed. The Ministry recommended
and used GRIMM’s light-scattering fine-dust measurement
device because it used a light-scattering method for detection.
This method is known to be the most reliable for detection
due to the factory calibration. In the experiment, data from
three Smart-Air devices were measured and compared to
the data obtained from GRIMM 1109. The devices were
placed in the acryl chamber, and external air was injected
into the chamber at a flow rate of 1 L/min or 2.5 L/min. The
data were measured at 1, 30, and 60 minutes after device
installation. Then, the readings were compared to those of
GRIMM 1109 to assess accuracy and reliability.
The results of the reliability test for the laser dust sensor
installed in Smart-Air are shown in Table 8. A comparison
of the data of GRIMM 1109 sensor, which was certified by
the Ministry of Environment, Korea, with that of the sensor
installed in Smart-Air was used to assess the accuracy of the
sensors. The same experiment was conducted with the two
different flows of 1 L/min and 2.5 L/min. For each experi-
ment, GRIMM 1109 and three Smart-Air devices, which
were presented as Smart-Air (A), (B), and (C), sensed the
concentrations of fine dust. GRIMM 1109 showed its reading
at 30 minutes after flow introduction as designed. Detection
of fine dust by the sensors from Smart-Air devices was per-
formed at 1, 30, and 60 minutes after flow insertion. The con-
centrations measured by the sensors showed constant and
stable values independent of the model. The data measured
by the sensor installed in Smart-Air and GRIMM 1109 were
very similar 30 minutes after insertion. At a flow of 1 L/min,
the concentration was 93 μg/m3. At a flow of 2.5 L/min, the
5
Inserted flow: 2.5 L/min
@ 60 minutes @ 1 minute @ 30 minutes @ 60 minutes
92 95 96 97
92 96 97 96
91 96 97 96
97
concentration was 97 μg/m3. The data collected from the
sensors were similar to that from the certified devices, indi-
cating the high reliability of the sensors.
2.9.2. VOC Sensor. The VOC sensor used in the study was
selected based on an investigation by the Ministry of
Environment, Korea. The sensor is a semiconductor type that
can have a small diffusion effect and requires data verifica-
tion. Accordingly, calibration and a chamber test were con-
ducted to test the reliability of the VOC sensor. To calibrate
the sensor, Smart-Air was placed in an acrylic chamber with
a PID-type VOC sensor, i.e., MiniRAE 3000 from RAE Sys-
tems. The PID type VOC sensor was the most accurate and
reliable type to detect VOCs. After the sensors were placed,
about 1 inch of incense was burned to create a VOC com-
pound to measure. The collected data from Smart-Air were
calibrated against those from the PID-type VOC sensor.
After calibration, a chamber test was performed to test the
reliability of the VOC sensors, a common procedure adopted
by the Ministry. After placing the Smart-Air in the chamber,
N2 was injected to clean the chamber. To test the accuracy
of the measurement sensor, toluene gas was injected at
different concentrations. In this study, three values of con-
centrations were selected and injected in ascending order:
480 μg/m3, 1000 μg/m3, and 1600 μg/m3. After each injec-
tion, the data observed from the device were compared
to the actual injected concentration to confirm the reliabil-
ity of the measurement.
Both Smart-Air devices and MiniRAE 3000 were placed
in the acryl chamber to obtain the data in the same condi-
tions with a constant environment. As the incense was
burned, the gas concentration increased as the voltage output
signal of the VOC sensor increased, showing a linear rela-
tionship. This excludes any possible effects of gas concentra-
tion, and the relationship is illustrated in Figure 2.
After calibration, a reliability test was performed for the
VOCs to test the accuracy of the data following the standards
from the Ministry, and the results are shown in Figure 3. The
measured value was very similar to the actual concentration
of toluene. When a concentration of 480 μg/m3 was injected
at 14:24, the reading presented an accurate value at 15:10.
When a concentration of 1000 μg/m3 was injected at 15:22,
the reading was accurate at 16:19. When a concentration
of 1600 μg/m3 was injected, an accurate measurement
was observed at 17:40. At the highest concentration at
1600 μg/m3, the reading was higher than the actual initial
value because the gases required adequate time to uni-
formly mix in the chamber. The results showed that the
6 Journal of Sensors

80 20

70
y = 1.3889x-1564.8
Smart-Air VOC sensor (v)

60 R2 = 0.9996 15

50
10

CO (ppm)
40

30
5
20

10
0
0
1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190
PID VOC sensor (ppb) –5
18:00 18:14 18:26 18:38 18:50 19:02 19:14 19:26 19:38 19:50 20:09
Figure 2: Calibration results of the VOC sensor.
Time

TES-132
Smart-Air
2500
Figure 5: Reliability test results of the CO sensor.
2000
Zero (N2) injection

Toluene(1600𝜇g/m3) injection
1000
VOCs (𝜇g/m3)

1500
Toluene(1000𝜇g/m3) injection
900
1000 Toluene(480𝜇g/m3) injection
800

Zero (N2) injection

CO2 (ppm)

500 700

600
0
13:00

13:52

14.24

14.58

15.22

15.58

16:22

17:04

17:40
18:04
18:22

500

Time
400
Figure 3: Reliability test results of the VOC sensor.
300
18:00 18:14 18:26 18:38 18:50 19:02 19:14 19:26 19:38 19:50 20:09
Time
0.08
Testo-535
0.07 Smart-Air
y = 0.0171x- 36.31
Smart-Air CO sensor (v)

0.06 R2 = 0.9997 Figure 6: Reliability test results of the CO2 sensor.

0.05

0.04 sensor can detect and present accurate readings in a short

0.03 period of time. Thus, the device was suitable for monitor-
ing indoor air quality.
0.02

0.01 2.9.3. CO Sensor. The CO sensor used in the study is also a

0 semiconductor type, which is not the official standard CO
2125.5 2126 2126.5 2127 2127.5 2128 2128.5 2129 2129.5 2130 sensor for indoor air quality measurements. TES-1372 from
NDIR CO sensor (ppm) TES was used in the experiments for calibration and reliabil-
ity testing because the Ministry recommended an NDIR-type
Figure 4: Calibration results of the CO sensor. measurement device. The same calibration method used for
the VOC sensor was used for the CO sensor. A reliability test
was performed after calibration. After the devices were
placed in the sample chamber, incense (about 1-inch-long)
Journal of Sensors 7

30 100
90
25
80
70
20
Temperature (°C)

Humidity (%)
60
15 50
40
10
30
20
5
10
0 0
18:00 18:14 18:26 18:38 18:50 19:02 19:14 19:26 19:38 19:50 20:09 18:00 18:14 18:26 18:38 18:50 19:02 19:14 19:26 19:38 19:50 20:09
Time Time
Smart-Air Smart-Air
(a) (b)

Figure 7: Reliability test results for (a) temperature and (b) humidity.

in a metal cup was placed inside and lighted. The CO sensor Smart-Air
from Smart-Air and the NDIR-type device detected the
increased concentration of CO associated with the combus- STM F4071G
tion. The data collected from the two devices were compared
Laser dust m
to evaluate the accuracy of the CO sensor. Smoke sensor
sensor W o
The CO sensor was calibrated with the same process I d
used for the VOC sensor calibration. The Smart-Air and F u
CO sensor CO2 sensor
the TES-132, a certified device, were placed in the same I l
chamber to measure the concentration of CO gas from the e
incense. Similar to the VOC sensor, the CO level increased Temperature & humidity
sensor
as the voltage output signal increased. The linear conversion
model for calibration of the CO sensor is presented in Air quality
Figure 4. data
After calibrating the CO sensor of Smart-Air, the device Cloud computing-based web server
was placed in the chamber with TES-132 for reliability testing.
The results of the reliability test for the CO sensor are pro- Database Apache
Insert data
vided in Figure 5. The data collected by the NDIR-type CO PHP
measurement device showed that the concentration of CO Request data (AJAX)
MySQL Javascript HTML
in the chamber dramatically increased with time after incense Response data (JSON)
lighting, gradually decreased with completion of burning, and 3D GIS Map maps
then dropped dramatically after loss of combustion. The data APIs

presented by the CO sensor were similar, indicating the effi-

cacy of the CO sensor. If the device is to be used for a long
period of time, periodic maintenance may be required to
reduce the possibility of errors. As explained in the experi-
mental method, the assessment of CO sensors followed
the standard procedures performed and suggested by the
Ministry of Environment, Korea. The contamination level
detected from the sensor and certified device generally
showed the same trends, supporting the high reliability of
the sensor. However, further experiments are required to
increase the accuracy of concentration measurement.
2.9.4. CO2 Sensor. According to the Ministry of Environment,
Korea, an NDIR-type sensor is used for verifying CO2
measurement devices due to its high accuracy in detection
Figure 8: Configuration diagram for the IoT-based indoor air
quality monitoring platform.
of CO2. A CO2 calibration is performed during sensor
manufacturing and is not required for NDIR-type sensors
after purchase. Furthermore, these sensors have high stability
and do not deteriorate upon exposure to gases or experience
sensor burnout. Since the sensor is precalibrated, only a
reliability test was performed. A Testo-535, a commercial
certified NDIR-type CO2 measurement device, and the
Smart-Air were placed in the temperature-humidity chamber
to measure the concentration of CO2. The reliability of the
device was assessed by comparing its result to that of
8 Journal of Sensors

Area 1

Smart-Air 1 Smart-Air 2 Smart-Air 3

Smart-Air 4 Smart-Air N

LT
Area 2

E
Web and application

Smart-Air 1 Smart-Air 2 Smart-Air 3 LTE Cloud computing (i) User

web server (ii) Manager

Smart-Air 4 Smart-Air N
E
LT

Area N

Smart-Air 1 Smart-Air 2 Smart-Air 3

Smart-Air 4 Smart-Air N

Perception Network Presentation

layer layer layer

Figure 9: Block diagram of the IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring platform.

Testo-535. The experiment was conducted in the same
manner as the method used for the CO sensor. About 1
inch of incense was lighted in a metal cup near the two
devices placed in the chamber to sense the CO2 concentra-
tion after incense lighting. The data presented by the two
devices were compared to assess the reliability of the
CO2 sensor.
The CO2 sensors from Smart Air and Testo-535 sensed
an increase in CO2 concentration after lighting until 18:38.
As the incense burned, the CO2 concentration gradually
decreased. The two CO2 sensors presented similar trends,
indicating the high reliability of the device, as demonstrated
in Figure 6. Therefore, the reliability of the sensor was veri-
fied through the experiment.
2.9.5. Temperature-Humidity Sensor. The temperature-
humidity sensor was precalibrated in a factory instead of in
a laboratory to produce greater accuracy and reliability.
Although additional calibration of the sensor was not
required, a reliability test was performed. Thus, Smart-Air
was placed in the chamber for 2 hours with temperature
and humidity set points of 19°C and 55%, respectively. The
sensed temperature and humidity were compared to the ini-
tial set values for testing the accuracy of the sensor.
The chamber used in the experiment independently
maintained specific humidity level and temperature of 19°C
and 55%, respectively. The measurements of temperature
and humidity from the sensor were observed using an appli-
cation, and the data were extracted from the web server, as
shown in Figures 7(a) and 7(b), respectively. The data col-
lected by the sensor were compared to the initial set values
of the chamber. Smart-Air presented measurements as accu-
rate as the set values, verifying the high reliability of the sen-
sor and showing that it did not need extra calibration.
3. An IoT-Based Indoor Air Quality
Monitoring Platform
The IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring platform is pri-
marily divided (Figure 8) into the Smart-Air and the web
server. The set of sensing devices necessary to collect the data
to analyze air quality comprised a laser dust sensor, a CO
sensor, a CO2 sensor, a VOC sensor, and a temperature and
humidity sensor. Each device transmitted data to the web
server via the LTE module to determine air quality and visu-
alize the result. Furthermore, cloud computing technology
was integrated with a web server. The main benefits of the
cloud computing-based web server are faster speed, flexibil-
ity, and greater accessibility. The web server provided faster
and more flexible data processing functions with a large
amount of data, which is essential for a monitoring platform.
The cloud computing-based web server is easily accessible
Journal of Sensors
(a)
Figure 10: The Smart-Air (a) when indoor air quality is good and (b) when the light is set to purple.
through most browsers to allow ubiquitous monitoring. In
this study, Amazon Web Services (AWS) was used as the
web server to analyze, visualize, and present the data col-
lected from Smart-Air. Also, the web server provides a data-
base to store that data in the cloud. Furthermore, a mobile
application was developed for the system to visualize air
quality with the web server “anywhere, anytime” in real time.
The platform is designed based on an architecture of IoT
platform that is mainly comprised of three components: (i)
perception layer, (ii) a network layer, and (iii) presentation
layer. The perception layer is the sensing component to
collect data using sensors or any measuring devices. The net-
work layer is responsible for transmitting the detected data
using a wireless network module. Finally, the presentation
layer allows data visualization and storage for efficient
monitoring [39–41].
A block diagram of the IoT-based indoor air quality
monitoring platform is shown in Figure 9. For the perception
layer of the platform, multiple Smart-Air devices are used for
detecting the data needed to analyze the air quality. Also, the
LTE modem is mounted in the devices as the network layer.
The data collected from each of these devices were sent to the
web server via LTE. For the presentation layer, a cloud
computing-based web server is used for the platform. The
server gathered the data to evaluate air quality based on the
Indoor Air Quality Control Act from the Ministry of
Environment, Korea. Managers and users with specified
access to the monitoring data can continuously monitor air
quality anytime and anywhere via smart devices. Another
feature of the server is that it automatically sends a warning
message to managers and other related personnel whenever
the quality of air decreases. Therefore, they can react imme-
diately to improve the air quality.
3.1. Smart-Air. When a monitoring area has been deter-
mined, the specific types of air pollutants present must be
considered. As mentioned above, Smart-Air has an expand-
able interface such that multiple sensors can be added to
the microcontroller. Furthermore, the platform can monitor
a large area or many areas simultaneously using multiple
9
(b)
Table 9: Specifications of the web server.
Index Specification
Type of instance T2 medium
Storage (GB) EBS only
Memory (GiB) 4
vCPUs 2
Clock speed (GHz) Maximum 3.3
CPU credits/hr 24
Networking performance Low to medium
Smart-Air devices. Then, each device is classified by area to
visualize the data. Each Smart-Air device transmits air qual-
ity data to the web server via LTE and automatically indicates
the air quality for the specific area by LED color. Moreover,
each device can be set to present a unique color of LED
through the application or web server, as shown in Figure 10.
3.2. IoT Network. Since multiple Smart-Air devices can be
used for efficient and precise monitoring, a wireless sensor
network is very important for the platform. Although the
network layer for most of the IoT-based air quality monitor-
ing platform consists of the IoT gateway, the microcontroller
is used as the IoT gateway to transmit and receive sensed
data. Each Smart-Air device has its own microcontroller with
an LTE modem. Thus, the data from each device are trans-
ferred wirelessly in the form of TCP/IP packets from the
device to the web server via LTE [42, 43]. Then, the data
are gathered and analyzed through the web server for visual-
ization and storage.
3.3. Cloud Computing-Based Web Server. The IoT-based
indoor air quality monitoring platform requires a server to
efficiently analyze the data from Smart-Air and visualize the
indoor air quality. To control and monitor multiple Smart-
Air devices at the same time and save the data, AWS was used
as the server. As AWS is a commercially certified cloud
10
Table 10: Standards for indoor air quality.
Condition
Aerosols (μg/m3) CO (ppm)
Good ≤100
Moderate 100 < ∗ α ≤ 150 10 < ∗ α ≤ 25
Poor >150
∗
α = measured value.
computing platform, significant amounts of time and money
were saved in platform development, and errors were mini-
mized. Furthermore, no separate database is needed to ana-
lyze and save data when using the AWS server.
The cloud computing-based port structure stability
evaluation platform used the Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2) as the hypertext preprocessor (PHP) among the
Amazon-supported application programming interfaces
(APIs). EC2 is optimized for the platform because it offers
stable support for dynamic instantiation and configuration
of the virtual machine instance. The platform utilizes a T2
medium as an extensible instance, as specified and indexed
in Table 9 [38, 44]. Also, the server was designed with the
web programming language PHP, while MySQL was used
as the database for data retention.
3.4. Application. An application for the IoT-based indoor air
quality monitoring platform was developed to efficiently
monitor the data and alert users and related personnel.
Therefore, air quality was monitored both with the web
server and with associated smart devices through the applica-
tion. Air quality monitoring was easy and efficient using the
application as it provided access anytime using smart devices.
The application was designed to be very similar to the web
server developed for Android OS version 4.1.1 using hyper-
text markup language, cascading style sheets, JavaScript,
and PHP.
3.5. Conditions for Air Quality. To classify indoor air quality
from the data, the IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring
platform utilized standards for indoor air quality based on
the indoor Air Quality Control Act. The act was instituted
in 2007 by the Ministry of Environment, Korea to protect
and manage indoor air quality to prevent health and environ-
mental harm [36]. Based on the act, air quality is defined as
good, moderate, or poor. The thresholds were automatically
set as shown in Table 10 when Smart-Air was registered
to the platform. However, the thresholds can be manually
changed for a specific area via the web server based on
user preferences.
Also, temperature and humidity are key factors affecting
the comfort of indoor environments. Conditions for a com-
fortable indoor environment with respect to temperature
and humidity were determined based on the Korea Meteoro-
logical Administration (KMA) and are listed in Table 11 [36].
If the temperature is neither good nor bad, the platform
defines the condition as moderate. However, the thresholds
for temperature and humidity are merely recommendations
Journal of Sensors
Type of air pollutant
CO2 (ppm) VOCs (μg/m3)
≤10 ≤1000 ≤400
N/A 400 < ∗ α ≤ 500
>25 >1000 >500
Table 11: Recommended temperature and humidity by the KMA.
Condition Temperature (Celsius) Humidity (%)
Good 18 ≤ α ≤ 20 55 ≤ α ≤ 65
Poor <15 or >30 <30 or >80
that can be edited according to user preferences for the
desired indoor conditions.
3.6. Alert System. Although monitoring air quality in real
time is important, the alert system is necessary to announce
the need for change to prevent environmental harm. With
the alert system, users or the manager of the platform can take
immediate action to improve air quality. Therefore, AWS
provides an application called Amazon Simple Notification
Service for the alert system as an open library used in the
IoT-based indoor air quality platform. Therefore, the web
server was designed to issue a pop-up message in the applica-
tion to alert the manager and users when the condition of the
air was moderate or poor. Furthermore, semiconductor-type
sensors that required inspection for calibration or deteriora-
tion due to long-term use were installed in Smart-Air. There-
fore, the web server was designed to provide an automatic
alert message when the device reached one year of use. The
system automatically recommends inspections of the device
via a pop-up message.
Furthermore, an LED strip was installed in the device
such that the air quality conditions for the area can be recog-
nized by nearby people. The device was designed to change
the LED light color to match the current condition. Thus,
the color will change to yellow and red when the conditions
are moderate and poor, respectively.
4. Experimental Testing
Experimental efforts have focused on implementation of the
IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring platform. Multiple
Smart-Air devices were installed in the Jaesung Civil
Engineering Building, Hanyang University, to test the feasi-
bility of the platform. The entire installation consisted of
the Smart-Air, cloud computing-based web server, and the
application.
4.1. Installation. A total of seven Smart-Air instruments were
installed to monitor indoor air quality in the Jaesung Civil
Engineering Building, as shown in Figure 11. The building
has two entrances, a main entrance and a back entrance
located on the second floor, near which two Smart-Air
Journal of Sensors
(a)
Figure 11: (a) Smart-Air ID No. 6 installed in the main entrance and (b) Smart-Air ID No. 1 installed in laboratory room 110.
Figure 12: Cloud computing web server of the IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring platform.
devices, ID No. 6 and ID No. 2, were installed. Also, four
devices (ID No. 4, ID No. 1, ID No. 7, and ID No. 3) were
placed in four laboratories (rooms 108, 110, 408, and 409,
respectively). The last Smart-Air, ID No. 5, was installed in
a restroom located on the 1st floor.
4.2. Cloud Computing-Based Web Server. The cloud
computing-based web server was enabled after installing
the Smart-Air to analyze the detected data and visualize the
indoor air quality for the platform. The web server used in
the research is shown in Figure 12. The data from each device
were classified by area and ID of the device. Also, the mea-
sured data from each sensor of the device were displayed in
the web server. The server provided a datasheet and graph
for the current set of stored data with measured times that
can be extracted for review. Furthermore, the data were
visualized and color-coded based on the current air quality.
The color of the device changed to yellow or red along with
activating the alert system when the air quality was moderate
or poor. Therefore, the manager or user can take necessary
11
(b)
action to improve the air quality. Furthermore, the server
stores the air quality data in the database of the cloud server
to be reviewed when needed.
4.3. Application. To remotely monitor air quality, a mobile
application was enabled after the web server was activated.
After the desired monitoring device was selected, the condi-
tion of air quality was shown based on the types of air pollut-
ants, as shown in Figure 13(a). Each component monitored
as an air pollutant was displayed by color according to the
web server. Additionally, when the specific types of air pollut-
ants in the main page were selected, detailed monitoring of
the pollutants was available based on a real-time graph as
shown in Figure 13(b). Furthermore, the application alerts
the user through a pop-up message when the condition of
the air pollutant was moderate or poor.
5. Results
The goal of the experiment was to perform an initial imple-
mentation of the platform to monitor indoor air quality.
12 Journal of Sensors

Back Setting

Aerosols
150
87
145 Threshold
CO2 VOCs Aerosols
115.0 ppm 165.0 ppb 145.0 𝜇g/m3 140

Temperature 130

𝜇g/m3
CO 9.0 ppm 19.0 55.0 % Humidity 120

110
Mood light
setting
Network 100
Setting
setting
40 seconds

0 2 4 6 8

(a) (b)

Figure 13: The application of the IoT-based air quality monitoring platform: (a) main page and (b) a real-time graph of aerosol data.

Alert!
Aerosols warning
Wear a mask!!

(a) (b)

Figure 14: (a) A pop-up message from the application when the condition of aerosol was moderate. (b) Smart-Air response when the
condition was poor.

Smart-Air wirelessly transmitted the detected data to the web
server, which successfully classified the condition of indoor
air quality and displayed it via both the web and the applica-
tion. Also, the data were saved in the database of the web
server as designed such that further studies can be performed
on trends of air quality. The experiment showed poor condi-
tions in entrances of the building because it is exposed to out-
side air more than other locations. However, the platform
successfully alerted and visualized poor air quality, as shown
in Figure 14. The device changed the LED light color to
match the current condition and alerted the manager via a
pop-up message as shown in Figure 14(a). Also, LED lights
installed in the device successfully displayed the condition
especially when the air quality was poor as shown in
Figure 14(b). Thus, the manager of the building was able to
monitor the air quality of the building ubiquitously and take
steps to improve the air quality.
Considering the nature of the platform, it is important to
perform qualitative analysis based on user experience. In the
experiment, interviews were conducted with building man-
agers who used the platform to manage air quality. Inter-
viewees were very satisfied with its ability to monitor air
Journal of Sensors
quality. When air quality was moderate or poor, managers
were alerted to the condition and able to react immediately
to improve air quality. Positive comments were received
from the managers regarding data precision and information
collection in real time.
During the experiment, it was proven that the platform
not only provided accurate data but also meaningful
information in real time to save energy. The platform also
monitors temperature and humidity to provide optimum
environment for the area. By operating ventilation system
when it is necessary along with the heating and air-
conditioning system, people in the area were satisfied with
the improved condition and saved energy.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, the development of an IoT-based indoor air
quality monitoring platform is presented. Experiments were
performed to verify the air quality measurement device used
in the platform based a method suggested by the Ministry of
Environment, Korea. We verified the accuracy of indoor air
quality monitoring and the desirable performance of the
device. Also, experiments making use of the platform were
conducted and demonstrated suitable performance and con-
venience of the air quality monitoring platform. Several
achievements of the platform were accomplished, including
the following: (1) indoor air quality can be efficiently moni-
tored anywhere and in real time by using an IoT and a cloud
computing technologies; (2) the platform used Amazon Web
Services as a certified web server for security of the platform
and the data; (3) the Smart-Air device has an expandable
interface, and the web server is also easily extendable, allow-
ing easy application to various environments through the
addition of appropriate sensors to the device or installing
more Smart-Air devices to appropriate monitoring locations.
Future work will involve further testing of the device and
the platform. In this paper, the experiment focused on testing
the reliability of the device and implementing the platform,
where more tests are necessary to ensure data accuracy for
long time periods. In addition, ventilation system can be con-
nected to the platform. Thus, the system can be automatically
operated to improve the air quality whenever the air quality is
not good.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
available from the corresponding author upon request.
Disclosure
This research did not receive any specific grants from fund-
ing agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
13
Authors’ Contributions
J.J. and B.J. conceptualized the study and J.J., J.K., and S.K.
performed the investigations. J.J. and W.H. developed the
methodology. JJ wrote the original draft of the manuscript
while BJ supervised the research. J.J., J.K., and S.K. reviewed
and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved
the final manuscript.
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