EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields & Waves

Transmission Lines

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Outline
 Introduction
 Applications
 Importance
 Types of Transmission Lines
 Transmission line equations
 Travelling waves – Reflection, Refraction
 Realistic transmission line
 Examples

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Introduction
In an electronic system, the delivery of power requires the
connection of two wires between the source and the load. At low
frequencies, power is considered to be delivered to the load through
the wire.
In the microwave frequency region, power is considered to be
in electric and magnetic fields that are guided from place to place by
some physical structure.

Any physical structure that will guide an electromagnetic wave place

to place is called a Transmission Line.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Applications in Power Industry

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Applications in Power Industry

Laying 400kV cables from

the West to the Central
Region in Singapore

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Importance
The importance of transmission line theories for electrical
power engineers

 Operation and maintenance of transmission lines and cables.

 Power system design and analysis, e.g. load flow, system
transients, fault current analysis, protection design, power quality
etc.
 Analysis of lightning and switching over voltages and the
prevention of abnormal voltages/currents in electrical networks.
 Power network resonance and Ferro resonance analysis.
 Electrical insulation design and withstand voltages.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Introduction
Basic transmission line circuit, showing voltage and current waves
initiated by closing switch S1.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Examples of Transmission Lines

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Coaxial Line
In a coaxial line, the electric field is in the radial direction
between the inner and outer conductors, and the magnetic
field forms circles around the inner conductor.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Differences between high and low frequency
At low frequencies, the circuit elements are lumped since voltage and
current waves affect the entire circuit at the same time.
At microwave frequencies, such treatment of circuit elements is not
possible since voltage and current waves do not affect the entire circuit at
the same time.
The circuit must be broken down into unit sections within which the circuit
elements are considered to be lumped.
This is because the dimensions of the circuit are comparable to the
wavelength of the waves according to the formula:
l = c/f
where,
c = velocity of light
f = frequency of voltage/current
EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy
 Transmission Lines Concepts
The transmission line is divided into small units where the circuit elements can be
lumped. Assuming the resistance of the lines is zero, then the transmission line
can be modeled as an LC ladder network with inductors in the series arms and the
capacitors in the shunt arms. The value of inductance and capacitance of each
part determines the velocity of propagation of energy down the line.
Time taken for a wave to travel one unit length is equal to
T(s) = (LC)0.5
Velocity of the wave is equal to
v (m/s) = 1/T
Impedance at any point is equal to
Z = V (at any point)/I (at any point)
Z = (L/C)0.5

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Equivalent circuit of a single phase transmission line
R and L - resistance and inductance per unit length of line respectively,
C and G - capacitance and conductance per unit length of line respectively.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Line Equations and Solutions

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Derivations

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Derivations

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Travelling Wave on a Lossless Line

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Travelling Wave on a Lossless Line

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Travelling waves

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Forward and Backward Currents

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Lossless Line
The wave velocity for lossless propagation

The characteristic impedance, Z0, of the lossless line. Z0 is defined

as the ratio of the voltage to the current in a single propagating wave
and is given below:

Propagation constant is given as

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy
 Various Combinations of Forward and Backward
Travelling Waves on a Transmission Line

Forward wave
Vf = If Zo

Backward wave
Vb = - Ib Zo

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Key Points in Lossless Line
 A surge voltage on a transmission line is equal to the sum of the forward and
backward voltage travelling waves, either of which can be zero. The same
applies to the surge current.

 The travelling wave forward voltage is directly proportional to the forward

current by the factor Z0. The travelling wave backward voltage is directly
proportional to the backward current by the factor - Z0. is called the
characteristic impedance of the line.

 The voltage and current waves travelling in the positive direction of x have the
same sign, whereas those travelling in the negative direction have opposite
signs.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves
A pulse travels along a transmission line approaching a cable. The line
and cable have different characteristic impedance Z1 and Z2 respectively.
What will happen to pulse at the junction? What will be the reflected
voltage and the voltage that continues to travel along the cable?

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Reflection and Refraction

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves - Derivation

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves - Derivation
The transmission coefficient defined as the ratio of the load voltage amplitude to the
incident voltage amplitude

The fraction of the incident power that is transmitted into the load (or dissipated by it)
is therefore given as

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Distortionless Line

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Realistic transmission Line

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Realistic transmission Line
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozeYaikI11g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1PC4botbM

Characteristic Impedance

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is
terminated in a resistive load of ZL = 100 Ω. Calculate the voltage
reflection coefficient at the load.

Ans:0.333

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A 50-Ω lossless transmission line is terminated in a load impedance ZL
= (30-j200) Ω. Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient at the load.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A 150Ω lossless line is terminated in a capacitor whose impedance is
ZL =- j30 Ω. Calculate reflection coefficient

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A 50- Ω lossless transmission line is terminated by a load impedance,
ZL = 50 − j75 Ω . If the incident power is 100 mW, find the power
dissipated by the load.

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A signal of 10V is applied to a 50- Ω coaxial transmission line is
terminated by a load impedance, ZL = 200Ω . Find
1) Voltage reflection coefficient
2) Magnitude of the reflected voltage
3) Magnitude of the reflected current

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy

 Example
A lossless transmission line is 80 cm long and operates at a
frequency of 600 MHz. The line parameters are L = 0.25 µH/m and C
= 100 pF/m. Find the characteristic impedance, the phase constant,
and the phase velocity

EPE1303 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Dr Thaiyal Naayagi Ramasamy