Ref. Title Page No.

2.1 Clearing and Grubbing 2-1

2.1.1 Description 2-1
2.1.2 Construction Requirements 2-1
2.1.3 Method of Measurement 2-1
2.1.4 Basis of Payment 2-1
2.1.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-1

2.2 Removal of Structures and

Obstructions 2-1
2.2.1 Description 2-1
2.2.2 Construction Requirements 2-1
2.2.2.1 General 2-1
2.2.2.2 Removal of Bridges, Culverts and Ditches 2-2
2.2.2.3 Removal of Pipes 2-2
2.2.2.4 Removal of Walls, Mortared and Loose Riprap,
Gabions, Rocks and Boulders 2-2
2.2.2.5 Removal of Fences and Gates 2-2
2.2.2.6 Removal of Wells, Shafts and Falajs 2-2
2.2.2.7 Removal of Utilities 2-2
2.2.2.8 Removal of Existing Pavement 2-2
2.2.2.9 Removal of Existing Road Furniture 2-3
2.2.3 Method of Measurement 2-3
2.2.4 Basis of Payment 2-3
2.2.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-3

2.3 Roadway Excavation 2-3

2.3.1 Description 2-3
2.3.2 Classification of Roadway Excavation 2-3
2.3.3 Construction Requirements 2-4
2.3.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials 2-4
2.3.3.2 Drainage of Excavation Areas 2-4
2.3.3.3 Obliteration of Disused Roadways 2-4
2.3.3.4 Rock Blasting 2-4
2.3.3.5 Excavation of Unsuitable Material 2-5
2.3.3.6 Slopes, Subgrade and Ditches 2-5
2.3.3.7 Unstable Materials outside Right-of-Way 2-5
2.3.3.8 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Material 2-5
2.3.4 Method of Measurement 2-5
2.3.5 Basis of Payment 2-6
2.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-6
Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.
2.4 Borrow Materials 2-6 2.6.5 Basis of Payment 2-14
2.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-14
2.4.1 Description 2-6
2.4.2 Location of Borrow Pits 2-6 2.7 Excavation and Backfilling for
2.4.3 Borrow Material 2-6 Structures 2-14
2.4.4 Method of Measurement 2-7
2.7.1 Description 2-14
2.4.5 Basis of Payment 2-7
2.7.2 Excavation 2-14
2.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-7
2.7.2.1 General 2-14
2.5 Embankments 2-7 2.7.2.2 Temporary Support System 2-15
2.7.2.3 Excavation for Major Structures and Bridges 2-15
2.5.1 Description 2-7
2.5.2 Materials 2-7
2.5.3 Construction Requirements 2-8 2.7.2.4 Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts and
2.5.3.1 General 2-8 Miscellaneous Structures 2-15
2.5.3.2 Trial Embankments Sections 2-9 2.7.3 Backfilling 2-16
2.5.3.3 Foundation Preparation 2-9 2.7.3.1 General 2-16
2.5.3.4 Embankment Construction 2-9 2.7.3.2 Backfilling for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts, Bridge
2.5.4 Testing 2-10 and Building Foundations, Walls, Abutments and
2.5.4.1 General 2-10 Miscellaneous Structures 2-16
2.5.4.2 Standards of Compaction for Soil and Granular 2.7.4 Method of Measurement 2-17
Materials 2-10 2.7.5 Basis of Payment 2-17
2.5.4.3 Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill and Rock-Soil 2.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-18
Materials 2-10
2.8 EARTHWORK FOR PIPE TRENCHES
2.5.4.4 Monitoring Settlement of Rockfill 2-11
2-18
2.5.5 Method of Measurement 2-11
2.5.6 Basis of Payment 2-11 2.8.1 Description 2-18
2.5.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-11 2.8.2 Materials 2-18
2.8.2.1 Backfill Material 2-18
2.6 Sub-grade Construction 2-11
2.8.3 Construction Requirements 2-18
2.6.1 Description 2-11 2.8.3.1 Excavation for Pipe Trenches 2-18
2.6.2 Materials 2-12 2.8.3.2 Backfilling 2-19
2.6.3 Construction Requirements 2-12 2.8.3.3 Restoration of Surfaces 2-19
2.6.3.1 Subgrade in Cut 2-12 2.8.4 Method of Measurement 2-19
2.6.3.2 Subgrade in Embankment 2-12 2.8.5 Basis of Payment 2-19
2.6.3.3 Surface Tolerances 2-13 2.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-20
2.6.3.4 Maintenance of Finished Subgrade 2-13
2.6.3.5 Drainage Blanket 2-13
2.6.3.6 Subgrade Construction on Sabkha and Gypsum
Rich Soils 2-13
2.6.3.7 Subgrade Construction on top of Dune Sand 2-13
2.6.4 Method of Measurement 2-13

2-4
2.1 Clearing and Grubbing
2.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes removal and satisfactory disposal
of all vegetation, surface debris and scattered stones and rocks within
the limits of the actual fill width only.
2 Removal of structures and similar obstructions and removal of
utilities are specified in Sub-section 2.2 - "Removal of Structures and
Obstructions".
2.1.2 Construction Requirements
1 The Contractor shall set out the approved construction limits
and the Engineer will designate all trees, shrubs, plants, vegetation,
etc and other items that are to remain within the right-of-way (ROW).
The Contractor shall carefully preserve all such items from damage
or defacement. Trees to be removed and delivered for replanting
shall be carefully handled.
2 All surface objects, trees, stumps, roots, stones and rocks (up
to 0.2 cu.m. or 500 kg individual size or weight), and other
protruding obstructions not designated to be retained shall be cleared
or grubbed to ground level. Non-perishable solid objects (such as
boulders, rocks, concrete blocks, etc.) which will be a minimum of
2m below the sub-grade or finished ground level may be left
undisturbed at the Engineer’s discretion. If such non-perishable
objects are encountered within 2m below the sub-grade or finished
ground level, they will be removed and considered as unsuitable
material, paid under Unclassified Excavation.
3 Stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are
removed within the limits of construction, shall be backfilled with
suitable material and compacted in accordance with Sub-section 2.5 -
"Embankments". Small holes that are inaccessible to compaction /
tamping equipment shall be filled and tamped manually using a steel
rod with a 10-15cm diameter steel disc attached to its end.
4 Perishable material shall be disposed of or burned under the
constant care of competent watchmen at such times and in such a
manner that any vegetation or other items designated to remain in the
ROW, or other adjacent property, will not be jeopardized. Burning
shall be carried out in accordance with applicable laws and
ordinances.
5 Materials, stones, rocks, and debris which cannot be burned
and perishable materials, shall be removed from the ROW and
disposed of at dumping areas off the Site, approved by the
concerned authorities, provided permission of the respective property
owners has been obtained in writing to dump such materials on their
land. The Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with
property owners for obtaining such written permission at his own
expense.
2.1.3 Method of Measurement
1 Clearing and grubbing is measured in square meters of the
cleared area within the limits described in Item 1 of Clause 2.1.1
above and approved by the Engineer.
2 Trees with a trunk diameter 300mm or more, when measured
750mm above existing ground level are measured by the number
removed and delivered to the Employer or disposed of as directed by
the Engineer.
3 Clearing and grubbing for cut areas, easement areas and
borrow pits shall not to be paid separately but shall be included in the
Contractor’s rates.
2.1.4 Basis of Payment
1 The area of completed and accepted clearing and grubbing
work measured as provided for above, will be paid at the unit rates
stated in the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full
compensation for labor, equipment and other items necessary for
completion of the work.
2 Removal of trees with trunk 300mm diameter or greater, when
measured 750mm above existing ground level, will be paid for by
the number removed as stated above. Removal of trees with trunk
less than 300mm diameter is deemed to be included in the rate for
clearing and grubbing.
3 Rates for all clearing and grubbing and tree removal shall
include for filling holes and depressions with material as specified.
2.1.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Clearing and grubbing sq. m.
ii. Removal and delivery or disposal of trees nr.
2.2 Removal of Structures and
Obstructions
2.2.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes the removal, wholly or in part, and
satisfactory disposal of all buildings, fences, structures, abandoned
pipelines, and any other obstructions, as shown on the Drawings or
directed by the Engineer, which are not designated or permitted to
remain, including salvaging of designated materials and backfilling
the resulting trenches, holes and pits.
2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record for himself
all obstructions and utilities before the commencement of the Works.
2.2.2 Construction Requirements
2.2.2.1 General
1 The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of all buildings,
foundations, structures, fences and other obstructions, any portions
of which are on the ROW, except utilities and items for which other
arrangements for removal have been made. All designated
salvageable material shall be removed, without causing unnecessary
damage, and in sections or pieces which may be readily transported,
and shall be stored by the Contractor at approved locations, for later
use or possession of others.
2 Unusable perishable material shall be destroyed. Non-
perishable material may be disposed of off the Site, provided
permission of the respective property owners has been obtained in
writing to dump such materials on their land.
Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall be filled to the
level of the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of
construction, shall be compacted to the type of compaction within
the range for the adjacent roadway embankment as specified in Sub-
section 2.5 – ‘Embankments’.
2-1
3 Salvaged pipe culverts and other re-usable materials shall be
stored at accessible approved locations on Site and shall become the
property of the Employer.
2.2.2.2 Removal of Bridges, Culverts and Ditches
1 Bridges, culverts and other drainage structures in locations
traversed by traffic shall not be removed until arrangements, detours
and traffic management plans have been made by the Contractor and
approved by ROP to maintain the flow of traffic.
2 Substructures in watercourses shall be removed down to the
level of the natural stream bed. Those parts outside the stream shall
be removed to 300 mm below natural ground surface. Where such
portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits
for a new structure, they shall be removed to the extent necessary to
accommodate construction of the proposed structure.
3 Steel bridges and timber bridges, designated to be salvaged
shall be dismantled without causing unnecessary damage. Steel
members shall be match marked, unless this requirement is waived
by the Engineer. All salvaged material shall be stored as previously
specified for reuse or possession of others.
4 Blasting or other operations necessary for removal of existing
structures or other obstructions, and which may damage new
construction in the vicinity, shall be completed prior to commencing
the new construction. Explosives shall be used only as permitted by
the appropriate security authorities and shall be approved by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall observe the requirements of Section
1, Sub-section 1.9, Clause 1.9.2 for all blasting operations
5 The Contractor shall carry out a structural survey of all the
existing buildings and structures located within the blasting influence
distance. The survey shall include detailed photographic records for
the adjacent buildings and structures before and after blasting, in
order to avoid later claims by public.
2.2.2.3 Removal of Pipes
1 All pipes unless otherwise directed shall be removed and
precautions taken to avoid breaking or damaging the pipes. The
Contractor shall exercise utmost care during the removal of pipes so
as to avoid unnecessary damage.
2.2.2.4 Removal of Walls, Mortared and Loose Riprap, Gabions,
Rocks and Boulders
1 Masonry walls, mortared and loose riprap, gabions and
accumulated stones, large rocks and boulders of individual size
greater than 0.2 cu.m. or greater than 500 kg in weight which lie
within the limits of the Works, shall be removed and disposed of as
directed.
2.2.2.5 Removal of Fences and Gates
1 When fences and gates enclosing pasture land or farm land are
to be removed, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently
in advance to permit the property owner reasonable time to construct
alternative fencing or make other suitable arrangements.
2.2.2.6 Removal of Wells, Shafts and Falajs
1 Existing wells and shafts, abandoned or active, which lie
within the limits of the Works, shall be dismantled, backfilled, and
compacted. All salvageable materials shall be removed and stored at
2-2
approved locations on Site. All salvageable material shall become
the property of the Employer. Wells shall be filled to the level of the
surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall be
compacted after obtaining the Engineer's permission to the type of
compaction within the range designated.
2.2.2.7 Removal of Utilities
1 The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and shall notify
all Utility Authorities and co-operate and coordinate with them in
respect of removals and relocations.
2 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, realignment or
relocation of active utilities will be to the approval of the respective
authorities and such work shall be coordinated by the Contractor.
The Contractor shall perform the necessary coordination with the
relevant utility authorities ahead of time in order to avoid
unnecessary delay to the Works.
3 The removal of all disconnected or abandoned utilities within
the ROW shall be performed by the Contractor as directed by the
Engineer, unless the utility authorities indicate their intention to
carry out such removal and salvaging of materials, fittings, parts, etc.
4 The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and shall advise
each affected utility authority in writing of his proposed construction
schedule and shall arrange for inspection, disconnection or
interruption of services by the utility authorities as appropriate.
5 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting and
protecting realigned utilities and existing utilities that are to remain
in place, for the duration of the Contract and shall provide all
necessary Temporary Works in this respect, all in compliance with
Section 1, Sub-section 1.8, Clause 1.8.3 and the requirements of the
relevant utility owner. Any damage caused to utilities and
attributable to the Contractor shall be repaired at his expense.
6 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-sections 2.3 - ’Road Excavation‘, 2.5 –’Embankments’ and
Sub-section 2.7 - ’Excavation and Backfilling for Structures‘, as
appropriate.
2.2.2.8 Removal of Existing Pavement
1 The Contractor shall remove, wholly or in part, as shown on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, existing asphalt, paving
blocks and/or concrete pavement layers, and any granular or
stabilized base courses, including disposal of debris and salvaging of
designated materials, and backfilling the resulting holes where and as
instructed by the Engineer.
2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record all
obstructions and utilities that may be affected by removal of existing
pavements at the commencement of the Works.
3 The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of old pavement
of different types, (i.e. down to the bottom of the base course) or as
directed by the Engineer, for the portions which are within the limit
of Works.
Unusable perishable material shall be disposed of in accordance with
the applicable laws and ordinances. Non-perishable material may be
disposed of off the Site, provided permission of the concerned
authorities and/or the respective property owner has been obtained in
writing to dump such materials on their land.
4 Cavities left by pavement removal shall be filled to the level of
the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall
be compacted to the type of compaction specified in Sub-section 2.6 xi. Removal of concrete safety barrier including
– ‘Subgrade Construction’. foundations (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
xii. Removal of sign boards including
5 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting and
post and foundations (size), (nr.)
protecting existing Utilities that are to remain in place, for the
xiii. Removal of Floodway marker posts and
duration of the Contract and shall provide all necessary Temporary
foundations (size), (nr.)
Works in this respect. Any damage caused to utilities and
xiv. Removal of re-usable steel safety barrier
attributable to the Contractor shall be repaired at his expense.
including post and foundations
6 The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall ensure that (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
pavement removal operations are completed without applying xv. Removal of re-usable concrete safety barrier
extreme vibration and heavy loading that might damage the existing including foundations
underground utilities. (dimensions and Type), (lin.m)
xvi. Removal of re-usable sign board including post and
2.2.2.9 Removal of Existing Road Furniture
foundations (size), (nr.)
1 Road Furniture items such as curbs, tiles, steel and concrete xvii. Removal of reusable Floodway marker posts
safety barriers, lighting poles, flag poles, sign boards, etc. which lie including foundations (size), (nr)
within the limits of the Works, shall be removed and disposed of, or xviii. Removal of drainage protection
handed- over, as directed. works (type), (cu.m.)
xix. Removal of existing fences and
2.2.3 Method of Measurement gates (description and type), (lin.m.)
xx. Removal of existing block and
1 Removal of structures and obstructions is measured by number,
masonry walls (Size and Type) (cu.m)
length, area or volume as appropriate for the relevant work, unless
xxi. Removal of ditches (Type and size), (lin.m)
Item 2.2.3 (2), applies. The rates shall include in full for the removal,
xxii. Removal of bridges (dimensions, type and
storage, protection and disposal of the structure or obstruction,
description) (nr.)
including items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
xxiii. Removal of rocks and boulders larger than
2 If the Bill of Quantities does not contain separate items for 0.2cu.m. or 500 kg (description) (cu.m.)
removal of structures and obstructions, this work will not be paid for xxiv. Removal of wells and shafts (description and
directly but will be considered as subsidiary work related to other location) (nr.)
items in the Bill of Quantities. xxv. Removal of sand dunes (location
and description) (cu.m.)
2.2.4 Basis of Payment xxvi. Removal of Light Poles including
cabling and foundation (Size) (nr.)
1 The quantities of completed and accepted work, measured as
xxvii. Removal of flag poles including foundation (nr.)
provided for above, will be paid for at the relevant unit rates stated in
xxviii. Removal of Debris Deflectors including
the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full compensation for
foundation (nr.)
equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting and dumping, and for
xxix. Removal of Reuse of Debris Deflectors (nr.)
other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.

2.2.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2.3 Roadway Excavation

i. Removal of existing building (type and 2.3.1 Description
description), (nr. or
Length / Area / Volume as appropriate). 1 This Sub-section describes excavation in the cut sections of the
ii. Removal of reinforced concrete (type, location, and roadway, including watercourses, ditches and wadi relocations (but
dimensions), (cu.m.) excluding borrow pits and structural excavation) all as and where
iii. Removal of mass concrete (type, location and shown on the Drawings, and hauling the excavated material either to
dimensions), (cu.m.) locations for roadway embankments or to stockpiles or to waste.
iv. Removal of pre-stressed concrete (type, location 2 The work also includes any necessary excavations outside the
and dimensions), (cu.m.) ROW ordered by the Engineer to safeguard and protect the Works,
v. Removal of curbs (Type), (lin.m.) including diversion of existing wadi channels; excavation of
vi. Removal of Tiles (Type and Size), (sq.m.) materials obstructing or impairing the flow along stream channels;
vii. Removal of pipe culverts (type and excavation of unstable materials which may slide or encroach
and diameter), (lin.m.) into ditches or onto the ROW. Disposal of all such excavated
viii. Removal of existing pavement materials shall be as instructed by the Engineer.
(description and type), (cu.m.)
ix. Removal of reusable road studs, (nr.) 2.3.2 Classification of Roadway Excavation
x. Removal of steel safety barrier including post and
foundations (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.) 1 Road excavation shall be considered as ’Unclassified
Excavation’ which includes all materials encountered of any nature
including silts, clays, sand, gravel, granular materials, all cohesive

2-3
and fractured, jointed cohesionless materials and/or massive rock
and unsuitable material.
2 Any information concerning properties of the soil which may
be shown on the Drawings, in the Bill of Quantities, in
supplementary reports, or as a result of discussion with the Engineer
or others shall be considered as gratis and shall not be a basis for the
Contractor's determination of his bid prices.
2.3.3 Construction Requirements
2.3.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials
1 All materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the
formation of the embankment, sub-grade, shoulder, dykes, and at
such other places as directed, unless it is declared unsuitable and
ordered to be wasted by the Engineer.
2 Unsuitable material shall include:
i. Unstable materials incapable of being compacted to the
specified density using mechanical compaction
methods at optimum moisture content for the
equipment being used for compaction.
ii. Material too wet to be compacted and where
circumstances prevent suitable in-place drying prior to
incorporation into the work.
iii. Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for use in or
under the embankment.
3 No excavation material shall be wasted without written
permission from the Engineer.
4 If the Contractor chooses to excavate suitable material to waste
or put it to other uses, and replace it by borrow excavation for
embankment areas, this shall be undertaken at no extra cost to the
Employer.
5 Excavated rock which is not immediately suitable for
incorporation in the works can either be broken down to acceptable
sizes or wasted at Contractor's own expense. If such material is
wasted or used in concrete, granular subbase, aggregate base, asphalt
mixtures or any other works, the Contractor shall replace it by
borrow excavation for embankment at no extra cost to the Employer.
6 Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer,
salvaged materials such as existing concrete, bituminous or other
pavements shall, be stockpiled for a specific purpose or for future use.
Such materials shall be excavated and handled in a manner that will
exclude foreign or undesirable material. Stockpiles shall be neatly
formed and maintained in an approved manner.
7 Where specified or directed by the Engineer, suitable topsoil
material shall be stockpiled during excavation operations and shall
subsequently be spread and compacted on embankment slopes and
elsewhere as directed, to facilitate re-growth of vegetation.
2.3.3.2 Drainage of Excavation Areas
1 During construction, surfaces in excavation areas shall be
adequately drained at all times. Side ditches or gutters emptying
from cut to embankment shall be so constructed as to avoid damage
to embankments by erosion.
2 The Contractor shall, at an early stage of the Works, provide
adequate drainage by scheduling ditch and other construction so as to
prevent saturation or erosion of embankments and cut slopes. All
2-4
such drainage ditches and construction grades shall be cleaned and
trimmed at regular intervals and when directed to maintain an
unobstructed runoff of storm water during construction.
3 Damage to the Works attributable to saturation or erosion of
slopes during the period of execution through failure to provide
adequate drainage shall be repaired by the Contractor at his own
expense.
4 Whenever groundwater is encountered which may adversely
affect construction, the Contractor shall advise the Engineer who will
evaluate the situation and order necessary remedial measures.
2.3.3.3 Obliteration of Disused Roadways
1 Obliteration of roadways which are no longer in use shall
include filling of all ditches and rough grading of the old roadway to
produce within the ROW a neat and well drained ground surface.
2.3.3.4 Rock Blasting
1 Rock blasting explosives may comprise a diversity of systems,
including dynamite explosives, watergels, slurry explosives and
slurry blasting agents, pumpable blasting agents, emulsion
explosives and aluminized explosives. Whenever instructed by the
Engineer, blasting shall be carried out after pre-splitting the rock
mass by using small localized charges in pre-drilled holes.
2 When blasting of rock slopes is carried out, a reasonably
uniform face shall be left, regardless of whether or not the excavation
is carried beyond the specified side slopes as shown on the Drawings.
All breakage and slides shall be removed and disposed of as directed.
A dust control system shall be designated by the Contractor and shall
be implemented during rock blasting after obtaining the Engineer’s
approval.
3 All drilling and blasting shall be done in such a manner as will
most nearly complete the excavation to the required grade lines, and
produce the least possible disturbance of the material to be left in
place. Blasting by means of drill holes, tunnels, or any other
methods shall be entirely at the Contractor's risk. Explosive
materials shall be stored and kept under the constant surveillance of
the Royal Oman Police.
4 Where necessary or directed, the Contractor shall provide
heavy mesh blasting mats or controlled blasting for protection of
persons, properties, and the Works. If, in the opinion of the
authorities and the Engineer, blasting would be dangerous to persons
or adjacent structures, or is being carried out in an unsafe or
unacceptable manner, the Engineer may prohibit blasting and order
the rock to be excavated by other means.
5 During explosion works, traffic shall be suspended from the
routes linking to the Site and all diversions and other arrangements
shall be carried out in full coordination with the Royal Oman Police.
The Contractor shall secure approval of his schedule for such
interruptions and his proposed methods for safeguarding the public
and property.
Excessive blasting will not be permitted. Overbreakage and the
backfilling thereof shall be at the Contractor’s expense. Any
material outside the approved cross section limits which may be
shattered or loosened because of blasting shall be removed by the
Contractor at his own expense. All rock slopes with loose material
shall be scaled by workmen and all loose material removed at the
Contractor’s expense.
6 Backfilling of overbreakage shall be carried out as directed,
using approved soil or crushed materials or other special aggregate or
cyclopean concrete, as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the
Engineer. Undrained pockets shall not be left in the surface of the
rock.
7 Following blasting, cleaning and scaling rock slopes, the face,
benches and back of the slope shall be inspected for potential failure
planes and the necessary remedial measures shall be taken, as
approved by the Engineer, at the Contractor’s expense.
2.3.3.5 Excavation of Unsuitable Material
1 Unsuitable materials are materials that do not comply with the
requirements for suitable materials as described under Clause 2.5.2
below.
2 Where excavation to finished grades and cross sections
exposes unsuitable material in the sub-grade, slopes or ditch inverts,
etc the Engineer may require the Contractor to remove the unsuitable
material and backfill the excavated areas using approved material.
The Contractor shall plan his operations so that necessary cross
section measurements are taken before such backfill is placed.
3 Unsuitable material shall be disposed off as directed. Wasted
unsuitable material shall not be deposited on any cropland.
4 When the Contractor is directed to excavate unsuitable
material below the surface of the original ground in fill areas, other
than that required for clearing and grubbing, the depth to which
unsuitable material shall be removed will be determined by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall plan the excavation so that cross
sections are taken before and after material has been removed.
2.3.3.6 Slopes, Subgrade and Ditches
1 All excavated slopes, sub-grade and ditches shall be finished
true to lines, grades and cross sections as shown on the Drawings.
2 Slopes, except in massive rock or other material which require
special treatment, shall be trimmed to slopes not steeper than the
specified slope angles and rounded at top and bottom to a smooth
profile to blend in with the adjacent terrain. Material shall not be
loosened beyond the specified slope lines. High cut areas shall
continuously be monitored by an engineering geologist or a
geotechnical engineer.
3 In cuts where earth overlays a rock formation, slopes shall be
benched in an approved manner.
4 Ditches of all types shall be excavated and trimmed neatly in
conformity with the specified grades and cross sections. All
projecting rock, stumps, roots or similar shall be removed. Ditches
include side ditches, interception ditches in the berm of cut slopes,
furrow ditches, irrigation ditches, wadi relocations, etc.
5 Where the sub-grade is composed of rock as defined in Sub-
section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, it shall be undercut to a
depth of 200 mm below top of sub-grade to allow for subsequent
placing and compaction of the leveling sub-grade layer in accordance
with Sub-section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, paragraph 2.6.3.1.
6 The sub-grade in cut, where the soil is unsuitable for retention
as the sub-grade layer, shall be sub-excavated to a depth of 200 mm
below top of sub-grade to allow for subsequent placing and
compaction of the sub-grade layer.
If the material of the sub-grade is suitable for retention as sub-grade
layer then it shall be scarified to the required depth, watered and
compacted in accordance with Section 2.6 – ‘Subgrade Construction’,
paragraph 2.6.3.1.
7 The Engineer will periodically check all or any part of the
work, to determine conformance to the correct lines, grades and
elevations. Tolerances on finished sub-grade levels and on levels of
the surface at the underside of the sub-grade layer shall be as
specified in Sub-section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, Paragraph
2.6.3.3.
8 In cases where rock or soil excavations reveal that the adopted
cut slopes are not suitable and if failures occur during or after
completion of the excavation works and while the Contractor is still
on Site, the Engineer may request the Contractor to re-excavate
according to the newly established cut slopes, the extra work will be
measured and valued as Unclassified Excavation at the same rate
given in the Contract. However, in such case, the Contractor may
submit a proposal for any other alternative solution for the stability
of the cut slopes, for the Engineer’s appraisal and final decision.
2.3.3.7 Unstable Materials outside Right-of-Way
1 Materials outside the ROW or ditch slopes which, in the
opinion of the Engineer, are potentially unstable and liable to slide or
encroach into the ROW or into the ditches, shall be excavated and
disposed of as specified for unsuitable material, unless it is approved
for use as embankment fill.
2.3.3.8 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Material
1 Unsuitable and surplus materials disposed of within approved
areas shall be spread, leveled and shaped as directed so as to present
a neat and tidy appearance. No materials shall be disposed of in such
a way as to adversely affect natural drainage courses or to cause
damage to the highway or adjacent public or private property.
2 If approved by the Employer, Government land may be used
for disposal to the maximum extent practicable. If private land is
used for disposal, the Contractor shall secure the consent of the
landowner or tenant and, if necessary, and at his own expense, pay
for the use of such land. The use of cropland for disposal purposes
will not be permitted.
2.3.4 Method of Measurement
1 All excavated material of whatever type (except for
unauthorized undercut below top of sub-grade or excavations taken
wider than required) shall be measured as ‘Unclassified Excavation’
which shall be deemed to include all materials encountered of any
nature, including silts, clays, sand, gravel and granular materials and
fractured, jointed and massive rock, whether weak or strong, and
unsuitable material, as approved and instructed by the Engineer.
2 Unclassified Excavation shall be measured by cu.m. of
material excavated, hauled away and either wasted, stockpiled, or
deposited on or in vicinity of roadway embankments and dykes.
Measurements shall be of volumes computed from the cross sections
shown on the Drawings, using the Average End Area Method, and
the original ground elevations taken jointly by the Engineer and the
Contractor after clearing and grubbing operations. These ground
elevations shall form the basis of measurement of the permanent
works. Rates shall include for costs of supporting sides of excavation
2-5
where necessary, keeping excavations free from water, proper
formation of embankments, trimming of slopes, preparation and
completion of the roadway, sub-grade, dykes and shoulders and
scarifying for suitable sub-grade material.
3 Excavation of unstable material (from areas outside the ROW)
shall be measured by cu.m. of material excavated, hauled away and
disposed of as directed, completed and accepted. Measurements
shall be of volumes computed from surveyed cross sections of
original and final ground elevations. When cross sectioning is
impractical in the opinion of the Engineer, approval may be given to
measure volumes in the vehicles removing such excavated material.
4 Ditch excavation and excavation of unstable material are
considered part of the unclassified excavation.
5 Rock blasting, backfilling of overbreakage, trimming and
grading of cut slopes, ditches and of other below-sub-grade surfaces,
drainage of excavation areas, obliteration of disused roadways, and
other ancillary excavation Works shall not be measured for direct
payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of
which will be deemed to be included in the rates for Unclassified
Excavation.
6 Excavation under water shall be measured by cu.m. of
material excavated, hauled away and disposed of as directed,
completed and accepted (including any side support or other
enabling works). Measurements shall be of volumes computed from
surveyed cross sections of original and final ground elevations.
When cross sectioning is impractical in the opinion of the Engineer,
approval may be given to measure volumes in the vehicles removing
such excavated material.
7 Hauling of excavated materials shall not be measured for
direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the cost
of which will be deemed to be included in the rates for Unclassified
Excavation, regardless of the distance required for hauling the
materials to an approved dumping area.
8 Excavation, Stockpiling and recompaction of suitable topsoil
material shall be measured by cubic meter, laid, completed and
accepted as directed by the Engineer.
2.3.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
items in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation
for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting and hauling, and
for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
2.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Unclassified Excavation cu.m.
ii. Excavation of unstable material outside
Right-of-Way cu.m.
iii. Unclassified Excavation under water cu.m.
iv. Excavate and Stockpile Suitable topsoil
and recompact as directed cu.m.
2-6
2.4 Borrow Materials
2.4.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes excavation of suitable material
from borrow pits, channels and designated borrow areas and hauling
to locations of embankments or to stockpiles, all as shown on the
Drawings, or as directed by the engineer.
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for locating suitable
borrow pits and for the suitability and sufficiency of borrow
materials to meet the specified embankment and other backfilling
requirements.
3 Borrow pits shall be utilized if there is insufficient suitable
excavated material to satisfy the embankment and other backfilling
requirements or if the Contractor chooses to excavate suitable
material to waste or put it to other uses, and replace it by suitable
material excavated from borrow pits at the Contractor’s expense.
2.4.2 Location of Borrow Pits
1 Generally, the borrow pits shall not be located within 50 m
from the toe of embankment slope or top of cut or formed slope,
unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
2 In no case shall borrow pits be located within 200 m
downstream of a drainage structure without the written approval of
the Engineer. Unauthorized borrow pits shall be backfilled and
compacted, as directed by the Engineer, at the Contractor's expense.
3 In each case where a borrow pit is proposed within privately-
owned property, the Contractor shall secure the consent of the
landowner in writing, if necessary, and shall, pay for the use of the
material and land. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for any
claims for compensation or complaints arising out of borrow pit
operations.
4 The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of the side
slopes of borrow pits and channels at all times, until the pit or
channel is abandoned.
5 Details of the Contractor's proposed haul routes and traffic
arrangements in relation to borrow pit operations shall be submitted
for approval before any borrow excavation commences.
6 Overburden and any unsuitable top layers within each borrow
pit shall be completely removed and stockpiled in the vicinity, ready
for re-use prior to abandonment of the pit.
7 Prior to abandonment of any borrow pit or borrow area, the
Contractor shall spread and level the original overburden over the
exposed surfaces and clean up, grade and contour the pit or area and
the adjoining properties occupied during execution of borrow
operations, whether Government, or privately-owned, all to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
2.4.3 Borrow Material
1 Borrow shall be material approved by the Engineer as meeting
the requirements for the particular embankment, dyke, backfill or
other use for which the material is intended.
2 The Contractor shall submit representative samples of
materials from each of the proposed borrow pits or borrow areas. A
minimum of three sets of tests shall be performed for each borrow
area for each type of material. No borrow material shall be brought
to the site or used in the Works before its approval.
3 The Engineer will periodically require follow-up testing of
borrow materials to verify that no change in quality has occurred
since the original approval.
2.4.4 Method of Measurement
1 Borrow Excavation shall be measured by cu.m. of suitable
material excavated, hauled and used in the proper formation of
embankments, including clearing and grubbing, trimming of slopes,
preparation and completion of the roadway sub-grade, shoulders and
dykes.
2 The quantity of borrow excavation shall be determined by
calculating the total quantity of filling after compaction and
deducting therefrom the total quantity of unclassified excavation less
an allowance for material condemned by the Engineer as unsuitable
for filling.
2.4.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for borrow
excavation in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full
compensation for clearing and grubbing for borrow areas, equipment,
tools, labor, materials, transporting, hauling and placing, and for
other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
2.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Borrow excavation. cu.m.
2.5 Embankments
2.5.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes construction of roadway
embankments, dykes, including preparation of the areas upon which
they are to be placed; testing of the material, placing and compacting
approved material within areas where unsuitable material has been
removed; and placing and compacting approved embankment
material in holes, pits and other depressions within the constructed
area, all in accordance with the lines, grades and cross sections
shown on the Drawings.
2.5.2 Materials
1 Materials suitable for embankment shall be of classes A-1, A-
2-4, A-2-5 or A3 ‘when confined’ groups as in AASHTO M145 and
complying with Table 2.5.2.1, and shall be used when available,
except for rock fill embankments. If material of this character is not
available, then material from A-2-6, A-2-7, A-4, A-5, groups
(AASHTO M145) may be used provided it complies with the
requirements of Table 2.5.2.1; however, special attention shall be
given to its suitability for the particular construction.
Requirements
i. 1 Maximum dry density not less than 1.7 g/cu.cm
(AASHTO T-180 Method D)
ii. 2
Organic matter not more than 5% (AASHTO T-267)
iii. 3
Gypsum content not more than 3% (BS 1377 Part 3)
iv. 4
No use of A-6, A-7 soil (AASHTO M-145)
v. 5
Maximum size not more than 1/2 of the layer thickness
vi. 6 Plasticity Index (P.I.) less than 15% for National, Arterial
and Secondary Roads and 20% for other roads
4-day soaked C.B.R. should not be less than 8%
vii. 7 (AASHTO T-193) when compacted at 100% maximum
dry density in accordance with AASHTO T-180 Method
D.
Table 2.5.2.1: Soil Suitable for Embankment
2 The 200 mm depth of embankment sub-grade layer
immediately below the bottom of subbase or aggregate base shall
consist of selected sub-grade material having a 4-day soaked C.B.R.
of at least 25% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T193 and
when compacted at 100% Modified Proctor Density in accordance
with AASHTO T-180D, with a gradation and P.I. as specified under
Sub-section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’.
3 The 600 mm depth of embankment immediately below the
sub-grade layer shall consist of suitable material having a 4-day
soaked C.B.R of at least 15% when compacted to 95% maximum dry
density in accordance with AASHTO T-180D and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T-193 with a P.I. not more than 15%. If
rockfill is used for the bottom 400 mm depth then these requirements
shall apply to the top 200 mm depth below the sub-grade layer.
4 Rockfill shall not be used in the top 200 mm of the
embankment below the sub-grade layer. If found necessary and if
approved by the Engineer, water may be added as required to achieve
maximum compaction.
5 In areas subject to flooding and prolonged inundation of the
embankment, such as at bridge and culvert sites, the material used in
embankment shall conform to AASHTO M 145, Class A-1-a, A-1-b,
A-2-4. Rockfill can also be used in these conditions, except for the
top 600mm of the embankment. The first 600mm of fill on top of
culverts shall consist of suitable soil fill. Rockfill on top of culverts
is allowed only when it is underlain by a minimum thickness of
600mm suitable soil fill. All slopes surrounding culverts shall be
constructed of suitable soil fill to facilitate trimming.
6 Where embankments are to be constructed using material
classified as A3 (AASHTO M 145) or other material subject to side
slope erosion or requiring confinement for stabilization purposes, the
embankment plating or confining layer shall be constructed using
AASHTO M 145 Class A-1-a, A-1-b, or A-2-4 materials or as
otherwise approved.
7 The material used in rockfill embankments shall consist
predominantly of rock fragments of such size that the material can be
placed in layers of the thickness prescribed conforming to the
requirements stated in Table 2.5.2.2. The size distribution of rockfill
shall be determined according to CIRIA Special Publication 83:
Manual on the use of Rock in Coastal and Shoreline Engineering –
Appendix 2.
2-7
 Requirements
1
Maximum particle size ........1/2 loose layer thickness
2 heavy hauling equipment shall be routed over the embankment in
Passing 0.42mm (Sieve # 40) ........25% maximum
Uniformity coefficient, Cu.......5 minimum, where
Cu = D60/D10
3 D60 = the Particle size at which 60% passes
D10 = the Particle size at which 10% passes
Table 2.5.2.2: Rock Suitable for Embankment
8 Rockfill material shall be obtained from quarries and shall be
sound, dense, hard and durable rock capable of being spread and
compacted as specified. Individual pieces are to be clean and
angular. It shall be the Contractor's responsibility to excavate
material from rock cuts, whether by blasting or other means, so that
all excavated materials are of suitable size.
9 When suitable materials of widely divergent characteristics are
drawn from different sources, such materials may, if approved, be
mixed to meet the embankment requirements. Rock and other
materials shall be incorporated in such manner as to avoid
segregation and an accumulation of boulders, etc., at the toe of
embankment slopes.
10 Logs, trees, stumps, weeds, heavy grass, vegetable matter or
other undesirable and non-compatible materials shall not be placed in
embankments.
11 Rocks larger than 100 mm in any dimension shall not be used
as fill material in areas where piling works are to be carried out.
12 Embankments that consist of rock-soil material shall include
sufficient soil material to make rolling and compaction feasible. The
material shall meet, in general, all the requirements for rockfill
embankment. The soil material in the mixture shall meet the
requirements of embankment fill soil material and shall have a CBR
of 15% minimum and the rock fragments shall comply with the
requirements of rockfill material. The percentage of rock fragments
exceeding 75mm shall be limited to 30% maximum.
2.5.3 Construction Requirements
2.5.3.1 General
1 Prior to placing embankment material on any area, the ground
shall have been cleared and grubbed as specified in Sub-section 2.1 –
‘Clearing and Grubbing’, and the foundation prepared as specified
herein.
2 Equipment used for foundation preparation and for placing,
spreading and compacting embankment materials shall be of
approved types and furnished in sufficient numbers for the purposes
intended. Provision and use of such equipment shall conform with
Section 19 ‘Plant and Equipment’.
3 Draglines shall not be used to construct embankment unless
approval is given and only when special procedures are adopted to
keep the layers uniform and the embankment properly graded and
well-drained at all times.
4 Surfaces of embankment layers shall be kept properly shaped
and drained at all times. The Contractor shall utilize a sufficient
number of motor graders or tractors to level and maintain the surface
2-8
of each layer of embankment during all placing and compacting
operations.
5 Whenever feasible, trucks, scrapers, tractors, loaders and other
such a manner as will contribute effectively to compaction of the fill
material.
6 Where an embankment is to be constructed over an area
previously occupied by a building basement, cellar, irrigation canal,
well, any previous excavation, or adjacent to structures, and where
the proper use of normal compaction equipment is not practicable,
the embankment shall be constructed and compacted in accordance
with the backfilling requirements of Sub-section 2.7 – ‘Excavation
and Backfilling for Structures’ until the use of normal compaction
equipment is practicable. Layers shall not exceed 200 mm thickness
(before compaction) and shall be compacted to the degree of
compaction specified for the embankment. The embankment
construction under this item shall be measured and paid under the
requirements of Clause 2.7.4.8: “Unclassified Structural Excavation”.
7 Each embankment layer shall be tested and approved prior to
placing the following layer in accordance with Clause 2.5.4 ‘Testing’.
8 The Engineer may at any time order suspension of delivery of
materials to the embankment sites until previously delivered
materials have been properly placed and preceding layers are leveled
and uniformly compacted to the specified density.
9 Unacceptable material placed in any embankment shall be
removed and disposed of by the Contractor at his own expense,
immediately after receiving the Engineer’s instructions in this regard.
Any expected delay with the removal of such material shall be
coordinated and agreed with the Engineer.
10 The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all
embankments and shall replace all embankment sections which, in
the opinion of the Engineer, have been damaged or displaced due to
carelessness or neglect on the part of the Contractor, or due to
normally occurring natural causes, such as storms, and not
attributable to the unavoidable movement of the natural ground upon
which the embankment is constructed.
11 All embankment side slopes shall be neatly finished true to the
lines and not steeper than the slope angles as shown on the Drawings.
The bottom (toe) of side slopes shall be graded to a well-rounded,
smooth profile to blend in with the adjacent terrain.
12 Where directed by the Engineer, the side slopes of rockfill
embankments shall be thoroughly blanketed with A-1, A-2-4
material, and compacted to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
13 The Engineer may permit the Contractor to utilize suitable
surplus material at his own expense to widen embankments or flatten
slopes, etc within the right-of-way. Surplus material used in such
manner shall be compacted to 90 per cent of maximum density.
When widening embankments, the Contractor shall bear the cost of
modifying the culverts and any protection work necessary.
14 Rockfill shall not be used within 5m of a structural element
(next to bridge abutments footings, etc). In some specific cases, rock
fragments not exceeding 75mm particle size may be used next to
structural elements, but only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval
on the location and extent of the work.
15 Rockfill shall not be used within 600 mm of top and bottom of
box and pipe culverts. Subgrade material shall be used in these areas
up to width excavated for structures.
16 Potable or sea water can be used for all embankment
construction works, except that only potable water shall be used for
compaction of fill material within 1m from all surfaces of structures.
2.5.3.2 Trial Embankments Sections
1 If shown on the Drawings, or if required by the Engineer, a
trial embankment shall be constructed. The trial section shall be at
least 2 lanes wide by 100 m long at approved locations at or adjacent
to the Site. Compaction and other equipment used shall be as
specified in Section 19 ‘Plant and Equipment’.
2 The initial sections of rock embankment shall serve as the trial
sections for rock fill, in order to establish the optimum degrees of
consolidation for the different layer thickness. This shall be obtained
by compaction trials correlating number of passes of the roller with
settlement of the layer, or by different approved methods. The
maximum permitted layer thickness shall be related to the unit
weight of the vibratory roller and for compaction, as given in Table
2.5.3.1 and shall not exceed 800 mm loose thickness.
Maximum Thickness
Minimum Roller Mass*
of Layer
(Kg/m Width)
(Loose Thickness)
400 mm 2300 - 2900
500 mm 2900 - 3600
600 mm 3600 - 4300
700 mm 4300 - 5000
800 mm > 5000
* For multiple rollers, this shall be assumed as the high
axle load.
Table 2.5.3.1: Maximum Layer Thickness / Minimum Roller
Mass Requirements
2.5.3.3 Foundation Preparation
1 If the original surface upon which embankment is to be placed
is an existing pavement, the surface shall be ploughed, scarified, or
otherwise broken up regardless of the height of the embankment to
be placed thereon.
2 Clearing and grubbing, and removal of tree stumps, shall be
undertaken. The degree of compaction for the area to be cleared
shall then be determined. The top 150 mm of the surface on which
the embankment is to be placed shall be scarified, brought to a
uniform moisture content within the specified range, and compacted
to the density specified for the embankment. Hard and smooth
surfaces are to be roughened before filling is placed.
3 Where embankment is to be placed over topsoil containing
unsuitable organic material which does not meet the requirements of
Table 2.5.2.1, the ground shall be stripped off to a depth of 200mm
and the cleared surface shall be scarified to a minimum depth of
200mm or as directed by the Engineer, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to the
density specified for the embankment.
4 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides
or where new embankment is to be compacted against existing
embankments or where embankment is built part width at a time, the
slopes steeper than 3:1 (H:V) when measured at right angles to the
road centerline shall be continuously benched as the embankment is
brought up in layers. Benching shall be of sufficient width to permit
operation of spreading and compaction equipment, and in any case
not less than 2 m wide except where insufficient width is available
between existing and new embankments. Each horizontal cut shall
begin at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides
of the previous cuts. The vertical face of each bench shall not be less
than 1 m in height and not exceed 2 m. Approved benching shall be
measured as unclassified excavation.
5 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted on wadi
slopes, the entire slope area shall be graded and trimmed to remove
any vertical faces and overhangs. The final graded slope shall not be
steeper than 1.5H:1V. The slope shall then be continuously benched
as the embankment is brought up in layers, all as described above for
embankment on hillsides.
6 Where embankment is to be placed over existing asphalt roads,
the finished grade level of the road shall be at least 1200mm above
the existing roadbed surface.
7 Rockfill shall not be placed on any slopes steeper than 1:1. All
slopes steeper than 1:1 shall therefore be re-graded to a slope of 1:1
or milder and all vertical faces and overhangs removed.
2.5.3.4 Embankment Construction
1 Roadway embankment consisting of soil or granular material
shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 200 mm
compacted thickness, compacted as specified and approved prior to
placing the next layer. The thickness of the first layer over areas of
Class A-3 dune sand may exceed 250 mm in order to bridge these
areas. Approximately uniform thickness of each layer shall be
achieved prior to compaction. As the compaction of each layer
progresses, continuous leveling and working of the material shall be
carried out to ensure uniform density. The correct moisture content
shall be maintained at all times.
2 Where embankments are to be constructed to a height in
excess of 1.5 m above top of original ground level, the Engineer may
approve layers up to 250 mm compacted thickness if these layers are
located at depths greater than 1.5m from the final elevation of
embankment and if the Contractor's equipment and the nature of the
material result in the required density throughout the layer thickness.
3 When the moisture content of the embankment material does
not fall within the required moisture range, (optimum moisture ±
2%) water shall be added and thoroughly mixed into the soil by
approved methods or the material shall be aerated, whichever is
necessary to adjust the material to the required moisture content.
4 When water is added to embankment material, the amount
added shall be sufficient to provide a moisture content within the
required range plus a reasonable additional amount to compensate
for evaporation and other unavoidable losses. Water added in excess
of this amount shall be removed by aeration or other approved means
at the Contractor's expense. Satisfactory methods and sufficient
equipment shall be used for the furnishing and handling of the water
in a manner that will minimize loss due to evaporation or waste.
5 Embankments that consist of rock-soil material with sufficient
soil to make rolling feasible shall be placed and compacted in an
approved manner and to the required degree of compaction. Water
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shall be added as and when directed to assist in the compaction of
such materials.
6 In the case of embankments which are to be formed of
approved rock-soil material containing an appreciable quantity of
rock fragments (normally not exceeding 30% greater than 80mm)
and which cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed
without crushing, pulverizing, or otherwise breaking down the
fragments, the embankment may be constructed in layers not
exceeding in thickness twice the average size of the largest rock
fragments and in any case not exceeding 600 mm (before
compaction).
7 Rockfill materials shall be placed in such a manner that the
larger rocks are well distributed and the voids are filled to the
maximum practical extent by smaller particles of rocks, gravel or
approved granular materials. Each layer shall be bladed into a neat
and homogeneous mass prior to compaction. Any rocks found
protruding from the leveled surface shall be removed and replaced
by smaller particles. Initial breakdown compaction shall be
performed with heavy bulldozers. The top level of each layer must
be surveyed before and after compaction and approved by the
Engineer before the next layer is placed. Oversize rock pieces (i.e.
exceeding the maximum particle size defined in Table 2.5.2.2 by not
more than 10%) may be used in high rockfill embankments to a level
3 meters below sub-grade.
8 Rock-soil embankments shall be placed and compacted in an
approved manner and to the required degree of consolidation. Water
shall be added as and when directed by the Engineer to assist in the
compaction operations.
9 Embankments which are formed of approved rock-soil
material containing a considerable quantity of rock fragments (not
exceeding 30% exceeding 75mm) and which cannot be placed in
layers of the required thickness without crushing, pulverizing or
breaking down the fragments, the embankment may be constructed
in layers not exceeding the thickness twice the average size of the
largest rock fragments and in any case not exceeding 600mm
uncompacted thickness.
2.5.4 Testing
2.5.4.1 General
1 For verification of material, moisture content, compaction,
thickness and other properties of the materials or workmanship the
Engineer shall at all times have access to all parts of the Works and
Site. All sampling and testing of material and work shall be carried
out as specified to the satisfaction the Engineer.
2 Materials shall be tested in accordance with AASHTO T96,
ASTM D2167, AASHTO T104, AASHTO T176, BS 1377,
AASHTO M145, ASTM D1556/D1556M and other applicable and
relevant standards.
3 The Engineer shall test the compaction of embankment
materials in accordance with the Specification to ensure that
adequate compaction or consolidation has been achieved. All such
tests shall be fully documented by the Contractor, in an approved
manner.
4 In the case of cohesionless, free draining rock-soil materials,
where maximum density tests fail to produce a well-defined
moisture/density relationship, the relative density test shall be used.
2-10
Alternatively an electronic compaction meter or any other approved
test equipment shall be provided by the Contractor and used to
determine the degree of compaction achieved.
5 To determine the degree of compaction for embankment
consisting of rock fill, average differential settlement values shall
also be determined from surveys of an adequate number of grid point
elevations as directed by the Engineer at the commencement of,
during and after embankment construction. (Refer to Item 6 of
Paragraph 2.5.4.3 below).
6 For rockfill embankments, the modulus of soil reaction shall
be determined by the plate bearing test; using the method given in
AASHTO T222.
2.5.4.2 Standards of Compaction for Soil and Granular
Materials
1 The following compaction standards shall apply to
embankment materials other than predominantly rock materials. The
‘maximum density’ of soil type materials shall be the modified
maximum density determined in accordance with AASHTO T 180
(Method D). The ‘relative density’ shall be the relative density
determined in accordance with ASTM D 4254, which identifies the
state of compactness of the material with respect to its loosest and
densest state. The relative density shall be the standard to which the
field density is referred for comparison in the case of cohesionless,
free draining granular materials.
2 Soil type materials shall be compacted to at least 90%
modified maximum density for the full depth of embankment; except
for the 600 mm of embankment material immediately below the sub-
grade layer that shall be compacted to at least 95% modified
maximum density. Moisture content shall be within plus or minus
2% of optimum at the time of compaction.
3 Cohesionless, free draining granular materials (of 75 mm
maximum size, with not more than 15% passing 0.075 mm (No. 200)
sieve and a plasticity index (PI) not exceeding 20%) shall be
compacted to at least 70% of relative density for the full depth of
embankment. The 600 mm depth of such material immediately
below the sub-grade layer shall be compacted to at least 75% of
relative density.
4 Minimum soil tests required during the construction of sub-
grade and/or embankment are:
- One sample for CBR, classification (AASHTO M145),
and laboratory (Moisture - density) or relative density
compaction from each source prior to use. Each sample
shall represent not more than 5,000 cubic meters.
- One sample for classification representing not more
than 3,000 cubic meters of the material in use.
- For every completed layer, one field density shall be
determined for each 1500 square meters or 100 linear
meters, whichever is less. Testing shall be in
accordance with ASTM D 1556/D1556M or ASTM D
2167 or BS 1377 Part 9.
2.5.4.3 Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill and Rock-Soil
Materials
1 To ensure proper compaction of rockfill and rock-soil
embankments, the Contractor shall conduct compaction tests such as
the plate load bearing test or other approved equivalent tests using
equipment and materials available in order to determine the best
compaction control criteria.
2 A rockfill/rock-soil test section shall be placed on a firm
surface approved by the Engineer, and the material and layer
thickness shall conform to the requirements of these specifications.
3 The test section shall be of sufficient dimensions to permit the
establishment of at least twenty leveling points on a 5 meter (5m)
square grid, and no fewer than 3 points on any one line and no point
less than three meters from the edge of the layer. The arrangement of
the leveling points shall be approved by the Engineer.
4 Compaction shall then commence with a minimum of three
passes of a vibratory roller, as shown in Table 2.5.3.1. Leveling
points shall then established, short lengths of painted steel bars
hammered flush with the surface of the rockfill are suitable for this
purpose. A level reading shall be taken at each leveling point on top
of a moveable 300 mm square flat steel plate with a hole drilled in
the center of the plate to enable a visual check to be made that the
plate is located centrally over the bar.
5 Further readings shall be taken at the leveling points after two
additional passes with the roller. If the average settlement is less
than half of one per cent (0.5%) of the average compacted layer
thickness, or as determined by the Engineer, the rockfill/rock-soil
compaction test is deemed complete.
6 If the average settlement is more than half of one percent
(0.5%), two additional passes of the roller are required and the
leveling procedure shall be repeated. If the average settlement is
then less than half of one percent (0.5%), of the average compacted
layer thickness the test is deemed complete. If not, this step shall be
repeated.
7 The total number of passes of the rolling equipment necessary
to obtain the required result will establish the minimum number of
passes to be used on the rock embankments. However, in no case
shall the number of passes be less than five (5).
8 This verification procedure shall be conducted for each change
of material and at least once each week during the initial stages of
construction until a reliable rolling pattern is established. The
frequency verification procedure can then be reduced as approved by
the Engineer.
9 Documentation of the rockfill/rock-soil compaction tests shall
be maintained by the Contractor in the project records and shall be
copied to the Engineer.
2.5.4.4 Monitoring Settlement of Rockfill
1 On completion of the embankment, the Contractor shall carry
out precise leveling of the crest of the embankment. This shall
consist of leveling transverse sections (a minimum of five points) at
a maximum spacing of 30 m along the embankment. These shall be
referenced to a stable approved datum. Leveling shall be carried out
at suitable time intervals until the average rate of settlement over a
period of one month does not exceed 0.1 mm per day. No permanent
pavement construction will be permitted until the specified criteria
are achieved. Adequate time shall be allowed in the construction
program for the settlement survey.
2.5.5 Method of Measurement
1 No separate items are included in the Bill of Quantities for
embankments and will be measured by the area of cross section
using Average End Area Method as per sub-section 2.3.4.2. The cost
is deemed to be included in the items for excavation and borrow
excavation stated in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4.
2 The volume of embankment displaced by pipe culverts, box
culverts and associated end walls shall be deducted from the
measured volume of embankment. No deduction shall be made for
pipes less than 500 mm in diameter and associated end walls.
3 Surplus materials utilized at the Contractor's option within the
ROW but, beyond the cross sections shown on the Drawings, are not
measured as part of the embankment.
4 Benching described under Item 4 of Paragraph 2.5.3.3 is
measured as Unclassified Excavation, under Clause 2.3.4.
5 No adjustments or allowances are made in respect of
expansion or shrinkage of earthwork volumes which may occur
during excavation and compaction.
6 Embankment foundation treatment such as stripping,
scarifying and re-compaction of topsoil containing unsuitable
organic material, as detailed in Item 3 of Paragraph 2.5.3.3 is not
measured but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of
which are deemed to be included in the rates for excavation and
borrow excavation in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4.
7 Scarifying old pavement beds (where required), construction
of the trial embankment section if it is outside the pavement,
foundation, preparation, testing, including furnishing and using an
approved type electronic compaction meter and grid pattern
consolidation surveys, and all other ancillary embankment work are
not measured, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of
which are deemed to be included in the rates for excavation and
borrow excavation in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4.
2.5.6 Basis of Payment
1 No separate payment will be made for any work in this Sub-
section 2.5. The cost of all work for embankments is deemed to be
included under Sub-sections2.3 and 2.4.
2.5.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities
1 No items are included in the Bill of Quantities. All items
under Sub-section 2.5 are subsidiary to other items.
2.6 Sub-grade Construction
2.6.1 Description
1 This Subsection describes construction of the sub-grade layer
and preparing the sub-grade surface ready to receive the pavement
structure including shoulders, all as shown on the Drawings.
2 The sub-grade layer is the 200 mm minimum depth of selected
material immediately below the sub-grade surface, or as defined in
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer.
3 Wherever shallow ground water is expected under the roadway
and wherever damage to the pavement layers is potential due to
water impact, a suitable subsurface drainage blanket shall be
installed under the subgrade of the roadway. Drainage blanket is a
course of washed granular material placed to cut off upward
capillary flow of pore water under paved areas, where and as shown
on the Drawings.
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 i. The 15% size of filter (D15 Filter) shall not be greater
2.6.2 Materials than 4 times the 85% size of the surrounding material
(D85 Surrounding material):
1 Sub-grade material shall consist of suitable materials of
D15 Filter < 4 D85 Surrounding material.
Classes A-1, A-2-4 or A-2-5 having a 4-day soaked CBR of not less
than 25% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 193 when ii. The 15% size of filter (D15 Filter) shall not be less than
compacted at 100% of modified proctor AASHTO (T-180-D) and 4 times the 15% size of the surrounding material (D15
having a maximum P.I. of 10% and Gypsum Content not exceeding Surrounding material):
1% (BS 1377 Part 3). The Maximum Dry Density of Sub-grade D15 Filter > 4 D15 Surrounding material.
material shall be equal or greater than 1.9 t/cu.m. Sub-grade iii. The 50% size of filter (D50 Filter) shall not exceed 25
gradation shall be reasonably smooth without gap grading. All times the 50% size of the surrounding material (D50
material shall pass 75 mm sieve. The percent of material passing the Surrounding material):
0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not exceed 18% and shall not be less D50 Filter < 25 D50 Surrounding material.
than 5%. Where directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall screen iv. The plasticity index of the portion of all filter materials
the sub-grade material at his own expense. The top 200mm sub- passing sieve # 40 shall not exceed 6%.
grade material shall not contain more than 0.2% total Sulphate The filter materials shall not contain more than 5%
content and 0.05% total Chloride content in areas where the subgrade material passing through sieve # 200.
soil will be in contact with concrete structures or within a 6m
proximity to any buried concrete structures. For general embankment 2.6.3 Construction Requirements
fill layers (not in contact with concrete or within a 6m proximity to
any buried concrete structures), the material shall contain maximum 2.6.3.1 Subgrade in Cut
of 0.5% total sulphate content and 0.2% total chloride content.
1 Where the subgrade is located in rock, the sub-grade, unless
2 If a drainage blanket is shown on the Drawings to be installed shown otherwise on the Drawings, shall be undercut to a depth of
directly underneath the sub-grade, the sub-grade material shall 200 mm by drilling or blasting as directed. No rock shall project
respect the filter criteria specified under Item 5 of this Clause 2.6.2. more than 50 mm above the undercut surface elevation. The
3 Aggregate material for use in drainage blanket shall be rapid subgrade layer shall then be constructed using approved sub-grade
draining crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed gravel conforming material.
to the properties stated in Table 2.6.2.1 below. 2 Where the sub-grade is on in-situ soil which is of a quality and
CBR value at least equal to those specified for sub-grade, the 200
Property Range mm depth of such material immediately below top of sub-grade shall
Permeability in m/day 300 - 1500 be scarified and all roots, sod, vegetable and other undesirable matter
Effective Porosity 0.25 and stones larger than 75 mm in any dimension shall be removed.
% Fractured Faces – (COE Method) Min. 75% The material shall then be brought to uniform moisture content
Cu (D60/D10) > 3.5 within the specified range and compacted to 100% AASHTO T 180
L.A. Abrasion – AASHTO T96 < 40 (Method D) maximum density.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) – AASHTO A tolerance of ±2% is applicable to the specified above degree of
> 30%
T193 compaction for the subgrade layer, unless otherwise specified in the
Table 2.6.2.1: Properties of Rapid Draining Materials for use in particular specifications.
Drainage Blanket 3 Where the sub-grade is on in-situ soil which is unsuitable for
retention as the sub-grade layer, such material immediately below the
4 The gradation of the rapid draining material for use in drainage
top of sub-grade layer shall be sub-excavated to a depth of 200 mm,
blanket shall be as provided in Table 2.6.2.2 below:
hauled away and disposed of unless approved for use as embankment
Sieve Designation (mm) Percent Passing fill. The sub-grade layer shall then be constructed using approved
sub-grade material, as specified for sub-grade in embankment. If the
38.0 (1-1/2 in.) 100
material below sub-grade does not consist of suitable materials
25.0 (1 in.) 70 – 100 satisfying the requirements of top 600mm embankment, it shall be
19.0 (3/4 in.) 55 – 100 excavated for further 200mm and replaced by suitable material to
12.5 (1/2 in.) 40 – 80 satisfy the requirements of the top 600mm of the embankment.
9.5 (3/8 in.) 30 – 65
4 The underlying natural material shall be scarified, leveled and
4.75 (No. 4) 10 – 50
rolled. The surface of the natural soil shall be approved by the
2.4 (No. 8) 0 – 25
Engineer before placement of suitable material.
1.2 (No. 16) 0–5
Table 2.6.2.2: Gradation of Rapid Draining Materials for use in 2.6.3.2 Subgrade in Embankment
Drainage Blanket 1 The 200 mm minimum depth of embankment immediately
below top of sub-grade shall consist of selected, approved sub-grade
5 The layer directly underneath the drainage blanket and the one
material. The material shall be spread in one layer over the full
directly above it shall satisfy the following filter criteria:
width of the top of embankment, brought to a uniform moisture

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content within the specified range and compacted to 100% AASHTO the Contractor’s expense, using rock fill and geotextiles as necessary
T 180 (Method D) maximum density. to ensure a safe stable surface.

A tolerance of ±2% is applicable to the specified above degree of 3 If directed by the Engineer the Contractor shall construct sub-
compaction for the subgrade layer, unless otherwise specified in the grade and embankment (where applicable) over sabkha areas or
particular specifications. gypsum-rich soils with a surcharge of excess material that shall
remain in place till all appreciable settlement has stopped. The
2.6.3.3 Surface Tolerances Contractor shall provide a means of monitoring the settlement. The
Engineer shall decide when appreciable settlement has stopped.
1 All finished levels, lines and grades shall be in accordance
with the details shown on the Drawings. Each cross section shall be 4 Unless a specific treatment for using geotextiles, geogrids or
checked at maximum intervals of 20 m, at each change in cross slope geosynthetics is described elsewhere in the contract, work over
and elsewhere as directed. sabkha or gypsum-rich soils shall consist of initially stabilizing the
existing weak soil by laying and rolling rock fill layer type 1
2 The tolerances on levels of finished sub-grade, top of
according to Table 2.6.3.2 below. This operation should be
embankment under the sub-grade layer and sub-excavated (undercut)
continued by adding and rolling type 1 rock fill layer with steel
surface shall be as given in Table 2.6.3.1.
vibratory roller till the layer is completely stabilized.
Surface Tolerances 5 A layer of geotextile fabric shall be laid over the compacted
type 1 pervious material. A layer of 50mm pervious backfill type 2
Finished Sub-grade Soil +10 or -30 mm
according to Table 2.6.3-2 shall be laid over the stabilized layer to
Rock (if approved) +50 or -50 mm protect the geotextile fabric.

Top of Embankment or Sub-excavated 6 A layer of 200mm thick capillary break rock fill type 1 shall be
+10 or -30mm laid over type 2 pervious backfill to receive the required road layers
Surface Soil
Table 2.6.3.1: Tolerances on Elevations of Finished Sub-grade after the above operation.

3 If instructed by the Engineer, when the finished sub-grade ASTM Standard Percentage Passing
surface is tested with a 4 m long straightedge placed parallel to, or at Sieve Size Type 1 Type 2
right angles to the centerline, the maximum depression of the surface 6 inch 100 -
from the straight edge shall be 30 mm. 5 inch 85 - 100 -
4 inch 75 - 90 -
2.6.3.4 Maintenance of Finished Subgrade 2 inch 45 - 65 -
1 The finished and approved subgrade shall be continuously 1 1/2 inch 35 - 55 -
maintained in a smooth, well compacted and properly drained 3/4 inch 20 - 35 100
condition until the sub-base (or base) course is constructed. Re- 1/2 inch 10 - 25 95 - 100
approval of the sub-grade will be required if the overlying course is 3/8 inch 5 - 20 70 - 100
not constructed within 14 days of sub-grade completion or if the sub- No.4 - 0 - 55
grade layer is damaged by traffic or any other causes prior to the No.8 - 0 - 10
placement of the sub-base layer. No. 16 - -
No. 200 - 0-3
2.6.3.5 Drainage Blanket
Table 2.6.3.2: Definition of Type 1 and Type 2 Rockfill Materials
1 Wherever and as shown on the drawings, place drainage for Sabkha Treatment
blanket under roadway pavements on prepared sub-grade as follows:
i. Compact drainage blanket to required cross sections
2.6.3.7 Subgrade Construction on top of Dune Sand
and thickness to not less than 95 percent of maximum
dry density according to ASTM D 1557. 1 Dune sand roadbed shall be compacted only after being
ii. Place drainage blanket in layers not exceeding 150mm confined by special means and methods that shall be approved by the
compacted thickness each, with no layer less than 75 Engineer. These methods may include the construction of an edge
mm thick when compacted. dyke of various materials on both sides of the road to provide the
necessary confinement.
2.6.3.6 Subgrade Construction on Sabkha and Gypsum Rich
2 Dune sand material will be allowed to receive dry compaction
Soils
only if the material is tested and proven to be A-3 type and only in
1 Where the road sub-grade passes over sabkha areas or case where the Proctor test showed a maximum dry density at 0 %
gypsum-rich soils with a high water table the Contractor shall take moisture. Otherwise, the material shall be brought to uniform
the special precautions mentioned below if the sabkha or the moisture content within the specified range and shall be compacted
gypsum-rich soils are encountered within the top 1m below the sub- to 100% AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum density.
grade level.
2 These precautions shall include but shall not be limited to the
2.6.4 Method of Measurement
construction of suitable temporary haul roads for all construction 1 Sub-grade layer in embankment is not measured separately but
plant operating in the area. Such haul roads shall be constructed, at is included as part of the computation for the volume of embankment.

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2 Sub-grade preparation in cut is be measured by cu.m. of top
width of sub-grade layer computed from cross sections shown on the
Drawings. The rate shall include for all excavation below top of sub-
grade, as per the thicknesses and material specified under Item
2.6.3.1.3 including scarification and removal of undesirable matter
and compacting of replaced matter where necessary.
3 Drainage blanket shall be measured by cubic meters of
aggregate materials, furnished, screened, washed, placed, spread,
compacted, completed and accepted. Measurement shall be of
volumes computed from the cross sections shown on the Drawings
(and of the field measurements of area) and compacted depth of each
trial section. No allowance shall be made in the measurement for
overdepth and/or overwidth construction, regardless of the
Engineer’s permission for it to remain in place.
4 Sub-grade construction on sabkha or gypsum-rich soils shall
be measured by cu.m. of top width of sub-grade layer computed
from the cross sections shown on the Drawings The rates shall
include for all excavation below top of sub-grade, as per the
thicknesses and material specified under Item 2.6.3.1.3 including
scarification and removal of undesirable matter, construction of
temporary haul roads, any rockfill, geotextile or geo-synthetics used,
surcharge materials, compaction and completion and any accessories
all as specified in Paragraph 2.6.3.6 and as shown on the relevant
drawings.
5 Sub-grade construction on top of dune sand shall be measured
by cu.m. of top width of sub-grade layer computed from cross
sections shown on the Drawings. The rates shall include for all
excavation below top of sub-grade, as per the thicknesses and
material specified under Item 2.6.3.1.3 including scarification and
removal of undesirable matter, installation and dismantling of the
confinement structure or side embankment and compacting the soil
layers as specified.
2.6.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the relevant
items in the Bill of Quantities , which rate shall be full compensation
for supplying materials, transporting, hauling and placing, for labor,
equipment, tools and other items necessary for the proper completion
of the work.
2.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Sub-grade preparation in cut (cu.m.)
ii. Drainage blanket (cu.m.)
iii. Preparation of sub-grade construction
on sabkha or gypsum-rich soils (cu.m.)
iv. Preparation of sub-grade construction
on top of dune sand (cu.m.)
2.7 Excavation and Backfilling for
Structures
2.7.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes excavation in any material for
buildings and pump houses; bridges, culverts, pipe culverts, under-
drains; drainage and utility structures; flood areas cut-off-walls;
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retaining walls of all types; and for other major and minor structures;
including all necessary clearing and grubbing; bailing; drainage;
pumping; dewatering; sheeting; temporary shoring and cribbing;
construction of temporary cofferdams or cribs; backfilling with
suitable approved material to the level of original ground or to the
top level of any adjacent embankment; and disposal of all surplus or
unsuitable excavated material, all as shown on the Drawings, or as
directed by the Engineer.
2 The work also includes removal of those portions of existing
structures below ground which would in any way obstruct or
interfere with construction of new structures.
3 The Contractor will be deemed to have satisfied himself, at the
time of tendering, as to the type and nature of soils and rock that will
be encountered in structural excavations.
2.7.2 Excavation
2.7.2.1 General
1 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer a sufficient time in
advance of the beginning of any excavation for structures so that the
Engineer may, where necessary, survey and record the cross
sectional or longitudinal elevations and measurements of the existing
ground and existing structures affected by the proposed structure.
Any materials removed or excavated before these measurements
have been taken and approved by the Engineer will not be paid for.
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for the safety of all
foundation and trench excavations whether supported or not.
Approval of the Contractor's support system or omission of a support
system for any excavations will not absolve the Contractor from his
sole responsibility in this regard.
3 The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions, including
shoring or other means, to protect employees and others in the
excavation and on the ground above.
4 The sides of all foundation pits and trenches shallower than
1.5m shall be vertical and adequately supported unless otherwise
shown on the Drawings. Sides more than 1.5 m in depth shall be
sloped at a stable slope or supported in an approved manner unless
the material through which the pit or trench is cut is deemed to be
sufficiently self-supporting and not requiring support.
5 Pits and trenches shall be kept free from water until footing
concrete has been placed or pipes have been installed. The
Contractor shall minimize, as far as practicable, the length of time
excavated areas are open. The Contractor shall be responsible for
repair of damage due to weather, equipment, and other causes during
periods when the excavations are left open.
6 The Contractor shall plan the Works so that no excavation is
left in an exposed condition for a period greater than 30 days unless
otherwise approved.
7 Where excavation is adjacent to public highways and
walkways, warning lights, barriers and barricades shall be provided
to the Engineer’s satisfaction. No excavation shall be left in an
exposed condition for more than 7 days unless otherwise approved.
8 For excavation in material sensitive to moisture (stiff clays,
marls, etc.) the excavation shall be cleaned and a concrete blinding
layer cast immediately on completion of the excavation.
9 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of any sign of failure
or cracks within or around the excavation immediately when such
signs are noticed.
2.7.2.2 Temporary Support System
1 When a temporary support system is required to protect
adjacent property or to protect the public during construction, the
Contractor's design for such support system shall be submitted for
approval prior to commencing its construction.
2 All temporary support systems shall be designed with adequate
factors of safety to serve with minimal maintenance, for the duration
of its intended use, and shall include adequate safety provisions to
protect the public from construction activities.
3 Notwithstanding any approval of temporary support systems,
the Contractor shall be solely responsible for the adequacy of their
design and construction and for maintenance and all necessary safety
precautions associated therewith.
2.7.2.3 Excavation for Major Structures and Bridges
1 Foundations for buildings, pump houses and other major
structures and bridges, shall be excavated in accordance with the
dimensions as shown on the Drawings and shall be of sufficient size
to permit placing of the full width and lengths of the footings.
2 Excavation shall be carried down to the levels shown on the
Drawings or as established by the Engineer based on previous
investigations. No concrete shall be placed prior to approval of the
excavation pit.
3 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, the bottom of all
excavations shall be covered with a 75mm minimum depth of lean
(blinding) concrete Class 15 to serve as a working platform.
4 Foundation pits or trenches shall be of sufficient size and
provide minimum sufficient working space to permit construction of
structures or structure footings of the full width and length shown on
the Drawings.
5 Where footings are constructed using formwork, the
excavations shall generally not extend more than 500 mm beyond the
maximum dimension on each side of the proposed footing unless
additional working space is clearly required and approved by the
Engineer. Any unauthorized overwidth of excavation beyond the
lateral limits or depths shown on the drawings or approved by the
Engineer shall be backfilled with selected fill or lean concrete as
directed by the Engineer at the Contractor’s expense.
6 Where footings are located, in or adjacent to firm, original
ground and where formwork is not required or ordered, any
unauthorized overdepth excavation below the approved elevation of
base of footing shall be backfilled with blinding concrete.
7 Where excavation to rock foundation is required, the
excavation shall proceed in such a manner as to allow the solid rock
to be exposed and prepared in horizontal beds or properly serrated
for receiving the concrete. All loose and disintegrated rock and thin
strata shall be removed.
8 When unstable material or other unsuitable material is
encountered below foundation elevation, the Contractor shall
excavate such material and replace it with suitable backfill material
or concrete to the depth as directed by the Engineer.
9 If temporary works are required for maintaining the excavation
dry, the Contractor shall be responsible for the design and execution
of the works. The proposed design shall be submitted to the Engineer
for approval but, such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his
sole responsibility in this regard.
2.7.2.4 Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts and
Miscellaneous Structures
1 Excavation shall be carried out to the limits required for
construction and to the depth required for bedding material or
removal of unsuitable material. All trench excavation shall proceed
upgrade, commencing at the downstream end.
2 Foundation material supporting the bedding or structure shall
be AASHTO M 145 Class A-1-a, A-1-b or A-2-4 compacted to 95%
AASHTO T 180 maximum density. If the natural material does not
meet the classification requirements, it shall be sub-excavated to a
depth of at least 200mm and replaced with material meeting the
specified requirements. Any rock or hard material within 200 mm of
the bottom of the pipes shall be similarly sub-excavated and replaced
with material meeting the specified requirements.
3 If no special bedding material is required, the foundation for
precast and prefabricated culverts shall be formed to the shape of the
culvert, including all protrusions. The shaping shall extend to 25%
of the height of culvert.
4 Where rock is encountered in the toe wall excavation for
concrete box culverts or concrete cut-off-walls for floodway,
embankment protection and pipe culverts and the rock is of such
quality as will prevent erosion, part of the toe wall may be eliminated
in the rock strata as directed and the toe wall shall be keyed into the
rock strata in a satisfactory manner. The minimum thickness of the
key shall be as shown on Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
5 Precast concrete pipes and metal pipes shall be installed in
trenches cut into previously constructed and compacted embankment
or from top of sub-grade. Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings,
trench width shall not be greater than the external diameter of the
pipe plus 500 mm on each side.
6 In the case of metal pipes, the bottom of the trench shall be
shaped to a template so that at least 10% of the overall height of pipe
or arch will be in contact with the bottom of the trench as excavated.
Recesses shall be excavated to receive any parts of the pipe which
extend below the outside perimeter. Where rock, hardpan or other
unyielding material is encountered it shall be removed below design
grade or as ordered by the Engineer for a depth of at least 200 mm
and backfilled as specified.
7 Trenches for cast in-situ pipes shall be cut into previously
constructed and compacted embankment from top of sub-grade or
embankment height or twice the nominal span of the pipe whichever
is less. Trench width shall not be greater than the external diameter
or span of pipe plus 500 mm on each side when external forms are
used, or the external span of pipe including protection plus 100 mm
on each side when external forms are not used.
8 When excavation is required for installation of ducts, the
Contractor shall notify the Engineer upon completion of the
excavation. No duct shall be laid until the depth and cross section of
the excavation has been approved.
9 Over-width or over-depth excavation for precast concrete
pipes shall be made good at the Contractor's expense by provision of
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an in situ concrete cradle or increased thickness of concrete bedding
as directed, or by the use of other approved suitable materials.
10 Over width excavation for in situ concrete pipes shall be made
good at the Contractor's expense by concrete bedding brought up to
the external haunch of the pipe or by the use of other approved
suitable materials.
11 Over depth excavation for metal pipes shall be made well by
furnishing and backfilling an approved, fine granular material
containing not more than 0.5% of combined chlorides and sulfates.
2.7.3 Backfilling
2.7.3.1 General
1 The Contractor shall obtain approval for his proposed method
and rate of placing of backfill before work commences.
2 Backfill materials shall be uniformly graded granular material,
capable of being compacted to required compaction, and having
adequate permeability to permit free drainage through it. Backfill
material shall also conform to the requirements listed in Table
2.7.3.1 below:
Surface Requirements
Minimum D10 value 1 mm
Maximum Plasticity Index 10 per cent
Requirements for bridges, culverts etc. shall be as specified in
subsequent sections
Table 2.7.3.1: Requirements for Backfill Materials
3 Backfill material shall not be placed against any structure until
approval is given. Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings
structures shall be backfilled to the same requirements as specified
for the adjacent embankment.
4 Backfill shall be placed in level layers for the full width of the
excavated area until the elevation of the original ground or
surrounding embankment is reached. Backfill next to walls, between
columns or in other confined areas, shall be compacted by approved
hand or portable equipment.
5 Each successive layer of backfill shall contain only sufficient
material to ensure proper compaction and in no case shall any layer
be greater than 150 mm thickness (after compaction). The moisture
content of the backfill material shall be uniform and within the
moisture range designated. Backfill material shall be compacted to
95% of the maximum density as determined by AASHTO T 180
(Method D).
6 Jetting of fills or other hydraulic methods involving or likely to
involve liquid or semi-liquid pressure will not be permitted.
7 Water shall be drained from the areas to be backfilled
wherever practicable. In cases where, in the opinion of the Engineer,
it is not practicable to drain the areas to be backfilled, the initial
backfill material shall consist of crushed, open graded material
conforming to the gradation given in Table 2.7.3.2 below:
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ASTM Standard
Percentage Passing Size
Sieve Size
3/8" 100
No. 4 < 85
No. 30 < 45
No. 200 <5
Table 2.7.3.2: Requirements for Open Graded Backfill -
Gradation
Such material may be deposited below the standing water level
without compaction. Above the water level normal laying and
compaction will be considered.
8 Additional water to be added during placement of backfill
material to achieve required compaction shall be fresh water or
brackish water approved by the Engineer.
9 Minimum tests required during backfilling operations to verify
material are:
- One Proctor test for each structure.
- One gradation of materials when materials changed.
- One plasticity index and field density for 50% of the
layers and for each footing and abutment as instructed
by the Engineer.
2.7.3.2 Backfilling for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts, Bridge and
Building Foundations, Walls, Abutments and
Miscellaneous Structures
1 Structures shall not be subject to the pressures of backfilling or
to live loads until the 28-day strength of the concrete has been
reached, unless a shorter period is approved in special circumstances
where the load is sufficiently small as not to constitute a risk of any
damage to the structure in the opinion of the Engineer. This period
may be extended if subnormal curing conditions exist.
2 Backfill placed around culverts shall be deposited on both
sides to approximately the same level at the same time. Special care
shall be taken to prevent any wedging action against the structure
and slopes bounding the excavation shall be stepped, where
necessary, to prevent such wedge action occurring.
3 All backfill intended to support false workloads, including
temporary fills shall be selected to support the required load. As a
minimum, such material shall be AASHTO M 145, Class A-1-a, A-
1-b or A-2-4, compacted to 90% of the maximum density as
determined by AASHTO T 180 (Method D).
4 Backfill around bridge and building foundations, abutment
walls and retaining walls shall be completed to the level of the
original ground line and to such heights above original ground line or
to the levels as shown on the Drawings. Care shall be exercised to
prevent forward movement of the wall.
5 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, when special
permeable backfill (sheathing) is to be placed against the back faces
of retaining walls or wing walls, it shall consist of a continuous
covering of approved type proprietary filter cloth protected by a
continuous wall of 200mm minimum thickness precast, porous (no-
fines) concrete blocks laid with dry joints. Prior to construction of
the block wall, ensure that all underdrains or perforated pipes are laid
along the base of the wall under the sheathing, as shown on the 2 Structural excavation is measured by cubic meter of material
Drawings. excavated for the major structures hauled away and disposed of as
directed, or stockpiled. Measurement of structural excavation shall
6 Backfill material for culverts, pipe culverts and miscellaneous
be from original ground levels or ground levels after removal of all
structures within 300 mm of any part of the structure shall be Class
unclassified highway excavation. Limits shall not be greater than
A-1-a, A-1-b or A-2-4. The 200 mm minimum thickness of sub-
vertical planes 500 mm from the maximum dimension, on each side
grade layer shall consist of approved sub-grade material placed and
of the footing or other controlling portion of the structure. Where
compacted to 100% maximum density as specified under Sub-
structures are constructed against natural ground or rock, excavation
section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’. The backfill shall be
limits shall be the dimensions of the structure as shown on the
completed to the level of the original ground or to the top elevation
Drawings. Bottom limits shall be the ordered foundation levels. Only
of any adjacent embankment.
material excavated from its original position shall be measured for
7 Backfilling around and over pipe culverts shall not commence payment. No measurements shall be made of structural excavation in
until headwalls and wingwalls have been constructed and attained embankments previously constructed by the Contractor.
the specified 28-day strength.
3 Additional excavation in unstable material or other unsuitable
8 Water used for compaction of backfill around metal pipes and material encountered below foundation level shall be measured as
reinforced concrete structures shall be from an approved source and part of the unclassified structural excavation.
shall not contain more than 0.5% combined chlorides and sulphates
4 Structural Excavation under Water shall be measured by cu.m.
nor contain other potentially harmful minerals.
of material excavated for the major structures, hauled away and
9 When pipes or other structures temporarily extend above the disposed of as directed, or stockpiled on or in the vicinity of the
grade of the partially constructed embankment, the Contractor shall Works, and the excavated areas backfilled, completed and accepted.
construct the fill over the structure of sufficient depth to protect the
5 Unauthorized overdepth and overwidth excavation in soil and
structure from any damage resulting from construction or other
rock and the backfill material including blinding concrete required in
traffic.
such cases, shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be
10 The Contractor shall complete the backfill around box culverts considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be deemed to
to the level of the original ground line and to the full width of be included in the rates for structural excavation.
excavation area. If the top of culvert extends above the original
6 Structural excavation in any material or under water for box
ground line the Contractor shall continue the backfill to the top of
culverts less than one sq.m. in external cross section, and structural
culvert and for a width of 3 m on each side of the culvert for the full
excavation for pipe culverts, underdrains (subsoil drains), pits,
width of roadway embankment. If the embankment is in place at the
catchbasins, manholes, inlets, energy dissipaters, slope protection,
time of backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around the culvert to
fence posts, guardrail posts, lighting columns, sign posts, signal
the top of embankment.
supports and all other minor structures, shall not be measured for
11 Backfill around pipe culverts shall be completed to the level of direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs
original ground line and to the full width of excavation area. If the of which will be deemed to be included in the rates and prices for the
top of the culvert extends above the original ground line the relevant items.
Contractor shall continue the backfill to the top of culvert for a width
7 Unless specified otherwise in the special specifications,
of 1.5 times the maximum external width of the culvert on each side
temporary cofferdams, temporary support system, bailing, drainage,
of the culvert centerline to the full width of the roadway
dewatering, pumping, sheeting, concrete blinding layers and all other
embankment. If the embankment is in place at the time of
Temporary Works shall not be measured for direct payment, but
backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around the culvert to the top
shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be
of culvert or as shown on the Drawings.
deemed to be included in the rates for structural excavation.
12 Any existing roadway pavement cut through, damaged or
8 Backfilling to structural excavation shall not be measured
removed during excavation for pipe culvert installation shall be
separately but is considered as subsidiary work the cost of which are
reinstated, after pipe installation and trench backfilling, using
deemed to be included in the rates for structural excavation.
approved base and surfacing course materials at least equivalent to
those in the original pavement. Materials and construction shall 9 Any blinding concrete used at the bottom of excavations, as
conform to the relevant requirements Sections 3 and 4 of this shown on the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer shall be
specification. measured and paid for in accordance with the relevant method of
measurement under Clause 5.1.5 of Section 5 ‘Concrete and
13 Miscellaneous structures other than pipe culverts shall be
Concrete Structures’.
backfilled in accordance with the methods specified. Compaction of
backfill when structures are outside the roadway right-of-way or in
2.7.5 Basis of Payment
approach roads, minor roads or similar areas, shall be to 90% of
maximum density as determined by AASHTO T 180 (Method D). 1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
2.7.4 Method of Measurement items in the Bill of Quantities , which rate shall be full compensation
for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing,
1 All structural excavation, of whatever type, shall be measured
and for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
as ‘unclassified’ which shall be deemed to include all materials
encountered of any nature, including silts, clays, sand, gravel and
granular materials and fractured, jointed and solid rock.

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 2.8.3 Construction Requirements
2.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
2.8.3.1 Excavation for Pipe Trenches
i. Unclassified structural excavation
1 The Contractor shall not commence excavation of any section
(Depth 0 to 2m) (cu.m.)
of work until a full supply of pipes and fittings is available for that
ii. Unclassified structural excavation section.
(2m < Depth  4m) (cu.m.) 2 During excavation, material suitable for backfilling shall be
iii. Unclassified structural excavation piled at sufficient distance from the sides of the trench as to avoid
(Depth > 4m) (cu.m.) overloading and prevent cave in. All excavated material not required,
iv. Unclassified structural excavation or unsuitable for backfilling shall be removed and carted away to an
approved dumping area.
(under water) (cu.m.)
3 Trenches shall be excavated to such depths as will permit the
pipes to be laid at elevations, slopes or depths of cover indicated on
the drawings, and at uniform slopes between indicated elevations.
2.8 EARTHWORK FOR PIPE
4 Where excavation depth exceeds the level indicated on the
TRENCHES
drawings and is not authorized in writing by the Engineer, the
Contractor shall place backfill or concrete to the required bottom
2.8.1 Description
level, as instructed by the Engineer, all at his own expense.
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for excavation of 5 Trenches shall be excavated with vertical sides between the
trenches in any material for water supply, sewage, stormwater bottom level and 300 mm above the top of the pipe.
drainage including pipe culverts and irrigation pipes, and all other
6 Trench width up to 300 mm above the crown of the pipe shall
associated works, including all necessary clearing and grubbing,
not exceed the following:
bailing, draining, shoring, planking, strutting and supporting the
i. For pipes not exceeding 65 mm diameter: Nominal
sides of excavation. The work includes backfilling with suitable
diameter plus 300 mm.
approved material and disposal of the excess material to designated
ii. For pipes over 65 mm and not exceeding 600 mm
and approved tip locations.
diameter: Nominal diameter + 600 mm.
iii. For pipes over 600 mm diameter: Nominal diameter +
2.8.2 Materials 1000 mm.
7 Where the above specified trench widths are exceeded; the
2.8.2.1 Backfill Material
Contractor shall provide additional pipe protection or pipes of
1 Initial backfill (up to 300 mm above the top of the pipe) shall increased strength if the Engineer calls for such measures, all at his
be selected fill, sand or other approved material and shall conform to own expense.
the following: 8 Excavation of trenches with battered sides will not be
ASTM permitted within 4m of any building or other structure.
Percent by Weight Percent by
Standard 9 When the pipes are to be laid in embankments or other fill
Passing for Pipes other Weight Passing
Sieve Size areas, the embankment or fill area shall first be filled and compacted
than uPVC for uPVC Pipes
(mm)
as specified to the proposed finished grade or to a height of at least
19 100 - 300 mm above the top of pipe whichever is lower. The trench shall
4.76 25 – 100 100 then be excavated as in undisturbed material.
10 When pipes are to be laid under existing pavements, trenches
1.19 10 – 75 25 – 75
shall be excavated carefully and to minimum widths. Methods that
0.354 5 – 30 10 – 30 will give straight and vertical face shall be used. The pavement shall
be kept at its original level and condition.
0.177 3 – 10 3 – 10
11 In combined trenches where one pipe is at a lower level than
0.075 0–5 0–5 an adjacent pipe the following shall be applied:
i. The whole trench shall have a depth related to the lower
Table 2.8.2-1: Requirements for Initial Backfill - Gradation pipe and the thickness of the bedding shall be increased
to the upper pipe as necessary.
2 For GRP pipes, graded crushed stone 2.83-8 mm shall be used
ii. The lower pipe shall be backfilled with thoroughly
for initial backfilling.
compacted granular material up to a level of 0.30
3 The remainder of the trench shall be backfilled with suitable meters above the higher pipe.
material either from material removed in the course of excavating the
trench, or imported from approved borrow pit. In either case the 12 Final excavation to the correct grade level for trench beds shall
backfill material shall be non-plastic. The percentage by weight be carried out immediately before laying beds or pipes. Unstable
passing a No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve shall not exceed 15%. The material, rock projections, boulders and hard spots shall be removed
percentage passing a 63 mm sieve shall be 100. and replaced with approved filling material, that will be compacted

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as instructed. Local soft spots shall be compacted by tamping in
bedding material.
13 The bottoms of trenches shall be accurately graded to provide
uniform bearing and support for the bottom quadrant of each section
of the pipe. Bell holes shall be excavated to the necessary size at
each joint or coupling to eliminate point bearing. Any material that
may cause point bearing shall be removed.
14 The Contractor shall report to the Engineer any unsuitable or
weak ground material that may be found below the indicated
excavation levels before executing any trimming of the excavation,
pipe laying, concreting, or other work. Where, in the judgment of the
Engineer the bottom of the trench is unsuitable, such material shall
be removed to the width and depth ordered by the Engineer. The
trench shall then be made up by backfilling with approved material.
15 Where rock is encountered, the trench shall be excavated to
150 mm below bed level and replaced with granular material,
concrete, or blinding grade as directed.
2.8.3.2 Backfilling
1 Trenches shall not be backfilled at joints until after that section
of the pipeline has successfully passed the specified tests.
Initial backfill or surround up to a level of 300 mm above top of the
pipe, shall be placed and hand compacted in 150 mm layers. The
backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the pipe for the
full length of the pipe. Care shall be taken to ensure thorough
compaction of the fill under the haunches of the pipe.
2 Suitable backfill shall be placed and well compacted in layers
not exceeding 150 mm thick after compaction. Heavy compactors
shall not be used until there is 600 mm cover over pipes.
3 Unless otherwise specified each layer shall be compacted to at
least 95% maximum density for cohesionless soils and 90%
maximum density for cohesive soils.
4 Backfilling trenches for pipes with concrete beds and or
surrounds shall not start before 24 hours after placing concrete.
Heavy compactors shall not be used and traffic shall not be allowed
before the elapse of 72 hours after placing the concrete.
5 When the backfill material is too wet from rain or excessive
application of water, no compaction shall be done. In this case the
work shall be suspended until the previously placed and new
materials have dried sufficiently to permit proper compaction. Other
measures shall be taken if necessary to obtain proper compaction.
6 Temporary crossing are to be provided over trenches to
prevent construction traffic damaging pipes after backfilling.
2.8.3.3 Restoration of Surfaces
1 Restoration of asphalt, concrete, gravel pavements and the
likes shall be of materials and thickness to match the existing
pavement. Materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with
local authority requirements and as directed by the Engineer.
2 Restoration of pavement shall be done according to the
existing pavement quality and level to ensure that new pavement
matches the existing to provide uniform surface with the existing
profile.
3 Grassed areas shall be restored by spreading approved fertile
soil over affected area after backfilling. Seeding, fertilizers and water
shall be applied until grass is restored to its former condition.
4 Surface grading shall be carried out to restore all un-surfaced
areas and any adjoining areas disturbed to provide a level, smooth
surface.
5 The Contractor shall proceed with restoration of surfaces as
soon after completion of other work as is practicable, but in no case
more than 10 days after backfilling of trenches and other excavated
areas. Restoration shall be completed within 20 days from the start of
restoration.
2.8.4 Method of Measurement
1 Trench excavation and backfill shall be paid for per cu.m.
measured in horizontal layers for the different depth categories
shown in the Bill of Quantities. Trench length shall be measured
between outer surfaces of manholes or chambers. Trench width shall
be as specified or shown on Drawings. Depth of excavation shall be
the depth of every horizontal layer. Excavation for bedding is
included as trench excavation.
2 Rates for trench excavation and backfill shall include for:
i. Excavating in any material encountered including rock.
ii. Blasting, barring, wedging or other quarrying methods
for rock excavation.
iii. Excavation at any level.
iv. Excavating curved on plan.
v. Allowance for working space.
vi. Increase in bulk for excavating.
vii. Excavating below water table and dewatering as
necessary.
viii. Keeping excavations free from water.
ix. Leveling, compacting, trimming and grading bottoms
and trimming sides and bottoms of excavation.
x. Supporting the sides of excavation.
xi. Filling with material as specified and compacting
around pipes and beds multiple handling of excavated
material and excavation from borrows and transporting
about the Site.
xii. Segregation of the various classes of excavated spoil
and stock piling as may be directed by the Engineer.
xiii. Disposal of surplus excavated material including
depositing and consolidating where directed on Site or
removing from Site and depositing at a tip to be
provided and paid for by the Contractor.
xiv. Pipe bedding, initial backfill or gravel, and final
backfill.
xv. Filling over-excavation with material as specified
xvi. Consolidation of primary backfill (initial backfill)
material using water or hand tamping.
xvii. Compaction of secondary backfill (main backfill)
material.
xviii. Reinstatement of unpaved surfaces. (Reinstatement of
paved surfaces shall be made and paid for according to
Sections 4 or 12 as appropriate)
2.8.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
items in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation
for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing,
and for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
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2.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Trench excavation and backfilling
(Depth from 0 to 2m) cu.m.
ii Trench excavation and backfilling
(2m < Depth  3m) cu.m.
iii Trench excavation and backfilling
(3m < Depth  4m) cu.m.
iv Trench excavation and backfilling
(Depth > 4m) cu.m.
v. Trench excavation and backfilling
(under water) cu.m.

2-20