Free Fall

1. 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 𝑔𝑡
1 2
2. 𝑑 = 𝑣1𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
2
3. 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2𝑔𝑑

3 Cases of Free Fall

1. Thrown upward
2. Thrown downward
3. Dropped

Examples
1. Vincent drops a stone from a bridge 25 m above the water. With what velocity does
it hit the water?

Given: 𝑑 = 25 𝑚
𝑣1 = 0
2
𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠

Unknown: 𝑣2 =?

2
Solution: 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2𝑔𝑑
2 2
= (0) + 2(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(− 25 𝑚)
2 2
= 0 + 2(245 𝑚 /𝑠 )
2 2
= 0 + 490 𝑚 /𝑠
= 22. 14 𝑚/𝑠

2. A tightly packed relief good is dropped by a hovering helicopter. How far will the
pack fall in 2 sec?

Given: 𝑣1 = 0
𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠

Unknown: 𝑑 =?

1 2
Solution: 𝑑 = 𝑣1𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
 1 2 2
= (0)(2 𝑠𝑒𝑐) + 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )(2 𝑠𝑒𝑐)
1 2 2
=0+ 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )(4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
1
=0+ 2
(− 39. 2 𝑚)
= 0 + (− 19. 6 𝑚) =− 19. 6 𝑚

PROJECTILE MOTION

Examples
1. Given: 𝑣1𝑥 = 30 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑦 =− 3 𝑚
𝑣1𝑦 = 0

Unknown: 𝑑𝑥 =?; 𝑡 =?
 1 2
Solution: 𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑔𝑡
2
2𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡
2 2𝑑𝑦 2(−3 𝑚) −6 𝑚 2
𝑡 = 𝑔
= 2 = 2 = 0. 61 𝑠𝑒𝑐
−9.8 𝑚/𝑠 −9.8 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝑡= 0. 61 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0. 78 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥𝑡
= (30 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)(0. 78 𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 23. 4 𝑚

FORCE

2. Electromagnetic Force
 3. Strong Nuclear Force
4. Weak Nuclear Force

Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertia

A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion and will
continue to move
INERTIA - property of a body that tends to resist change in its state of motion

Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration

Examples:
1. A 2.0 kg object is moving at 20 m/s starting from rest in 5.0 s. What is the
magnitude of the net force acting on the object?

Given: 𝑚 = 2. 0 𝑘𝑔 Unknown: 𝐹 =?
𝑣1 = 0 𝑣2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 5. 0 𝑠
 𝑣2−𝑣1
Solution: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚( 𝑡
)

20 𝑚/𝑠−0
= (2. 0 𝑘𝑔)( 5.0 𝑠
)

2 2
= (2. 0 𝑘𝑔)(4 𝑚/𝑠 ) = 8 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 or 8 N

2. A 0.050 kg tennis ball approaches a racket at 25 m/s. It is in contact with the racket’s
strings for 0.005 sec, then rebounds at 25 m/s. What is the average force the racket
exerts in the ball?

Given: m = 0.05 kg
𝑣1 = 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 0. 005 𝑠
𝑣2 =− 25 𝑚/𝑠

Unknown: 𝐹 =?

𝑣2−𝑣1
Solution: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚( 𝑡
)
−25 𝑚/𝑠−25 𝑚/𝑠
= (0. 05 𝑘𝑔)( 0.005 𝑠
)
2
= (0. 05 𝑘𝑔)(− 10 000 𝑚/𝑠 )
2
=− 500 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 =− 500 𝑁

Newton’s Third Law: Law of Interaction

For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction
- Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but oppositely directed
- Forces always come in pairs, that is an action and reaction

Equilibrium (State of balance)

- Static
- Dynamic

Forces in Equilibrium
- Center of gravity
- Point where the weight of an object is concentrated
- CG of objects: Regular/Irregular

Conditions for State of Equilibrium

a. Stable
 b. Unstable
c. Neutral

Momentum and Impulse

Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity

𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣 where 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

UNIT: 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 or 𝑔 𝑐𝑚/𝑠

Impulse is the product of the force and time interval on which the force acts on an object. It
is also a change in momentum

𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡 where 𝐼 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

UNIT: 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 or 𝑁 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑔 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 or 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡; 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1

= 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
= 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1

𝐼=𝑃
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣

Collision
- Elastic - “separate”
- Inelastic - “stick together”

Law of Conservation of Momentum

𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣1' + 𝑚2𝑣2'

Example:
 - A 0.2 kg ball moves to the right with a speed of 3 m/s. It hits a 0.5 kg ball which is at
rest. After the collision, the second ball moves to the right with a speed of 1 m/s.
What is the speed of the first ball after collision?

Given: 𝑚1 = 0. 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 = 0. 5 𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2 = 0
𝑣1' =? 𝑣2' = 1 𝑚/𝑠

Unknown: 𝑣1' =?

Solution:
𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣1' + 𝑚2𝑣2'
(0. 2 𝑘𝑔)(3 𝑚/𝑠) + (0. 5 𝑘𝑔)(0) = (0. 2 𝑘𝑔)𝑣1' + (0. 5 𝑘𝑔)(1 𝑚/𝑠)
0. 6 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 + 0 = 0. 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑣1' + 0. 5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
0. 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑣1' = 0. 6 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 − 0. 5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
0.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 − 0.05 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣1' = 0.2 𝑘𝑔
= 0. 5 𝑚/𝑠