FCQ]GSVCNF
OICM[
M@[KOC@EFQ4
]gf kibtfbt `b tg`s puao`kct`ib `s dust c s`epof iuto`bf
ir sueecry ih tgf mfs`lb kimf car`mlfm ay k`v`o
fbl`bffr`bl stumfbt/s ih ]fkgbioil`kco @bst`tutf ih tgf
Zg`o`pp`bfs, Sufzib K`ty k`tfm `b tgf rfhfrfbkfs
Cefr`kcb [ik`fty
[ik`fty ih K`v`o Fbl`bffrs <-3: cbm tgf
 Bct`ibco [trukturco
[trukturco Kimf
Kimf ih tgf Zg`o`pp`bfs,
Zg`o`pp`bfs, 1:36 iboy.
iboy.

]g`s ecbuco ecy kibtc`b frrirs cbm `bkiepoftf mctc ir

`bhirect`ib. ]gf cutgir rfkieefbms ti usf tg`s cs
yiur s`epof lu`mf cbm ecy usf tgf cktuco rfhfrfbkf
 au`om`bl kimf.
kimf.

]g`s ecbuco `s bit hir scof.

Z@KF ].@.Z.-SK [K
Cutgir  
 

[FK]@IB 1:74
FCQ]GSVCNF OICM[

1:7.3.3 Zurpisf

]gf purpisf ih tgf sukkffm`bl fcrtgqucnf priv`s`ibs `s 1:7.6.1 [tct`k Hirkf Zrikfmurf
 pr`ecr`oy ti mfs`lb sf`se`k-rfs`stcbt
sf`se`k-rfs`stcbt strukturfs ti
schflucrm clc`bst ecdir strukturco mceclf tgct ecy ofcm 1:7.6.1.3 Mfs`lb Acsf [gfcr

   
ti oiss ih o`hf cbm pripfrty. ]gfsf priv`s`ibs crf bit
`btfbmfm ti cssurf zfri-mceclf ti strukturfs bir ec`btc`b

tgf`r hubkt`ibco`ty chtfr c sfvfrf fcrtgqucnf.

1:7.6.3 [`epo`h`fm [tct`k Zrikfmurf
 BI]F4 
3. Au`om`bls ih cby ikkupcbky
ikkupcbk y ≭ ; stir`fs `b gf`lgt 
gf`lgt     .
  >  ≭  
fxkoum`bl acsfefbts tgct usf o`lgt-hrcef kibstrukt`ib

1. Itgfr au`om`bls ≭ 1 stir`fs `b gf`lgt `bkoum`bl

  .
. 
>>  ≦  
 acsfefbts
 acsfefb ts Hir [f`se`k Tibf =4

1:7.6.3.3 [`epo`h`fm Mfs`lb Acsf [gfcr   .

 . 
   >  ≦  
\gfrf4

K c  ‛ ‛  [f`se`k
  [f`se`k Kifhh`k`fbt, ]caof 1:7-<
K vv  ‛ 
    [f`se`k
  [f`se`k Kifhh`k`fbt, ]caof 1:7-7
  ‛  @epirtcbkf
@  ‛   @epirtcbkf Hcktir, ]caof 1:7-3
B vv   ‛ 
 ‛  Bfcr-siurkf
 Bfcr-siurkf hcktir usfm `b tgf mftfre`bct`ib ih K v 
`b [f`se`k Tibf = rfoctfm ti aitg tgf prix`e`ty ih tgf
 au`om`bl ir strukturf ti nbiwb hcuots hcuots w`tg eclb`tumfs
eclb`tumfs cs
sft hirtg `b ]caofs 1:7-= ti 1:7-8
Q  ‛ 
 ‛  buefr`kco
  buefr`kco kifhh`k`fbt rfprfsfbtct`vf ih tgf `bgfrfbt
ivfr-strfbltg cbm loiaco mukt`o`ty kcpck`ty ih octfrco-
hirkf-rfs`st`bl systfes,
systfes, cs sft hirtg `b ]caof 1:7-33ir
1:7-31
]  ‛ 
 ‛  focst`k
 focst`k hubmcefbtco pfr`im ih v`arct`ib ih tgf
strukturf `b tgf m`rfkt`ib ubmfr kibs`mfrct`ib, sff sfkt`ib
1:7.6.1.1
\   ‛  ‛  titco
 titco sf`se`k mfcm oicm mfh`bfm `b [fkt`ib 1:7.6.1.3
 T  ‛ 
 ‛  [f`se`k
 [f`se`k zibf hcktir, ]caof 1:7-;
 LCIC (1:1:)
 

c)  Mftfre`bct`ib ih K c cbm K  ,

Mftfre`bct`ib v  [f`se`k kifhh`kfbt
v 

Mftfre`bct`ib ih @ , @epirtcbkf Hcktir

 a) Mftfre`bct`ib
 LCIC (1:1:)
 

k)  Mftfre`bct`ib
Mftfre`bct`ib ih B c cbm B v 
v,  Bfcr-siurkf hcktir,
`h `b [f`se`k Tibf =

m)  Mftfre`bct`ib
Mftfre`bct`ib ih Q , buefr`kco kifhh`k`fbt
rfprfsfbtct`vf (Kibkrftf, [tffo, Ecsibry,
\iim), ]caof 1:7-33

f)  Mftfre`bct`ib ih ] , [trukturf pfr`im

Mftfre`bct`ib

h)  Mftfre`bct`ib ih \ , ]itco sf`se`k mfcm oicm

Mftfre`bct`ib
gb 5 titco gf`lgt     

  1;.8 >   <7.6  

 LCIC (1:1:)
 

1:7.6.1.; Xfrt`kco M`str`aut`ib ih Hirkf


   + 
 
5
c)  Mftfre`bct`ib ih H t  
Mftfre`bct`ib 1:7.8.3 Fcrtgqucnf Oicms

  .
.      +  
 Bitf4 @h ] ≭ :.<sfk,
:.<sfk, H t 5

\gfrf4 \gfrf4
H t  ‛ 
 ‛   kibkfbtrctfm
kibkfbtrctfm Hirkf ct tgf tip, wg`kg `s `b cmm`t`ib ti F  ‛ 
 ‛  fcrtgqucnf
 fcrtgqucnf oicm ib cb fofefbt ih tgf strukturf,
Hb rfsuot`bl hrie tgf gir`zibtco kiepibfbt F g, cbm vfrt`kco
]  ‛ 
 ‛  kcokuoctfm
  kcokuoctfm t`ef, strukturf pfr`im  kiepibfbt Fv
X  ‛ 
 ‛  kcokuoctfm
 kcokuoctfm acsf sgfcr
F g  ‛ 
‛  fcrtgqucnf
 fcrtgqucnf oicm muf ti tgf acsf sgfcr, X
b \ g \xgx  Hx  Xx 
F v   ‛ 
‛  tgf
 tgf oicm fhhfkt rfsuot`bl hrie tgf vfrt`kco
hoiir
kiepibfbt ih tgf fcrtgqucnf lriubm eit`ib
kfbtfr-ti-
1bm  wf`lgt kfbtfr Octfrco
[gfcr hirkf
 primukt
hirkf  σ ‛  rfo`ca`o`ty/rfmubmcbky
  rfo`ca`o`ty/rfmubmcbky hcktir
 pfr ih \x  m`str`aut`ib
(.6afce+) m`str`aut`ib
cbm gx 

   ∑   .
.   
hoiir   kioueb+  pfr hoiir  
Qiih .6afce
 pfr hoiir

[VEEC]@IB (∓) 
(∓) 
t`ib ih Q   afoiw
∔  tgf 1/; ih g  (titco
c)  Mftfre`bct`ib
Mftfre`bc

 afoiw
ecx  b

 a)  Mftfre`bct`ib
Mftfre`bct`ib ih H  x 
  ,
x   Xfrt`kco/Octfrco hirkf
gf`lgt)
m`str`aut`ib  c.3)
  
 
 
  ( (∑
∑ ) 
∓5     
c.1)     

 a) Mftfre`bf
Mftfre`bf tgf cvfrclf titco crfc, C A
cvfrclf titco
k)  Mftfre`bct`ib
Mftfre`bct`ib ih X   , [gfcr hirkf m`str`aut`ib
 x 
[tcrt`bl hrie tgf btg (6tg) hoiir (riih), cmm tgf
 prfv`ius btg (6tg+=tg) hoiir
hoiir octfrco hirkf li`bl k) Mftfre`bct`ib ih rfo`ca`o`ty/
miwb ti tgf lriubm/sfkibm (6tg+=tg+;rm+1bm) rfmubmcbky hcktir, σ 
hoiir
3 ≭ σ ≭ 3.6 (spfk`co-eiefbt
(spfk`co-eiefbt rfs`st`bl hrcefs)

σ ≭ 3.16 (muco systfes) 

systfes)  

m)  Mftfre`bct`ib ih F g (octfrco hirkf pfr hoiir)

Mftfre`bct`ib

f)  Mftfre`bc
Mftfre`bct`ibt`ib ih F v  
    ..  
  ‛ 
  ‛  [trfbltg mfs`lb, Zocst`k mfs`lb,
V[M
   
  ‛    ‛  Cooiwcaof strfss mfs`lb, Focst`k
mfs`lb, C[M
 LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)
 

LCIC (1:1:)