Jan. 3, 1957 J. R.

ENSE\; 2,776,382
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT REGULATION
Filed July 25, 1955 2 Sheets-Sheet l

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Jan. 1, 1957 . . ENS EN 2,776,382
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT REGULATION
Filed July 25, 1955 2. Sheets-Sheet 2

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 United States Paten Xay
EISSUED
JULY ll, 1959
RE.21; 67l
2,776,38.
WOLTAGE AND CURRENA RELATEEN
Jazines Lee Jessex, St. Laris Park, First assigar go
Militieapolis-Honeywel Regislator Cataly, Wine.
apolis, viii. 3., a corporation of Delaware
Application Yiy 25, 1955, Seriai No. 524,39
12 Clairs. (CE, 337-97
This invention relates to new and improved transistor
circuitry for electronic regulation of voltage and current.
Numerous circuits have been proposed and tried in the
field of electronic voltage regulation, many of thern
being of a Series regulator type, having an electron cis
charge tube or transistor connected in series with the
Voltage Source aid controlled by the output voltage, to
act as a variable inpeiance in the supply lead to the
load, thereby Iaintaining a constant voitage across the
load device, in the aiive method of regulation an ap
preciable annount of power may ba dissipated in the regu
lating device thus reducing he efficiency of the apparatus
and requiring means to remove the heat being generated
in the regulating device. In my invention ihe regulating
transistor is operated as :: Svitch, rather than as a variable
impedance, the latter being common in the art. By ny
method a mininuin aircuit of power is lost in the regu
lating apparatus.
All object of this invention is to provide an itingroved
voltage regulato: apparatus by the use of love transistor
circuitry.
Another object of the invention is to provide a transis
for voltage egtilator circuit which utilizes switching prin
cipies to increase limits and efficiency cf transistor opera
tion as a current control device.
these and other objects of the invention will be under
stood ipon consideration of the accompanying specifica.
tion, clains and drawings of which:
Figtres to 4 are enodiments of the invention shows:
it scheratic foin, and disclose circuits utilizing transis
tors to produce a regulated output potential,
Figure 5 is a typical characteristic plot of a power
trarsistor collector electiodic characteristic.
FGURE
Refering not to Figure there is shown a pair of
inist teriinals ió and corrected to a source of lin
Agilated pote:ial, not Showa. The negative terminai
; : is coinecie? y reans of a conductor 2 to the lower
terminal of a lio3d kievice 3, here shown as a resistance,
A junction power Era Sistor 4 shiwa as a PNP tarisis
or, comprising a base electrode 55, an emitte; electrocic
is anti a collector electrode 7, has its emitter is coin
nected to the f{}sitive input terminal R. Collector eles
trode it of rainsistor 3 is connected to the input ter.
minal 25 of a conventional type filter 25 comprising a
series choke 22 &nd a capacitor 23 connected in shunt.
An output terminal 26 of the filtei is connected to the
upper tertaina (if shad 3 by a conductor 36. Thus a
current path may be traccid front positive terminai i8
through the transistor 3 front emitter so colliector, through
filter 2i, conductor 38, oad i3 and conductor 2 back to
negative input terminai S.
The base electrode 3 of transistor 3 is corrected to
emitter electrode 32 of a junction transistor 35. Tran
sistor 3; also includes a base electrode 33 and a collector
34. Colisector 34 is connected through a resistor 33 to
the conductor i2 at a Linction. 35. Base ciectrode 33 is
if
IC s
w8
;Paieated Jaa. 95.
2
connected to the conductor E2 at a junction 37 through a
Zener diode 46, a conductor $, and a resistor 42.
A junction transistor 45 has a base electrode 45 a.
collector electrode 47, and an emitter electrode 48. Co
5 lector electrode 47 is connected by a conductor 44 to a
jtarction 43 on conductor 4 ; which connects diode 40 to
resistor 42. Emitter 48 is directly connected to a junc
tion 58 on conductor 36 and base ciectrode 46 is con
nected to a voltage reference 5E, s, own as a battery.
O The opposite terminal of the reference battery is con
nected to conductor E2 at a junction 52. Reference 5F
may also be in the form of a zene diode or other suitable
voltage reference.
5
Operation of Figure 1
The operation of Figure I will become apparent upon
a consideration of the following discussion. It is desired
to maintain a regulated i). C. potential across the load
device 3. An unreguiated source of potential is applied
across tel'ninal i3 and 2. Let us assuine for purposes
of explanation that the pot2ntial existing across load 3
is slightly lower than the desirc, figulating potential and
that transistor i is in a State of cordiction which tends
to increase the output potential. Under these condi
tions transistor 3i is also cciducting and transistor 45 is
cut off. In figure the olitput potentiai is controlled by
tie magnitude of reference potential 53, as will be ex
picined. With transistor 3 conducting the output po
tential continues to risk intil it is approximately equal to
30 the reference potential 5:... A his point base current
begins to flow in transistor -35 and thereby allows current
to flow in the collector circuit, and through resistor 32
to the legative conductor 2.
The reference 5; nay be a Zener diode (not shown) or
the like so that to base current flows in the transistor 45
until the output potential exceeds the Zener breakdown
voltage, at which tine current flows from the positive out
put conductor 30, emitter i3 to base 35, and through the
Zeller diode to negative output conductor 2, thereby
4. callsing transistor 45 to cosiduct.
uring the time transistor 45 is maintained at cutoff
sustartially no collector current flows and therefore the
potential drop across resistor $2 due to the collector cur
rent is essentially zero. A circuit nay be traced from
thc input terminal 6 to emitter 6 of transistor is, to
base i5, to eniite 32 of transist or 3, to base 33, to
Zeiner diode 13, conductor 4i, resistor 42, to conductor
A2 at junction 37. Another path nay also be traced
from emitter 32 of insistor 3i, to collector 34, and
5 through a resistor 36 to the conductor 2 at junction 35.
in orier for switching transistor 4 to be conducting it
is necessary for transistor 33 to be conductive also, as
transistor 35 ccsitios the base current of transistor 4.
The potentiai drop from emitter 6 of transistor 4 to
the base 33 of transistor 3; is relatively simall since the
emitter to base diodes of the transistors present a rela
tively low impeda ince to currents flowing in the forward
direction through the diodes. The base current of tran
sistor 3 is blocked, however, by the zener diode it unless
8. the Zener voltage is exceeded so that the diode conducts.
As was previously stated, when transistor 35 is cutoff,
the voltage drop across resister 2 is very small so that
the potential or conductor 85 connecting to diode 40
approaches that on cofiductoi E2. Also as previously
noted, the potentiai drop between input termina () and
base electrode 33 is relatively Sinail so that a large per
centage of the input voltage appears across Zener diode
4 to exceed its Zener breakdown potential and render it
conductive, thereby allowing transistors 3; and 14 to be
conductive.
As previously stated, when transistor 4 conducts, the
regulated output potential continues to rise until train
 2,278,883
s 4.
sistor 45 commences to conduct curren. The coilector
current of transistor 45 flowing through resistor 42 causes
a substantial potential rop across the resistor which is
sufficient to decrease the potential across zenier diode 49
to a value below the 'ener potential required to main
tain conduction. With zerler diode 4 no longer coil
ducting, no bise current flows in transistor 3 which
then becomes nonconiuctive. The nonconduction of
transistor 3i also cuts off transistor 4. If desired the
annplifier transistor 3 may be elimitated and the base
electrode 15 of transister 33 can he connected directly
to Zener diode 46).
The filter 2 which has stored up energy during the
conduction of transistor 4 now supplies the energy to
the load. Eliode 24 is a protective device to preve;it
voltage transients of inductance 22 fron diaraging train
sistor 14.
As the energy level cf the filter fails aid the output
potential begins to drop, the emitter 43 of transistor 45
inds to become negative with respect to the base 6
and transistor 33 becomes again nonconducting. "The
potential drop across the resistor 42 due to the conduc
tion of transist or 45 disappears and there is again Saifi.
cient potential accss divide 38 to exceed tie Zener break
down allowing transists is is and 3: to again conduct, 25
repeating the lycie.
The circuit if Figure allows a relatively large cur
rent to be corcied . . hile initing to a minimum the
power expendid in th:2 controlling device. It is noted
that in my inventioi ti transister 4 is operated as a
Switch, Yeir portion of the cycle ani
acting 5th S: i:ily as a zero in ediatice during the e
ng portion of the cycle. The aimount of controi
ed varies the percentage on-size if transistor 3.
a typical collector characteristic for
a Honeywell 2N 57 power transistor whici has been used
successfully for transistor -. The maxinuin alliowable
coiector volta innum
a civi, ale collecici current is, A f$ ci. In re
iStive oad lie ihas been drawn 5 wich passes ti
::hrough both inits. A dozeti bec in sketched
it igtre 3 to show the operating point at wi:ich Inaxi
finum power is ii Sipaiei within line transistor. This point
is 3() , (;is . resulting is 5 watts of
i () is ei' heing dissipated the transister, predoni
in i?: y in the r sista: ct coicctor inction.
in of fri sistars. iii addi
it inits, is a power inii.
predoni.ii: y a fliction of the ability
e heat generated within the transister. A.
teer, Sketched in Figl: ; 5 which sov's
8 -. 6 via its for 3 tenpera
3 57 Sistc. t can
to; ca in Safiy operate at a high he operation of Figure 3 is in some respects iifferent
i:3nt together , a lo'', coiector voltage, or at a 53 from that of Figures 1 and 2. The connection of emit
er electrode
cC; ; ; or of re; ly civ co: actor current together with
'e', it a;ial, since near tic ex
le is po','er dissipation imit is
invention his prinisciple is utilized; 3. tiential and compare it againstportion
be adjisted to pick off any
ially all of the fire in
3 tie ioa i lite consequently
controiled with very low
cosines cear therefore that my is 3.
pover transist of is as
cant to of a nuch larger gricuit cf power thati is pos
silic ir. h. 3 conventicinal reg For exa:npie, ct
uS (g::) n : SSmt 'e are using a 2-57 power transistar
of transistor 3, and are operating at he lini is pre
viously frientioid. The 3rctically then we cai contre
power approaching 68 watts by the Switching meilhac,
untier most cpcrating conditions, wiiie if the trail itive going potential change is applied through capacitor
O
were berg nodulated aid operating with the 6 wait. 53 to the base 33 of tr.: sistor 3 thereby driving the
power dissipation limit the flaxinuin power controlled 5 transistor 3E into cutoff and thereby also cutting off
would also be linited to a relatively small value com
pared to the 60 watts previously discussed.
FGURE 2
The circuit of Figure 2 is in most respects identical
to Figure and operates substantially in the same manner
as described for Figure 1. Figure 1 is basically a sin
plified forin of Figure 2 and the same numbers are used
in Figure 2 where the components are identical to Fig
tire ... in Figure 2 a diode 6G is connected in parallel
with the elitier-base junction of the transistor 31. The
dicde 5 is connected So that the direction of easy cur
rent flow of the diode is opposite to the forward direc
tion of the emitter-base junction diode of transistor 3i.
A capacitor 63 is connected in parallei with the Zener
diode 3G.
in the operation of Figure 2, similar to the operation
previously explained, when the output potential is low
tra Isistor $5 is cutofi aid transistors 4 and 33 are con
ducting. Capacitor 33 charges to the Zener breakdown
potential of dioxie 3. As the output potential of the
regiiator irises transistor 35 thecomes conductive and the
-
collector current flowing through resistor 32 causes an
increased potential drop across the resistor, junction 43
thereby becoming Substaniially more positive. With
junction 43 more positive the potential charge on ca
pacitor 33 drives base electrode 33 cf transistor 3: posi
tive with respect to is emitter thus actually injecting
current into the base to cit the transistor
2. of sharply.
Junction 32 between diodie & G and base 33 is also driven
positive with respect to input germinal Ai because cur.
rent aise iows from capacitier 53 through diode 68 and
into the base 5 of transister ... Forcing current into
base 5 has the effect of citing off transistor 4 Inore
sharply to decrease to a liminum the time required to
switch fror a cosition of conduction to cutoff. If it is
isesirable transistor 3 and diode 53 may be eliminated
and base electrode 5 be connected directly to capacitor
63 and Zener diode 3.
FGRE 3
Figure 3 is a dification of Figuri i Gid one of the
main differences is in the use of a parallel resistor
capacitor corribination between the base 33 of transistor
3; and the junction 3. The resistor i0 and the ca
pacitor 63 are chosen so provide a desired time constant
fo; the input signal to transistor 3. Another differ
erica is that cmitter eigectrode 38 of Eansistor 43 is con
nected to a vipar 7 of a potentiometer 72. The po
tentioreier 72 is connected across the output conductors
30 and 2 at junctions 73 and 74 respectively. A diode
75 is connected between he collector $7 of transistor
45 and the collector oad resistor (32.
wiper is of potentiometer 72
tion of output potentials larger than
This is possible since wiper fi can
of the output pc
the reference voltage to
control the regulatc.:". Another difference in the oper
ation of Figure 3 is that it is constructed so that tran
sistors 3 and : may be cut off for a limited time which
is dictertaired by the RC constant of resistor 70 and
capacitor 53 in the input circuit to transistor 31.
et S assure e operating conditions when tran
sistors is and 32 a conductive so that the output po
six
tentiai to the load 3 S isi S. When the potentiai on
wiper is approxiraacy equai to the reference 5,
transist of 45 cominences conducting and a substantially
large potential drop appears across resistor 42 due to
the collectic; current ?owing there through. This pos
 3, 8,882
transistor 4. Transistor 3i is maintained cutoff usii
transistor 45 again becomes conconductive citie to a tie
crease in the output potential. The time coastast of
the combination of resistor 73 and capacitor 63 is chose
to be long compared with the normal faii of the outpus
potential which is determined by capacitor 23 and load
13. This is to prevent instability of the control which
would result if capacitor 53 were to discharge sufficiently
to allow transistor 3: to core on before trassistor 45
ceased conducting.
Figurc 3 g is a modification of Figure 3 to provide cur
rent regulation for the circuit of Figure 3. The ci?
cuit of Figure 3a is connected to terminals a, b, and c
of Figure 3 in place of the voltage reference circuit whers
it is desired to provide current regislation. A resistor
76 is connected in series with conciuctor 38 between juic
io 5 and the load device 3. The reference 5 con
nects the base electrotie 46 to a terminal 77 between
resistor 76 and load device 3. Resistor its or refer
ence SE may be of variable magnitude if desirable. In
operation transistor 43 remains cutoff until the current
flowing to the load 3 increases sufficiently to cause a
potential drop across resistor is equal to the reference
potential. At this time transistor 85 continences to co
duct cutting off transistors is and 33 as previously de
scribed.
Figure 3b shows an alternate voltage reference cir
cuit for use with Figure 3. The base electrode 45 is
connected through the reference 55 to the wiper fit of
potentiometer 72 rather than the emitter to wipes" is as
in Figure 3. This has the advatsage of maintaining
semitter 3 at the potential on Conductor 3; and assus:es
that the potential at collector 437 can under all piegating
conditions ise Stifficiently to cus of Nazisister 35.
FGRE 4.
Figure 4 is another modification of the regulator arid
again he sate identifying ninserais are ised as wer
ased in the preceding figuies whese the concerts are
the saine. This circiit includes ai adiiticial £3rsistic
is having : collector electrode 32, a tase electrode 33
and an emit cr alectrode 83, he circiiii is is "any :e-
spects siliiga to figures and 3 aci tie & Agia natia of
corporterits and contactions 13eed to be regieated for
this like parts. Emitter elicircde 53 of traitsis for 3 is
cornected to coiletti citectice 437 of ragsisi or 35.
Collector eie.circle i is coinected ic he conscior 2.
at junctii. 37 through the resist of £2. The base sciec.
irode 32 is connected through a parallel CQRI:cted re
Sistor 83, and , capacito 35, and through a cyclictor
Si6 ia a jict (): 37 between he collector 34 of trai
sist? 3 aii is resistor is. She i3S2 electrode 33
ninected throiigi garajci connected 'esistor 73 and
iss 53, and a condacter 83 to junction. A3 ite
tw:2:1 collector 8; and iesistor 2.
in operatiot (É Figure 4 tha transistors $2 aid 33
cpe: 3:3 as a free runnig s
stilibrator. When frar
is conductive tiarisistor & is also conducive
So that ciricit is flowing into the output aircuit from
the source tertinais, The base current flowing out of
a sist of 38 ic veig's a potential ciros across resistor
7t) and capacitor 33 is charged. When assissor 35 ye
gins condicting the ctential at Cition 3 2cories
tnch more Csitive due to the potentiai irop across
i"esistor 3 is resulting from the increased collector currett,
This citage in potential biases transistor Sí to coif.
As capacitor 35 dischages the potentiai or the base 32
is no longer SLificient to maintain transist of & cutoff
and it begins to coinci:ct curreni, developing an R. drop
across resistor $3 to drive transistor 33 iii) citoff.
Transistor 3 remains cutoff until capacitor 63 disg:2rges
sufficiently or iirii tie emitter currey to raasistor 89
is interrupted, as will be explained,
Transist or 8th can only condict wine; transistor (35 is
6
also conductive. As was previously explained, transis
for 45 ray conduct whenever the output potential ex
ceeds the reference potentiai. Let us assure first a
condition where the output potential has dropped suf
ficiently to cut off transistor 45. Transistor 36 is now
no longer supplied emitter current and therefore is con
ducting no current. Transistors. 3, and 4 are conduc
tive and the output potential rises. As soon as tran
sis for 45 becomes conductive transistor 8th also conducts
O current and the multivibrator opirates as Such, alter
nately switching transistor 4 from a conductive to a
Sonconductive state. The proportion of on time-off time
of transistor 34 can be controlled by a choice of values
for the RC values in the base circuits of transistors 3
and 39. The natural period of "off-time' for transistor
35 may be shortened if the output potential falls, cut
ting off transistor 45, during this period.
In generai while I have shown certain specific em
bodiments of ny invention, it is to be understood that
this is for the purpose of illustration and that Iny inven
tio is to be inited solely by the scope of the appended
ciains.
i claim as inny invention:
i. Regulating means for supplying current from an
ui regulated Source to a load device comprising: first
aid Second transistors each having a plurality of elec
trodes inciuding a base, a collector, and an emitter, said
collector and emitter electrodes of saic irst transistor
comprising the output electrodes of said first transistor;
circuit Irians including said output electrodes intercon
anecting the output termina is of said source and the in
put terminals of Said load device; means connecting the
efinitier of said second transisioi to one of said load
terminals; voltage reference means; means connecting .
said voltage reference means from the base of said sec
ond transister io the other of Said load terminals; po
tential producing means energizable to produce a po
tential; means connecting the collector of saici second
transistor through said potential producing means to said
other load terminal so that upon cordiction of said sec
oad ransistor Said potential producing means is ener
gized; impedance eans; means connecting said in
ediance nears to the base of said first transistor in cur
rent controlling relation thereio, and to said potential
3.5. producing Eleans, so that upon energization of said po
tential producing means said impedance means cuts off
the conciuction of said first transistor.
2. Regulating means for Supplying current from an
unregulated Source to a load device comprising; transistor
S. eans having a plurality of electrodes including a col
lector, an emitter, and a base, said collector and emitter
eiectrodes comprising transistor output electrodes; circuit
means inciding said output electrodes interconnecting
the output terminals of said source and the input ter
initials of said ioad device; voltage reference means; cur
rent controling near is energizable to conduct current
therethrough; potential producing means encrgizable to
produce a potential, means connecting said current con
irolling neans and said potential producing nears in
s series across said load terminals, whereby the conduction
of said current controlling means rest its in the energiza
tion of said potential producing means, incans connecting
said voltage reference source to said current controlling
means in controiling reiation thereto so that the current
controlling Tineans is mait 3ined cutoff until the potential
across said load device exceeds a predetermined valie;
in pedance means; means connecting said impedance
nea; is to the b3 Se of Said transistor means and to said
potential producing means, so that the conduction of
said transistor means is cutoff upon energization of said
potential producing means.
3. Woltage regulator ineans for Siipplying current from
a curreni source to a loaci device comprising; first, sec
ord, and thirdi transistors each having a plurality of
5 eieckrodts including a base, a collector, and an emitter,
 :s S.

said collector and einit t electrodes coincising tie out- oad device; voltage reference means connected between
put terminals of said transistors; means for coirie?tig the base of Said Second ransistor and the negative ter
s

one of Saixi output terminais of Said first 'Einsistor to 5. nina of Said oad; in pedance means connected between
first terminal of said cirrent source; it eans for connect- said coisector of Said second transistor and the negative
ing the other output terminal of said first ira:sistor £o 5 erminia of Said load; means directly connecting the
a first terminal of a cad device, Ineans for conneciing emitter eectiode of Said third transistor to the base of
a second load terrinirii to the second testainai of Said Said first transistor; iileans connecting the collector of
Source; means connecting the emitter of Saiii. Secoid Said third fra. Isis of £o the tigative source terminai; asyn
transistor to one of Sais load terminals; voltage referrace (ctrical co ; eat is connected be year the base
means connected fro; in the tase of said Seco OS d aid first transistors; a Zener diode;
to the other of Said chai te initials; i. 3. s3thce inea is; hesis inciting said gener diode and
connected between the ceilector of Said E. last 3: ific inted cting the base
and said other load termina; means d ci Said Sccond
one of the output electrodes if S3
the base of Said first tra sistor; : Current from a cur.
other output electrode of said third t S3urce iO a load dievice comprising; first, second and
ond source terminai; ::iii a Zeier dio. is it iairi iransistCIS each. Raving a plurality of electrodes in
base of said third trainsis or IG one of cluding a base, a coijectar. 2nd an emitter; means for con
of Said Second traiSister. inecting the initter of Saig first trainsistor to the positive
4. , eans for Suppl. is terminal of Said £ouice, circuit nieans for connecting the
& a loat Colic of C. Sir first raisis to: o Eile positive lead tier
Sists each having a pulatity of le?: finia: imaa is 3.12iciig ative oad termina to
base. a coilector anci is efinitter me the icgative te:"...in a pi said Scurce; neans connecting
the emitter of said first transist or to the posit it emitte of Saic second trinsistor ic said circuit neas;
of said source means for CC:it: cting ti 25 voltage ref ; Cirecting said voltage
first transistor to the pasitiv: i.e.:) referric6. It Srid Svicind transistor to
for connecting the n Sai gas, tic' ce: C3 niected betwee
terrinitial of Saiti Sorcs. as Ciecisc; in S : anci the negative
said second transistor th or of Said ii ectly connecting the
device: voltage SJ eiecircdie O said ti
base of Said secois ti first is insistor; near
ioad; in pedance : i transisto;
?ni s s

a
said third trays:

aneans for Supplying current from

cai is 'ict comprising: first and
- ty of clectrodes

its O 30:1 lecting tie

;C the positi load terri
gai'e oad eriinal to
S connecting
positive ter
is S CCs
SlSC : i

of ira risis

SOce iter
i
s
cici Second

. FSt and Second

; eaci, iiiving a iridity of lectrodes including
i., a coicci i ki ii mitter, Saiki collector and
ar.
ecca 3

?tilli tei
first eignin; of a load
icic); inea is connecting a $30 old termith 3 of Said load
13 is scorati tert: ; rice:f3 conflecting
to Oil, oi said load
Fe2S Connected from he
o: to the other of said load
3E3: Eie:ns connecting said
zener diode means from the base electrode of said iii's
transistor to the collector electrode of said second tian
sistor.
10. Regulating means for supplying current from a cur
rent source to a load device comprising; first and secondi
transistors each having a plurality of electrodes inclusiing
a base, a collector, and an emitter; means connecting the
emitter of said first transistor to the positive terminai of
said source; means connecting the collector of said first
transistor to a first terminal of said load; means consect
ing the second terminal of said load to the negative ter
minal of said source; means connecting the emitter of said
second transistor to the first terrainai of said load device;
voltage reference means; means connecting said voltage
reference means between the base of said second tran
sistor and the second terminai of said load; impedance
means connected between the collector of said second
transistor and the second terminal of said lead; Zeiber
diode means; means connecting said Zener diode Eleans
from the base of said first transistor to the collector of
said second transistor.
11. Voltage regulator apparatus comprising; ingut
means including terminals to be connected to a source
of unregulated direct current potentiai; output termis)ais
connected to load means requiring a regulated potential;
first transistor means having its outguk terrainais coi
nected in series with one of said inget terinitials; sacoid
transistor Lineans; reference potential means; circuit means
connecting said second transistor means to said reference
means and said output terminals such that said second
transistor means becomes conductive upon the regulated
output potential exceeding said reference potential; and
further circuit means connecting said first transistor means
to said second transistor means; said further circuit means
switching said first transistor to a non-conductive state
upon the conduction of said second transistor.
2. Woltage regulator apparatus comprising; an input
circuit including a pair of terminals to be connected to a
source of unregulated potential; transistor switch means
connected to said input circuit; electrical filter means
connected to the cutput of said transistor Switch reans;
output means connected to said filter means; potential
reference means; transistor control means; circuit means
connecting said transistor control means to compare the
potential across said output means with said potential
reference means; further circuit means connecting said
transistor control means in current controlling relation
to said transistor switch means, so that said transistor
control means controls the operation of said transistor
switch means in response to the relation of said output
potentia and said reference potential.
25
No references cited.