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5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
Design of portable biodiesel plant from waste cooking oil
Design of portable biodiesel plant from waste cooking oil
Alan Try Putra TheSamad,
15th International
Dwini NormayulisaSymposiumPutri, on District
Meka Heating and Cooling
Saima Perdani, Tania Surya
Alan Try Putra Samad,Utami, DwiniRita Normayulisa
Arbianti, Heri Putri,Hermansyah*
Meka Saima Perdani, Tania Surya
Assessing the feasibility
Utami, Rita of
Arbianti, using
Heri the heat demand-outdoor
Hermansyah*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia
temperature function
Department of Chemical for aof Engineering,
Engineering, Faculty long-term district
Universitas heat
Indonesia, Depok, Westdemand forecast
Java, 16424, Indonesia

a,b,c a a b c c
Abstract I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
Abstract
a
IN+ Center
The design for Innovation,
of portable biodiesel Technology
plant fromandwaste
Policycooking
Researchoil - Instituto
has been Superior
done Técnico, Av. Rovisco
simultaneously Paison
based 1, 1049-001
biodieselLisbon,
standardPortugal
of SNI
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
7182: 2012. Design
The design ofcDépartement of biodiesel
portable biodiesel production
plant from involves
waste several
cooking oil processes
has been including
done esterification,
simultaneously transesterification,
based on biodiesel decantation,
standard of SNI
Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
vacuum
7182: 2012.evaporation,
Design of andbiodiesel
ultra-filtration.
productionProduction
involves of several
biodieselprocesses
has been including
simulated esterification,
using several software packages. Based
transesterification, on the
decantation,
simulation conducted,and
vacuum evaporation, theultra-filtration.
esterification process was able
Production to convert
of biodiesel has92.8% of FFA into
been simulated FAME
using by using
several softwaresulfuric acid asBased
packages. the catalyst
on the
with 10% w/w
simulation of FFA.
conducted, theTransesterification
esterification process showed the biodiesel
was able to convertyield 92.8%ofof90%
FFAbyintousing
FAME NaOH as thesulfuric
by using catalystacid
withas 1% w/w of
the catalyst
triglyceride.
with 10% w/w
Abstract Evaporation on vacuum system showed
of FFA. Transesterification was ablethe to biodiesel
obtain biodiesel
yield ofwith
90% methanol
by usingcontent
NaOHless thancatalyst
as the 0.5% with
withlower energy
1% w/w of
consumption. Purification of biodiesel using ultra-filtration requires considerable energy but it was
triglyceride. Evaporation on vacuum system was able to obtain biodiesel with methanol content less than 0.5% with lower energy able to produce the purity rate
of biodiesel
consumption.
District upPurification
heatingto 99.8%
networks with
ofare relatively
biodiesel
commonly shorter
using time. in the
ultra-filtration
addressed requires considerable
literature as one ofenergy
the most but effective
it was ablesolutions
to produceforthe purity rate
decreasing the
ofgreenhouse
biodiesel upgas to emissions
99.8% withfrom relatively shorter time.
the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
©sales.
2018 TheDue Authors. Publishedclimate
to the changed by Elsevier Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
conditions
© 2018
This is The
an openAuthors.
access Published
article by Elsevier
under the CC Ltd.
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
©prolonging
2018 The Authors.
the access Published
investment by period.
return Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
This is an
The mainandand
open peer-review
scope access article
of this paperunder
under responsibility
the CC of
BY-NC-ND
is toresponsibility the
assess the feasibility scientific
license
of using committee of the–5th International Conference
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
the heat demand outdoor temperature function onforEnergy and
heat demand
Selection peer-review under of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and
Environment
Selection and Research,
peer-review
forecast. TheResearch,
Environment district ofICEERunder 2018.
2018. located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted ofand
Alvalade,
ICEER responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy 665
Environment
buildings that Research,
vary inICEER 2018.
both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Keywords:
renovation biodiesel; portable
scenarios were biodiesel plant;(shallow,
developed waste cooking oil
intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
Keywords: biodiesel; portable biodiesel plant; waste
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, cooking oil previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the
Introduction
error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
1.scenarios,
Introductionthe error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Biodiesel
The value ofisslope
one attractive
coefficientbiofuel
increasedto overcome
on averageenergy within depletion
the range of since
3.8%it has
up tosimilar
8% perproperties
decade, that to fossil diesel with
corresponds to the
some
decreaseadvantages
Biodiesel is one
in the [1].
number Currently,
attractive biofuel
of heating production
hoursto of
overcome of biodiesel
22-139h energy
during the isheating
occurred
depletion since
seasonby the similar
conversion
it (depending
has the of
properties
on edible oilofdiesel
to fossil
combination containing
weatherwith
and
renovation
triglycerides
some scenarios
through
advantages [1].considered).
Currently,Onproduction
transesterification the other hand,
reaction function
of [2-5].
biodiesel intercept
However, increased
utilization
is occurred by the foredible
of 7.8-12.7% per
oil will
conversion decade
edible(depending
ofcompete with
oil on the
the food
containing
coupled scenarios).
triglycerides throughThe values suggested reaction
transesterification could be [2-5].
used toHowever,
modify the function parameters
utilization of edible oil forwill
the compete
scenarios with
considered,
the foodand
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

*©Corresponding
2017 The Authors.
author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Tel.: +62-81293196666; fax: +62-21-7863515.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* E-mail address:author.
Corresponding heri@che.ui.ac.id
Tel.: +62-81293196666; fax: +62-21-7863515.
Cooling.
E-mail address: heri@che.ui.ac.id
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
This Heat
is an open demand;
access Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Research, and
Selection ICEER 2018. under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment
peer-review
Research, ICEER 2018.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and
Environment Research, ICEER 2018.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.062
264 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 263–268
2 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

needs causing the increase of edible oil price [1]. Therefore, utilization of oil wastes needs to be considered to fulfill
biodiesel demand, since it doesn’t compete with food needs.
The research about converting waste cooking oil into biodiesel has been successfully conducted by several
researchers [6-8]. Waste cooking oil, contains triglycerides which are the main raw material for biodiesel production.
However, this waste cooking oil also contains a relatively high FFA (free fatty acid) about 0.5-15% wt [9] depending
on the repeated use of cooking oil, therefore it needs to be conducted a pretreatment of raw materials either physically
or chemically.
This research is devoted to design a portable biodiesel plant that can be moved from one place to another. The
objective of this research is to simulate biodiesel production from waste cooking oil that meets the biodiesel standard
of SNI 7182: 2012.

2. Methods

This research has been done simultaneously by simulation using several software packages. Analytical calculations
were also performed to determine the rate of acid decline in the esterification process. To calculate the mass balance
of biodiesel production, the initial mass value of oil is required. The initial amount of oil is 120 kg.

2.1. Esterification

The simulation of reaction was carried out with molar ratio of methanol and oil at 60:1 for 120 min at 65 °C and
pressure of 1 bar. The stirring rate was kept at 300 rpm. The catalyst used was sulfuric acid with 10% w/w of FFA.

2.2. Evaporation of methanol and removal of sulfuric acid

The remaining methanol from the esterification reaction was then evaporated. Evaporation was carried out at 80 °C
with a pressure of 1 bar for 20 minutes. Besides, sulfuric acid as the catalyst needs to be removed. Sulfuric acid removal
was done by using centrifugal decanter at 600 rpm for 10 minutes.

2.3. Transesterification

Transesterification was carried out by using NaOH as the catalyst with 1% w/w of triglycerides. The molar ratio of
methanol-triglyceride was 6: 1.

2.4. Methanol separation using vacuum evaporator

Methanol from the transesterification reaction was separated using vacuum evaporator. The evaporation was carried
out at 65 °C at a pressure of 0.01 bars for 1 hour.

2.5. Separation of glycerol phases using centrifugal decanters

The glycerol phase was also separated from using centrifugal decanter at a rotation rate of 600 rpm for 10 min at
65 °C and 1 bar of pressure.

2.6. Purification of biodiesel using ultra-filtration membrane

Biodiesel was then purified using an ultra-filtration membrane with a pore size of 0.05 microns to remove other
impurities. Filtration was conducted with cross-flow at 0.6 m/s of flow rate and 2 bar of trans-membrane pressures.
 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 263–268 265
Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Esterification

From the simulation of esterification reaction, the decomposition rate of FFA for 120 minutes is shown in Fig. 1.
At the reaction time of 75 minutes, the conversion of FFA reached 92.8% with acid content of 1.97 mgKOH/g. This
value was obtained using an initial acid number of 24 mg KOH/g of oil or equivalent to 12% FFA. The FFA
concentrations began to be constant after 75 minutes. The decomposition rate will accelerate as the reaction
temperature is increased. However, the reaction temperature should not be too high due to the boiling point of methanol
is 64.2 °C.

Fig. 1. Decomposition rate of FFA indicated by decreasing of acid value

3.2. Evaporation of methanol and removal of sulfuric acid

From the simulation of methanol evaporation, vapor and liquid fractions obtained are shown in the Table 1. The
temperature of 80 °C was chosen after several simulation attempts which produced the highest methanol content in
the vapor phase at 99.2% wt, with the lowest biodiesel loss.

Table 1. Methanol vapor composition

Component Mass fraction
Methanol 0,992
FAME -
Water 0,008
Sulfuric acid -
Triglyceride -

3.3. Transesterification

The result of transesterification reaction simulation is shown in Fig. 2. Based on Fig. 2, it is seen that the rate of
biodiesel formation decreases until reaching equilibrium state at the time of 18 minutes. This is due to the collision
factor between molecules of methanol and oil decreases as the molecules are converted into biodiesel.
The simulation results can be seen in Table 2. Based on the result, it appears that the triglyceride conversion is very
high up to 99.9% by giving a yield of 90.6% of the cooking oil. This result is good since the content of triglycerides
in cooking oil is only 86.1%. It means that not only triglycerides, but also diglycerides and monoglycerides were
converted into FAME. Furthermore, low concentration of water causes the hydrolysis of triglycerides didn’t occur.
Therefore it results in excellent of biodiesel yields.
266 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 263–268
4 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 2. Simulation result of transesterification

Table 2. Transesterification simulation results

Variable Concentration (mol/litre)
Initial Final
time (minute) 0 60
FAME 0,324 2,471
Glycerol - 0,746
Soap - 0,019
Methoxide 0,147 0,111
NaOH 0,008 -
Methanol 4,161 2,024
Water 0,011 -
FFA 0,025 -
Monoglyceride 0,031 0,014
Diglyceride 0,048 0,012
Triglyceride 0,693 -

3.4. Methanol separation using vacuum evaporator

The simulation results from methanol separation can be seen in Table 3. The methanol mass fraction achieved in
the liquid stream is 0.0051 or 0.51%. This value does not reach the standard ASTM D-6701 but this is tolerable.
However, 1% of methanol contained in biodiesel can reduce the biodiesel flash point from 170 °C to less than 40 °C
[10].

Table 3. Methanol separation results

Liquid Vapour
Component
Mass fraction Mass fraction
Biodiesel 0,846 0,001
Methanol 0,005 0,998
Glycerol 0,079 0,001
 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 263–268 267
Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

3.5. Separation and glycerol phases using centrifugal decanters

The result of glycerol phase separation is shown in the Table 4. From the results, it shows that higher density will
increase the separation fraction into glycerol phase (heavy phase). However, methanol as the smallest density is
dominant in the glycerol phase. This is due to the solubility of methanol in glycerol is higher than in biodiesel.

Table 4. Glycerol separation results

Mass fraction
Component
Biodiesel Phase Glycerol Phase
FAME 0,994 0,135
Glycerol 0,001 0,657
Methanol 0,001 0,004
Triglyceride - 0,001
Diglyceride - 0,070
Monoglyceride - 0,048
Soap 0,004 0,028
Methoxide - 0,057

3.6. Purification of biodiesel using ultra-filtration membrane

The purification result using the ultra-filtration membrane can be seen in Table 5. Based on the results, glycerol
contained in permeate is very small, only 0.009%. This is due to the high rejection of the membrane against the
glycerol-water phase that reached 99%.

Table 5. Mass fraction on permeate and concentrate

Mass Fraction
Component
Permeate Concentrate
FAME 0,99847 0,57947
Glycerol 0,00009 0,08206
Methanol 0,00083 0,00029
Triglyceride - -
Diglyceride 0,00010 0,00003
Monoglyceride 0,00007 0,00003
Soap 0,00036 0,33812
Methoxide 0,00008 0,00003

3.7. Comparison of biodiesel parameter between simulation results and standard SNI 7182: 2012

Table 6. Comparison of biodiesel test results of simulation with standard SNI 7182: 2012
Parameters Unit SNI Simulation results
Density kg/m3
850 -890 862,402
Water and sediment %-vol, max 0,05 trace
Acid number mg-KOH/g, max 0,6 < 0,02
Free glycerol %-mass, max 0,02 0,008
Total glycerol %-mass, max 0,24 0,026
Methyl Ester %-mass, min 96,5 99,8
268 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 263–268
6 Alan Try Putra Samad et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

In Table 6, it can be seen that biodiesel from the simulation result can fulfill the SNI 7182: 2012 standard. The
resulting methyl ester content is 99.8% making it feasible to fit into the category of bi-diesel B-99 / B-100.

4. Conclusion

Based on the simulation results, conversion of FFA reached 92.8% from the esterification process, 99.9% of
triglycerides were converted into FAME from the transesterification process, and only 0.009% of glycerol contained
in biodiesel from the purification process using ultra-filtration. Biodiesel obtained from this simulation is complying
with the SNI 7182: 2012 standard since the methyl ester content is 99.8%.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank for the support provided by Universitas Indonesia, Ministry of Research,
Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia, and for the publication support provided by the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Sustainable Higher Education Research Alliance
(SHERA) Program for Universitas Indonesia’s Scientific Modeling, Application, Research and Training for City-
centered Innovation and Technology (SMART CITY) Project, Grant #AID-497-A-1600004, Sub Grant #IIE-
00000078-UI-1.

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