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    SEIYADU IBRAHIM K
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    This document provides an overview of the major classes of antidiabetic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, common side effects, and contraindications. The classes discussed are biguanides (e.g. metformin), sulfonylureas, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin analogs. Each works through a different mechanism such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin secretion, reducing glucose absorption, among others. Common side effects across drug classes include hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal issues. Contraindications often relate to kidney or liver

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    This document provides an overview of the major classes of antidiabetic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, common side effects, and contraindications. The classes discussed are biguanides (e.g. metformin), sulfonylureas, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin analogs. Each works through a different mechanism such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin secretion, reducing glucose absorption, among others. Common side effects across drug classes include hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal issues. Contraindications often relate to kidney or liver

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    13 views3 pages

    Classi

    Uploaded by

    SEIYADU IBRAHIM K
    This document provides an overview of the major classes of antidiabetic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, common side effects, and contraindications. The classes discussed are biguanides (e.g. metformin), sulfonylureas, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin analogs. Each works through a different mechanism such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin secretion, reducing glucose absorption, among others. Common side effects across drug classes include hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal issues. Contraindications often relate to kidney or liver

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Overview of antidiabetic drugs

    Class Mechanism of action Side effects Contraindications


     Lactic acidosis
     Weight loss  Chronic kidney disease
     Gastrointestinal  Liver failure
     Enhances the effect of complaints are common  Metformin must be paused
    Biguanide (metformin) insulin (e.g. diarrhea, abdominal before administration of
    cramps) iodinated contrast medium
     Reduced vitamin B12 and major surgery.
    absorption

     Severe cardiovascular
     Risk of hypoglycemia
    comorbidity
     Weight gain
     Increase insulin secretion  Obesity
    Sulfonylureas (e.g.,  Hematological changes:
    from pancreatic β-cells  Sulfonamide allergy
    glyburide, glimepiride) agranulocytosis,
    (particularly long-acting
    hemolysis
    substances)

     Increase insulin secretion  Risk of hypoglycemia


    Meglitinides (nateglinide,  Severe renal or liver failure
    from pancreatic β-cells  Weight gain
    repaglinide)
     Gastrointestinal
     Inhibit GLP-1 degradation
    complaints  Liver failure
    → promotes glucose-
    DPP-4 inhibitors  Pancreatitis  Moderate to severe renal
    dependent insulin
    (saxagliptin, sitagliptin)  Headache, dizziness failure
    secretion
     Arthralgia
    Class Mechanism of action Side effects Contraindications
     Nausea
     Preexisting, symptomatic
    GLP-1 agonists (incretin  Direct stimulation of the  Increased risk of
    gastrointestinal motility
    mimetic drugs: exenatide, GLP-1 receptor pancreatitis and possibly
    disorders
    liraglutide, albiglutide) pancreatic cancer

     Genital yeast infections


    SGLT-2 inhibitors  Increased glucosuria and urinary tract  Chronic kidney disease
    (canagliflozin, through the inhibition of infections  Recurrent urinary tract
    dapagliflozin, SGLT-2 in the kidney  Polyuria and dehydration infections
    empagliflozin)  Diabetic ketoacidosis

     Any preexisting intestinal


     Gastrointestinal
    conditions (e.g.,
     Reduce intestinal glucose complaints (flatulence,
    Alpha-glucosidase inflammatory bowel
    absorption diarrhea, feeling of
    inhibitors (acarbose) disease)
    satiety)
     Severe renal failure

     Reduce insulin resistance


    through the stimulation of  Weight gain
    PPARs (peroxisome  Edema
     Congestive heart failure
    Thiazolidinediones proliferator-activated  Cardiac failure
     Liver failure
    (pioglitazone) receptors)  Increased risk of bone
     Increase transcription of fractures (osteoporosis)
    adipokines

     Reduce glucagon release


     Risk of hypoglycemia
    Amylin analogs  Reduce gastric emptying  Gastroparesis
     Nausea
    (pramlintide)  Increase satiety

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