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Computer System and Prog
Computer System and Prog
By: Adam khan Lecturer computer science Sarhad University of science and IT, Peshawar.
What Is a Computer?
How is a computer defined?
Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
The computer
first, Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, and symbol then, Processes data into information (Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful ) finally, Produces and stores results
Memory card
Video Card
Power Supply
PU C
Sound Card 6
Memory
Temporary holding place for data and instructions
Storage device
What is a floppy disk?
A Zip disk looks similar but has much greater storage capability (=170 floppy disk)
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Portable, thin Portable, thin memory cards memory cards used in: used in:
Primary Memory
Primary memory refers to internal storage of a computer, where the programs & data are stored. Primary storage or primary memory provides temporary (RAM) storage during program execution. Part of primary storage may also contain permanently (ROM) stored instructions that tell the computer what to do, when it turned on. Because primary storage is located inside the computer & is linked directly to the other components of the CPU, access time to data is very fast.
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Characteristics (continue..)
Storage capability (able to store tremendous amounts of data ) No feelings (cant make judgments on their own)
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Types (continue)
2) Digital computers: 1-ON 0-OFF Process numeric and non numeric data General purpose
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Types (continue)
3) Hybrid computers: Combination of digital and analog Speed of analog Memory & Accuracy of digital Used where both type of data processed E.g: In hospitals ,ICU: Analog device measure temperature and B.P ,which are then converted into digits.
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Classification of Computers
1)Super
computers: Largest, fastest and more expensive 50,000 times faster than microcomputers 60 miles of wiring inside Largely heat production AC is used all around Scientific purpose
E.g: Earth atmosphere,airplane,oil companies
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Classification (continue)
2) Main frame computers: Slower, less powerful and less expensive Introduced by IBM Temperature may be adjusted Storage in Mb. Uses : Banks, ATM : different branches
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Classification (continue)
3) Mini computers: General purpose Smaller and less expensive Storage as Tape,floppy,and removable disks Accounting, scientific and databases
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Classification (continue
4) Micro computers : Smallest, less expensive Keyboard, disk drives, monitors, printer, cables Connected capability
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Classification (continue)
5) Desktop computers: As micro computer The mini computer that fits nicely on the top of a desk at home or office
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Classification (continue
6) Laptop: Briefcase computer Keyboard LCD
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Classification (continue)
7) Handheld computers: A Portable computer that is small enough to be held in one's hand. extremely convenient to carry ipod, iphone, cell phones etc Provides personal organizer functions
Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad
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Types( continue)
2) Special purpose: Particular problem Dedicated computers Games, control of traffic lights, weather prediction Perform only one task
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Software's
Definition: Software is made up of programs each of which is a group of related instructions that perform very specific task Bridge, between and a computer system Software can generally be divided into two categories System software Application software
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Types of software's
Softwares
System Software's
Applications Software's
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Computer Software
What is system software?
Programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices
Operating System (OS) Operating System (OS)
is aaset of programs is set of programs that coordinates all that coordinates all activities among activities among computer hardware computer hardware devices and allows devices and allows users to run users to run application software application software
Utility Programs allow the user to Utility Programs allow the user to
perform maintenance-type tasks perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing aa usually related to managing computer, its devices or its programs computer, its devices or its programs
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Computer Software
What is application software?
Programs that perform specific tasks for users
Suite
Popular software applications bundled together as a single unit
Word Processing Database Spreadsheet Presentation Graphics
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Hardware's
The computer and its associated equipments are called as Hardware devices Physically exist We can touch Can be replaced There are four important areas in computer, which comes in HARDWARE Input devices Output devices CPU Secondary storage devices
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1) 2) 3) 4)
Hardware (continue )
Output devices: to view information a) Printers b) Monitors c) Plotters d) speaker
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Hardware (continue )
Processing Hardware(CPU): Interpret and direct the execution of software's a) CPU b) Main Memory
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Hardware (continue)
Storage devices: To store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent. a) Hard drives b) Flash Memory c) CD/DVD disks
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Input devices: To collect data and convert it into a computer readable form. Key board Mouse Touch pad Scanner Touch screen
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Operating system:
An operating system is a set of programs that allows the computer to control and manage its own resources, such as the central processing unit, memory and secondary storage. intermediary between the hardware and software programs (Application) such as word processing and data base programs. Much of work of an operating system is hidden from the users; many necessary tasks are performed behind the scene.
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(l) Windows Home Server (m) Windows Server 2008 (n) Windows 7
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Programming
A program is a set of step by step instructions that direct the computer to do the task user wants. Programming process: Define the problem: Problem can be analyzed by the users wants & needs. Planning the solution: After the analysis a software engineers think that how to plane the solution for the user needs. Coding: Coding is done by different programming tools. Testing: After the coding the s/w which is build, should be tested. Documenting: The detailed description & the programming cycle.
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Programming (continue)
Programming languages: consists of all the symbols, characters. There are several thousand programming languages, programming languages consists of a vocabulary & set rules (called syntax ), that the programmer must learn. Instruction of programming languages: Input & output instructions ( data c.p.u ) Arithmetic instructions ------ mathematical operation Logical instructions --------- comparison Control instructions ---------- execution Data movement instructions------- copy & move Specification instructions--------- to specify memory allocation.
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Programming (continue)
Levels of Programming Languages: Basically, programming languages are divided into different levels. 1) Low level languages 2) High level languages.
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Programming (continue)
Levels of Programming Languages:
Levels Of Prog: Languages
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Programming (continue)
Low level languages: Low level computer programming languages are machine codes or close to it. Computer cant understand instructions given in high level languages or in English. It can only understand & execute instructions given in the form of machine language, i.e. the language of 0, 1. There are two types of low level language.
1. Machine Languages 2. Assembly languages
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Programming (continue)
1)Machine language: ( first generation language) (Instruction that computer execute directly). It is the lowest & most elementary level of programming language & was the first type of programming language which to be developed. Computer can only understand machine language. The computer manufacturer when design a computer so it will be necessary to obey just one language, i.e. machine code. 0, 1, where 0, stands for OFF & 1, stands for ON, of electric pulse.
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Programming (continue)
Advantages: It makes fast and efficient use of the computer. It requires no translator to translate the code i.e. directly understood by the computer. Disadvantages: All operation codes have to remember. All memory addresses have to be remembered. To find out the error, is difficult. These are machine dependent.
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Programming (continue)
Assembly language: (second generation language) designed to overcome the difficulties of machine language. The operation codes & operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0s & 1s. These codes were called mnemonic codes, e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, e.t.c. there was very small English support language given to this language. The instructions of the Assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by language translator to be executed by the computer. E.g. ADD CX AX.
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Programming (continue)
Advantages: It is easy to use & understands as compared to machine language. Its error may be located easily. The modification is easy. Disadvantages: It is also machine dependent It was machine dependent so the programmer should have the knowledge of the hardware.
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Programming (continue)
High level languages: (third generation language) This type of computer language is very much like everyday text & mathematical formulas. Its designed is to run on different computers with few or no change. It means the compatibility. Its format close to English language these are basically symbolic languages rather than mnemonic codes. This type of languages depends on.
Type of the problem. Purpose :business, educational e.t.c Ease of learning & use. Portability Documentation provided.
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Programming (continue)
Advantages: User friendly. Similar to English vocabulary. Less time required to write. Easier to maintain. It is problem oriented. It is compatible. Portable. Disadvantages: It should be translated for the convert in machine language, so the computer time is waste.
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Programming (continue)
Very high level languages: (fourth generation)
In this type of languages, programs are developed; speed is much higher and also required minimum user effort. The level of programming skills not required much more. Its maintenance is less because it reduces error. When we want to change the program so it is easy. These languages usually used in conjunction with data base. Query languages Report generators Application generators Decision support system & financial planning language (information & data) Micro computer application s/w (create s/w for specification)
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Programming (continue)
Natural languages: The natural languages statements are very closely resemble to human speech. These types of languages used in expert system, artificial intelligence e.t.c.
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Programming (continue)
Translators: Translators are used to: how to translate the programming code to machine language (0, 1). There are three types of Translators used in any programming language, for to convert code to machine language.
i. Assembler: ii. Complier: iii. Interpreter:
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Programming (continue)
Assembler: Translate assembly code to machine language supplied by the manufacturer of computer. Complier: Program written in high level language to convert in machine instructions, before running the program, i.e. whole program. Interpreter: Program written in high level language to convert in machine instruction, before running the program , i.e. each & one statement of the code.
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Direction of Dataflow
Half duplex: each device can transmit and receive data/message but not at the same time, it is like one lane road. E.g walkie talkies, radios, etc
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Data communication
Sharing of information exchange of data b/w two devices via some form of transmission medium.
Fundamentals characteristics of data communication: Delivery: correct destination, sender or receiver Accuracy: in time of transmission data must secured Timeliness: Timely manner
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Protocol
Message
Protocol
Protocol
Message
Types of Networks
There are three types of Networks: 1) LAN (Local Area Network) 2) MAN( Metropolitan Area Network) 3) WAN (Wide Area Network)
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Internet
Also called internetworking Technically it is best defined technology for linking LANs into a huge congested networks. ISP( who sell internet subscription to the public Interoperability Global Network of computers More interactive than the other types of media
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Internet
Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of computers
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Internet (History)
The internet began way back in 1961, but it was called the ARPANET (Advanced Research project Agency), within the US defense Department, in conjunction with a number of universities & military contractors. Its purpose was to explore the possibility of a communication. Network that could survive a nuclear attack. The ARPANET quickly developed into a communication tool. It was used for e-mail, discussion groups & for exchanging files. In 1979 its capacity of users increased & popular & more universities connected. Some other communication networks were introduced, but these were not go along with internet because they have very complications & problems in communication with other computers.
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Internet (History)
In 1983 a standard communication protocol was introduce called as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol / internet protocol). So the internet became very sophisticated & increasingly growth of internet starts of its multi advantages. Protocols: In data communication & networking, a standard specifying the format of data & the rules to be followed is called Protocol. The function of a network are the standards, these are Protocols.
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Internet (uses)
(1) To find general information about a subject: The web is like a huge encyclopedia of information. The information find on the internet is amazing, It offers much different perspective on one single topic Also we can access that information which is not easily accessible, e.g. online apply to international universities reading books, much more information.
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Internet (Features)
1) Geographic distribution: Connection to any part of it, can communicate with all of it. Global village
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Internet (Features)
2) Robust Internet Architecture No central control, administration or authority Cant be bought, hijacked or monopolized A damaged computer connected to internet cant effect the whole network
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Internet (Features)
3) Internet near light speed: Digital information such as internet packets travel at 2/3 of the speed of light on copper wire and on fiber optic cables Light speed is 300,000 km/sec
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Internet (Features)
4) Universal internet access: Gives same powerful capabilities to everyone who has connected and accessing the internet
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Internet (Features)
5) Internet Growth rate: Depends upon three directions size: more than half the worlds population now using internet Power: more powerful software's have been developed Functionality: new software's and new browsers
a) b) c)
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Internet (Features)
6) The internet digital advantage: Digital data doesn't degrade Internet is based on digital data The information never changes or becomes distorted over time or in transmission b/w sites.
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Internet (Features)
7) Internet freedom of speech: Common area, Public place like village. Any thing that any body wishes to say can be heard by anyone else connected to internet.
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Web Browser
A web Browser display a web document and enables users to access linked documents When the user chooses a hyperlink, the browser originates a message to a web server Browser also contains navigation tools The first web browsers were Text -only browsers first successful graphical browser, mosaic Developed by the National center for supercomputing Application (NCSA)
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Web server
A web server is a program that waits for browsers to request a web page. When the server receives request for a specific resource, it looks for the requested file & sends it to the browser
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A Web page contains A Web page contains text, graphics, sound, text, graphics, sound, video, and links to video, and links to other Web pages other Web pages
You can share You can share information by information by creating Web pages creating Web pages or posting photos on or posting photos on aaphoto community photo community
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